Democracy and dictatorship revisited

Public Choice

Volumn 143, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 67-101

  Cheibub, José Antonio ^a   Gandhi, Jennifer ^b   Vreeland, James Raymond ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Democracy; Dictatorship; Measurement; Political regimes

Indexed keywords

EID: 77949912357     PISSN: 00485829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Alvarez, M., Cheibub, J. A., Limongi, F., & Przewroski, A. (1996). Classifying political regimes. Studies in Comparative International Development, 31(2), 3-36.
2. Ames, B., & Goff, E. (1975). Education and defense expenditures in Latin America: 1948-1968. In C. Liske, W. Loehr, & J. McCamant (Eds.), Comparative public policy: issues, theories, and methods (pp. 175-197). London: Sage.
3. Arat, Z. (1991). Democracy and human rights in developing countries. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
4. Barros, R. (2002). Constitutionalism and dictatorship: Pinochet, the junta, and the 1980 constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Beck, T., Clarke, G., Groff, A., Keefer, P., & Walsh, P. (2001). New tools in comparative political economy: the database of political institutions. World Bank Economic Review, 15(1), 165-176.
6. Bligh, A. (1984). From prince to king: royal succession in the House of Saud in the twentieth century. New York: New York University Press.
7. Bollen, K. A. (1980). Issues in the comparative measurement of political democracy. American Sociological Review, 45(3), 370-390.
8. Bratton, M., & van de Walle, N. (1997). Democratic experiments in Africa: regime transitions in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Brooker, P. (1995). Twentieth-century dictatorships: the ideological one party states. New York: New York University Press.
10. Bueno de Mesquita, B., Smith, A., Siverson, R., & Morrow, J. D. (2003). The logic of political survival. Cambridge: MIT Press.
11. Carlson, R. (1999). Presidentialism in Africa: explaining institutional choice. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago.
12. Casper, G., & Tufis, C. (2003). Correlation versus interchangeability: the limited robustness of empirical findings on democracy using highly correlated datasets. Political Analysis, 11, 196-203.
13. Cheibub, J. A. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Coppedge, M. (2002). Democracy and dimensions: comments on Munck and Verkuilen. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1), 35-39.
15. Coppedge, M., & Reinicke, W. (1991). Measuring polyarchy. In A. Inkeles (Ed.), On measuring democracy: its consequences and concomitants (pp. 47-68). New Brunswick: Transaction.
16. Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
17. De Schwinitz, K. Jr. (1964). Industrialization and democracy: economic necessities and political possibilities. Glencoe: The Free Press.
18. Diamond, L. (1999). Developing democracy: toward consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Drazen, A. (2000). Political economy in macroeconomics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
20. Elgie, R. (2008). Semi-presidentialism: an increasingly common constitutional choice. Paper prepared for the conference on Semi-presidentialism and democracy: institutional choice, performance, and evolution. Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 17-18 October, 2008.
21. Elkins, Z. (2000). Gradations of democracy? Empirical tests of alternative conceptualizations. American Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 293-300.
22. Elman, M. F. (2000). Unpacking democracy: presidentialism, parliamentarism, and theories of democratic peace. Security Studies, 9(4), 91-126.
23. Epstein, D., Bates, R., Goldstone, J., Kristensen, I., & O'Halloran, S. (2006). Democratic transitions. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 551-569.
24. Fearon, J. D. (1994). Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes. American Political Science Review, 88(3), 577-592.
25. Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75-90.
26. Filippov, M. G., Ordeshook, P. C., & Shvetsova, O. V. (1999). Party fragmentation and presidential elections in post-communist democracies. Constitutional Political Economy, 10(1), 1-24.
27. Finer, S. (1988). The man on horseback: the role of the military in politics (2nd edn.). Harmondsworth: Penguin (first published 1962).
28. Fontana, A. M. (1987). Political decision-making by a military corporation: Argentina 1976-1983. Dissertation. Department of Political Science, University of Texas, Austin.
29. Freedom House (2002). Freedom in the world. Methodology. http://www. freedomhouse. org/template. cfm?page=351& ana_page=166& year=2002. Accessed January 6, 2009.
30. Gandhi, J. (2008). Political institutions under dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Gandhi, J., & Vreeland, J. R. (2004). Political institutions and civil war: unpacking anocracy. Emory University, manuscript.
32. Gasiorowski, M. J. (1996). An overview of the political regime change dataset. Comparative Political Studies, 29(4), 469-483.
33. Gastil, R. D. (1991). The comparative survey of freedom: experiences and suggestions. In A. Inkeles (Ed.), On measuring democracy: its consequences and concomitants (pp. 21-46). New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
34. Geddes, B. (1999). What do we know about democratization after twenty years? Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 115-144.
35. Gerring, J., Thacker, S. C., & Moreno, C. (2005). Centripetal democratic governance: a theory and global inquiry. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 567-581.
36. Gleditsch, K. S., & Ward, M. D. (1997). Double take: a reexamination of democracy and autocracy in modern polities. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(3), 361-383.
37. Golder, M. (2005). Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946-2000. Electoral Studies, 24, 103-121.
38. Hadenius, A., & Teorell, J. (2007). Pathways from authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 18(1), 143-156.
39. Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. (1995). The political economy of democratic transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
40. Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S., & Gleditsch, N. P. (2001). Toward a democratic civil peace? Democracy, political change, and civil war, 1816-1992. American Political Science Review, 95, 33-48.
41. Hellman, J. S. (1998). Winners take all: the politics of partial reform in postcommunist transitions. World Politics, 50(2), 203-234.
42. Herb, M. (1999). All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle Eastern monarchies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
43. Huber, J. D. (1996). The vote of confidence in parliamentary democracies. American Political Science Review, 90, 269-282.
44. Huntington, S., & Moore, M. (1970). Authoritarian politics in modern society: the dynamics of established one-party systems. New York: Basic Books.
45. Jaggers, K., & Gurr, T. R. (1995). Tracking democracy's third wave with Polity III data. Journal of Peace Research, 32, 469-482.
46. Keech, W. R. (2008). Economic politics in Latin America: rethinking democracy and authoritarianism. Department of Political Science, Duke University, Manuscript.
47. Kristinsson, G. H. (1999). Iceland. In R. Elgie (Ed.), Semi-presidentialism in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Lai, B., & Slater, D. (2006). Institutions of the offensive: domestic sources of dispute initiation in authoritarian regimes, 1950-1992. American Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 113-126.
49. Lake, D. A., & Baum, M. A. (2001). The invisible hand of democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 34(6), 587-621.
50. Laver, M., & Schofield, N. (1998). Multiparty government: the politics of coalition in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
51. Lenin, V. (1921). Preliminary draft resolution of the tenth congress of the R. C. P. on the syndicalist and anarchist deviation in our party. In The tenth congress of the R. C. P. verbatim report, Moscow, March 8-16, 1921.
52. Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2002). The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 51-65.
53. Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
54. Linz, J. (1964). An authoritarian regime: the case of Spain. In E. Allardt & Y. Littunen (Eds.), Cleavages, ideologies, and party systems. Helsinki: Transactions of the Westermarck Society.
55. Linz, J. J., & Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of democratic transition and consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
56. Mainwaring, S. (1993). Presidentialism, multipartism, and democracy: the difficult combination. Comparative Political Studies, 26(2), 198-228.
57. Mainwaring, S., Brinks, D., & Pérez-Liñán, A. (2001). Classifying political regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999. Studies in Comparative International Development, 36(1), 37-65.
58. Mansfield, E., Milner, H., & Rosendorff, P. B. (2002). Why democracies cooperate more: electoral control and international trade agreements. International Organization, 56(3), 477-514.
59. Marshall, M. G., & Jaggers, K. (2005). POLITY IV project: dataset users' manual. Arlington: George Mason University, Center for Global Policy, School of Public Policy.
60. Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R., Davenport, C., & Jaggers, K. (2002). Polity IV: 1800-1999. Comparative Political Studies, 35, 40-45.
61. McKinlay, R. D., & Cohan, A. S. (1975). A comparative analysis of the political and economic performance of military and civilian regimes. Comparative Politics, 8, 1-30.
62. McKinlay, R. D., & Cohan, A. S. (1976). Performance and instability in military and nonmilitary regime systems. American Political Science Review, 70, 850-864.
63. Meltzer, A. H., & Richards, S. F. (1981). A rational theory of the size of government. Journal of Political Economy, 89, 914-927.
64. Munck, G. L., & Verkuilen, J. (2002). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1), 5-34.
65. Nordhaus, W. (1975). The political business cycle. Review of Economic Studies, 42, 169-190.
66. Nordlinger, E. (1970). Soldiers in mufti: the impact of military rule upon economic and social change in the non-Western states. American Political Science Review, 64, 1131-1148.
67. Nordlinger, E. (1977). Soldiers in politics: military coups and governments. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs.
68. O'Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and bureaucratic-authoritarianism: studies in South American politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies.
69. Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, democracy, and development. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 567-576.
70. Paldam, M. (1991). How Robust Is the Vote Function? A study of seventeen nations over four decades. In H. Northop, M. S. Lewis-Beck, & J.-D. Lafay (Eds.), Economics and politics: the calculus of support (pp. 9-31). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
71. Peceny, M., Beer, C., & Sanchez-Terry, S. (2002). Dictatorial peace? American Political Science Review, 96(12), 15-26.
72. Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (2003). The economic effects of constitutions. Cambridge: MIT Press.
73. Powell, G. B. Jr., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A cross-national analysis of economic voting: taking account of the political context. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 391-414.
74. Przeworski, A. (1990). The state and the economy under capitalism. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers.
75. Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and development: political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Reiter, D., & Stam, A. III (1998). Democracy, war initiation, and victory. American Political Science Review, 92(2), 377-389.
78. Reiter, D., & Tillman, E. (2002). Public, legislative, and executive constraints on the democratic initiation of conflict. Journal of Politics, 64(3), 810-826.
79. Remmer, K. (1978). Evaluating the policy impact of military regimes in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 13(2), 39-54.
80. Rodrik, D., & Wacziarg, R. (2005). Do democratic transitions produce bad economic outcomes? American Economic Review, 95(2), 50-55.
81. Samuels, D. (2004). Presidentialism and accountability for the economy in comparative perspective. American Political Science Review, 98(3), 425-436.
82. Schedler, A. (2002). The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36-50.
83. Schmitter, P. (1971). Military intervention, political competitiveness, and public policy in Latin America: 1950-1967. In M. Janowitz & J. Doorn (Eds.), On military intervention (pp. 425-506). Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press.
84. Schultz, K. A. (1999). Do democratic institutions constrain or inform? Contrasting two institutional perspectives on democracy and war. International Organization, 53(2), 233-266.
85. Sen, A. (2000). Development and freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
86. Shugart, M. S. (1999). Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and the provision of collective goods in less-developed countries. Constitutional Political Economy, 10, 53-88.
87. Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
88. Shugart, M. S., & Haggard, S. (2001). Institutions and public policy in presidential systems. In S. Haggard & M. D. McCubbins (Eds.), Presidents, parliaments and policy (pp. 64-104). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Stepan, A. (1971). The military in politics; changing patterns in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
90. Stepan, A., & Skach, S. (1993). Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation. World Politics, 46(1), 1-22.
91. Strom, K. (2000). Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 37, 261-289.
92. Svolik, M. (2008). Authoritarian reversals and democratic consolidation. American Political Science Review, 102(2), 153-168.
93. Svolik, M. (2009). Power-sharing and leadership dynamics in authoritarian regimes. American Journal of Political Science53(2).
94. Treier, S., & Jackman, S. (2008). Democracy as a latent variable. American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 201-217.
95. Tufte, E. (1978). Political control of the economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
96. Vanhanen, T. (2000). A new dataset for measuring democracy, 1810-1998. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2), 251-265.
97. Verney, D. (1992). The analysis of political systems, excerpted. In A. Lijphart (Ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [1979].
98. Vreeland, J. R. (2008). The effect of political regime on civil war: unpacking anocracy. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(3), 401-425.
99. Weeden, L. (2004). Concepts and commitments in the study of democracy. University of Chicago, Manuscript.
100. Weeks, J. (2008). Autocratic audience costs: regime type and signaling resolve. International Organization, 62, 35-64.
101. Wilkin, S., Haller, B., & Norpoth, H. (1997). From Argentina to Zambia: a world-wide test of economic voting. Electoral Studies, 16(3), 301-316.
102. Wright, J. (2008). Do authoritarian institutions constrain? How legislatures affect economic growth and investment. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 322-343.
103. Zuk, G., & Thompson, W. (1982). The post-coup military spending question: a pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis. American Political Science Review, 76(1), 60-74.