Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2017, Issue 8, 2017, Pages

  Musini, Vijaya M ^a   Gueyffier, Francois ^b   Puil, Lorri ^a   Salzwedel, Douglas M ^a   Wright, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; METHYLDOPA; PROPRANOLOL;

CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT DURATION; ADULT; BLOOD PRESSURE; CORONARY DISEASE; DRUG EFFECTS; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PATIENT DROPOUT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STROKE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; METHYLDOPA; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PATIENT DROPOUTS; PROPRANOLOL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STROKE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85027723379     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008276.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Carter AB. Hypotensive therapy in stroke survivors. Lancet 1970;1:485-89. 6474894
2. Hypertension-Stroke Cooperative Study Group. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on stroke recurrence. JAMA 1974;229:409-18. [MEDLINE: 74258300]6474896
3. Anonymous. Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Report of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. Lancet 1981;2(8246):539-43. [MEDLINE: 82012365]6474898
4. Anonymous. Comparison of the antihypertensive efficacy and adverse reactions of two doses of bendrofluazide and hydrochlorothiazide and the effect of potassium supplementation on the hypotensive action of bendrofluazide: sub-studies of the Medical Research Council's trials of treatment of mild hypertension: Medical Research Council Working Party. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1987;27(4):271-7. [MEDLINE: 88059767]6474899
5. Anonymous. Comparison of the antihypertensive efficacy and adverse reactions to two doses of bendrofluazide and hydrochlorothiazide and the effect of potassium supplementation on the hypotensive action of bendrofluazide: substudies of the Medical Research Council's trials of treatment of hypertension: Medical Research Council Working Party. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1987;27(4):271-7. [MEDLINE: 88059767; CRSREF: 3042232]6474900
6. Anonymous. Coronary heart disease in Medical Research Council trial of mild hypertension. Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild Hypertension. British Heart Journal 1988;59(3):364-78. [MEDLINE: 88183834]6474901
7. Anonymous. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of mild hypertension: design and pilot trial. Report of the Medical Research Council Working party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. BMJ 1977;1(6074):1437-40. [MEDLINE: 77182986; CRSREF: 3042228]6474902
8. Anonymous. Stroke and coronary heart disease in mild hypertension: risk factors and the value of treatment. Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild Hypertension. BMJ 1988;296(6636):1565-70. [MEDLINE: 88281942; CRSREF: 3042229]6474903
9. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985;291(6488):97-104. [MEDLINE: 85253760; CRSREF: 3042230]6474904
10. Miall WE, Brennan PJ, Mann AH. Medical Research Council's Treatment Trial for Mild Hypertension: an interim report. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 1976;51:563s-5s. [MEDLINE: 77161072; 3042231]6474905
11. Peart S. Results of the MRC (UK) trial of drug therapy for mild hypertension. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 1987;10(6):616-20. [MEDLINE: 88151302; CRSREF: 3042233]6474906
12. Helgeland A. Treatment of mild hypertension: a five year controlled drug trial. The OSLO study. American Journal of Medicine 1980;69:725-32. [MEDLINE: 81059618]6474912
13. Helgeland A, Baksaas IA, Leren P. Mild hypertension - early drug treatment or follow-up only? the Oslo study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1979;626:34-6. [MEDLINE: 79162188]6474908
14. Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Holme I, Liren P. Serum triglycerides and serum uric acid in untreated and thiazide-treated patients with mild hypertension. American Journal of Medicine 1978;64:34-8. [MEDLINE: 78100666]6474909
15. Helgeland A, Leren P. Oslo study: treatment of mild hypertension. Nephron 1987;47(Suppl 1):108-10. [MEDLINE: 88097923]6474911
16. Helgeland A, Leren P, Foss OP, Hjermann I, Holme I, Lund-Larsen PG. Serum glucose levels during long-term observation of treated and untreated men with mild hypertension. American Journal of Medicine 1984;76:802-5. [MEDLINE: 84200200]6474910
17. Holme I. Coronary risk factors and their possible causal role in the development of coronary heart disease. Journal Oslo City Hospital 1982;32:79-105. [MEDLINE: 83009420]6474914
18. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Leren P, Mogensen SB. Correlates of blood pressure change in middle-aged male mild hypertensives: results from the untreated control group in the Oslo hypertension trial. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988;127(4):742-52. [MEDLINE: 88180946]6474913
19. Leren P, Eide I, Foss OP, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Holme I, et al. Blood lipids and antihypertensive drugs. Journal of Pharmacology (Paris) 1983;14(Suppl II):217-20. [MEDLINE: 84038026]6474915
20. Leren P, Helgeland A. Coronary heart disease and treatment of hypertension. Some Oslo data. American Journal of Medicine 1986;80(Suppl 2A):306. [MEDLINE: 86127395]6474917
21. Leren P, Helgeland A. Oslo hypertension study. Drugs 1986;31(Suppl 1):41-5. [MEDLINE: 86247179]6474918
22. Leren P, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Holme I. The Oslo study: CHD risk factors, socioeconomic influences, and interventions. American Heart Journal 1983;106:1200-6. [MEDLINE: 84049074]6474916
23. Anonymous. Morbidity and mortality in mild essential hypertension. Circulation Research 1972;30/31(Suppl II):110-20. 6474920
24. Smith WM, Johnson WP, Bromer L. Intervention trial in mild hypertension, U.S. Public Health Service Hospitals Cooperative Study Group. Miami (FL): Symposia Specialists: In Epidemiology and Control of Hypertension, 1975. 6474921
25. US Public Health Service Hospital Cooperative Study Group (USPHSHCSG). Treatment of mild hypertension. Results of a ten-year intervention trial. Circulation Research 1977;40(Suppl 1):98-105. [MEDLINE: 7706320]6474922
26. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA 1970;213:1143-52. [MEDLINE: 70243223]6474924
27. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: influence of age, diastolic pressure, and prior cardiovascular disease: further analysis of side effects. Circulation 1972;45:991-1004. 6474925
28. Anonymous. Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA-NHLBI feasibility trial. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1978;304:267-88. [MEDLINE: 79040327; CRSREF: 3042309]6474927
29. Perry HM Jr. Treatment of mild hypertension. Preliminary results of a two year feasibility trial. Circulation Research 1977;40 Suppl:1180-7. [MEDLINE: 77160461; CRSREF: 3042310]6474928
30. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:829-40. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61303-8]6474930
31. ALLHAT Group. Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension 2003;42:239-46. 6474932
32. Davis BR, Cutler JA, Gordon DJ, Furberg CD, Wright JT Jr, Cushman WC, et al. for the ALLHAT Research Group. Rationale and design for the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). American Journal of Hypertension 1996;9:342-60. 6474933
33. Anonymous. Control of moderately raised blood pressure: report of a co-operative randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal 1973;III:434-6. [MEDLINE: 73241176]6474935
34. Abernethy JD. The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. Hypertension 1984;6(5):774-6. [MEDLINE: 85053395]6474937
35. Australian National Blood Pressure Management Committee. The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. Lancet 1980;1:1261-7. 6474938
36. The Management Committee. Treatment of mild hypertension in the elderly. A study initiated and administered by the National Heart Foundation of Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1981;2:398-402. 6474939
37. Berglund G, Andersson O. Beta-blockers or diuretics in hypertension? A six year follow up of blood pressure and metabolic side effects. Lancet 1981;I:744-7. 6474941
38. Casiglia E, Spolaore P, Mazza A, Ginocchio G, Colangeli G, Onesto C, et al. Effect of two different therapeutic approaches on total and cardiovascular mortality in a Cardiovascular Study in the Elderly (CASTEL). Japanese Heart Journal 1994;35(5):589-600. 6474943
39. Casiglia E, Spolaore P, Mormino P, Maschio O, Colangeli G, Celegon L. The CASTEL project (CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly): protocol, study design, and preliminary results of the initial survey. Cardiologia 1991;36:569-76. 6474944
40. Coope J. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. BMJ 1986;293:1145-51. 6474946
41. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. Trial of secondary prevention with atenolol after transient ischemic attack or non-disabling ischemic stroke. Stroke 1993;24:543-8. 6474948
42. European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly (EWPHE). An international trial of antihypertensive therapy in elderly patients. Objectives, protocol and organization. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie 1985;275:300-34. 6474950
43. O'Malley KO, McCormack P, O'Brien ET. Isolated systolic hypertension: data from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Journal of Hypertension 1988;6(Suppl 1):S105-8. 6474951
44. Fuchs FD, Fuchs SC, Moreira LB, Gus M, Nobrega AC, Poli-de-Figueiredo CE, et al. Prevention of hypertension in patients with pre-hypertension: protocol for the PREVER-prevention trial. Trials 2011;12(65):1-7. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-65]6474953
45. Punzi HA, Lewin AJ, Lukic T, Goodin T, Chen W. Efficacy and safety of nebivolol monotherapy in Hispanics with stage I-II hypertension (Abstract). Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2010;12:536. 6474955
46. Study Group on Long-term Antihypertensive Therapy. A 12-month comparison of ACE inhibitor and CA antagonist therapy in mild to moderate essential hypertension - the GLANT Study. Hypertension Research 1995;18:235-44. 6474957
47. Phillip T, Anlauf M, Distler A, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Wellek S. Randomised, double blind, multicenter comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. BMJ 1997;315:154-9. [MEDLINE: 97395406]6474959
48. Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G, Elmfeldt D, Fitzsimons T, Holzgreve H, Hosie J, et al. Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY trial. Journal of Hypertension 1987;5(5):561-72. 6474961
49. Curb JD, Borhani NO, Schnaper H, Kass E, Entwisle G, Williams W, et al. Detection and treatment of hypertension in older individuals. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;121(3):371-6. 6474963
50. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program: reduction in mortality in persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. JAMA 1979;242:2562-71. 6474964
51. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Outcomes Study Investigators. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342(3):145-53. [MEDLINE: 10639539]6474966
52. Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month data on blood pressure and tolerability. With special reference to age and gender. Blood Pressure 1995;4:313-9. 6474968
53. Bulpitt CJ, Beckett NS, Cooke J, Dumiktrascu DL, Gil-Extremera B, Nachev C, et al. Results of the pilot study for the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:2409-17. 6474970
54. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(18):1887-98. 6474972
55. Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, Tuomilehto J, Clarke R, Ritchie C, et al. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2008;7(8):683-9. 6474973
56. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:870-8. 6474975
57. Brown MJ, Castaigne A, Ruilope LM, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, de Leeuw PW, et al. INSIGHT: International Nifedipine GITS study: intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10(Suppl 13):S157-60. [MEDLINE: 97026672]6474977
58. Brown MJ, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Ruilope LM. Study population and treatment titration in the International Nifedepine GITS study: intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment (INSIGHT). Journal of Hypertension 1998;16:2113-6. [MEDLINE: 99102020]6474978
59. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study. Lancet 2000;356:366-72. [MEDLINE: 204126184]6474979
60. IPPPSH Collaborative Group. Cardiovascular risk and risk factors in a randomized trial of treatment based on the beta-blocker oxprenolol: the International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension (IPPPSH). Journal of Hypertension 1985;3(4):379-92. 6474981
61. Mochizuki S, Dahlof B, Shimizu M, Ikewaki K, Yoshikawa M, Taniguchi I, et al. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomised, open-label, blinded end point morbidity-mortality study. Lancet 2007;369:1431-9. 6474983
62. Kuramoto K, Matsushita S, Kuwajima T, Murakami M. Prospective study on the treatment of mild hypertension in the aged. Japanese Heart Journal 1981;22(1):75-85. 6474985
63. Kuramoto K. Treatment of the elderly hypertensives in Japan: National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives. The National Intervention Cooperative Study Group. Journal of Hypertension 1994;12(6):S35-40. [MEDLINE: 95097045]6474987
64. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:851-60. 6474989
65. Wikstrand J, Warnold I, Olsson G, Tuomilehto J, Elmfeldt D, Berglund G. Primary prevention with metoprolol in patients with hypertension. Mortality results from the MAPHY study. JAMA 1988;259(13):1976-82. 6474991
66. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, Massie BM, Freis ED, Kochar MS, et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328(13):914-21. 6474993
67. Materson BJ. Reda DJ, Cushman WC. Department of Veterans Affairs single-drug therapy of hypertension study. Revised figures and new data. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8(2):189-92. [MEDLINE: 93188917]6474994
68. Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Canossa-Terris M, Carr AA, et al. Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS). JAMA 1996;276(10):785-91. 6474996
69. Morgan TO, Adams WR, Hodgson M, Gibberd RW. Failure of therapy to improve prognosis in elderly males with hypertension. Medical Journal of Australia 1980;2(1):27-31. 6474998
70. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council Trial of Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults: principal results. BMJ 1992;304(6824):405-12. 6475000
71. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000;356(9227):359-65. [MEDLINE: 20426183]6475002
72. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chinese Medical Journal 1995;108(9):710-7. 6475004
73. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-41. 6475006
74. Pitt B, O'Neill B, Feldman R, Ferrari R, Schwartz L, Judra H, et al. The QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;87:1058-63. 6475008
75. Teo KK, Burton JR, Buller CE, Plante S, Catellier D, Tymchak W, et al. Long-term effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 2000;102:1748-54. 6475010
76. Schmieder RE, Philipp T, Guerediaga J, Gorostidi M, Smith B, Weissbach N, et al. Long-term antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the oral direct renin Inhibitor aliskiren. A 12-month randomized, double-blind comparator trial with hydrochlorothiazide. Circulation 2009;119(3):417-25. [DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.750745]6475012
77. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:875-86. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000059028.82022.89]6475014
78. Malacco E, Gnemmi AE, Romagnoli A, Coppini A. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: long-term lacidipine treatment. Objective, protocol, and organization. SHELL Study Group. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;23(5):S6206. 6475016
79. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265(24):3255-64. 6475018
80. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial on prevention of stroke in isolated systolic hypertension. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988;41(12):1197-208. 6475019
81. Perry HM, Smith WM, McDonald RH, Black D, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Pilot Study. Stroke 1989;20(1):4-13. 6475021
82. Sprackling ME, Mitchell JRA, Short AH, Watt G. Blood pressure reduction in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial of methyldopa. BMJ 1981;283:1151-3. [MEDLINE: 82047781]6475023
83. Gong L, Zwang W, Zhu Y, Hamet P. Shanghai Trial of Nifedipine in the Elderly (STONE) study. Journal of Hypertension 1996;14:1237-46. [MEDLINE: 97062786]6475025
84. Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Scherstén B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOPHypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281-5. [MEDLINE: 92047970]6475027
85. Dahlöf B, Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Scherstén B, Wester PO, Ekbom T. STOP-Hypertension-2: a prospective intervention trial of "newer" versus "older" treatment alternatives in old patients with hypertension. Blood Pressure 1993;2:136-41. 6475029
86. Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA, Vanhanen HT, Sarna SJ, Miettinen TA. Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. JAMA 1991;266(9):1255-9. [MEDLINE: 91333101]6475031
87. Anonymous. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: Chinese trial (Syst-China). Interim report. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing za Zhi 1992;20(5):270-5, 323. 6475033
88. Amery A, Birkenhager W, Bulpitt CJ, Clément D, De Leeuw P, Dollery CT, et al. Syst-Eur: a multicenter trial on the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly; objectives, protocol and organisation. Aging 1991;3:287-302. 6475035
89. Eriksson S, Olofsson BO, Wesley PO, for the TEST study group. Atenolol for secondary prevention after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 1995;5:21-5. 6475037
90. Elmer PJ, Grimm R, Laing B, Grandits G, Svedsen K, Van Heel N, et al. Lifestyle intervention: results of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Preventive Medicine 1995;24:378-88. 6475039
91. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998;317:713-20. 6475041
92. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13. 6475042
93. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. A double-blind control study of antihypertensive agents. I. Comparative effect of reserpine, reserpine and hydralazine, and three ganglionic blocking agents, clorisondamine, mecamylamine, and pentolinium tartrate. Archives of Internal Medicine 1960;106:133-48. 6475044
94. Veterans Administrative Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension. II Results of long term therapy. JAMA 1982;248:2004-11. [MEDLINE: 83010614]6475046
95. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. A double-blind control study of antihypertensive agents. III. Chlorothiazide alone and in combination with other agents: preliminary results. Archives of Internal Medicine 1962;110:230-5. 6475048
96. Agabiti RE, Dal Palu D, Leonetti G, Magnani G, Pessina A, Zanchetti A. Clinical results of the verapamil in hypertension and atherosclerosis study. Journal of Hypertension 1997;15:1337-44. 6475050
97. White WB, Stimpel M. Long-term safety and efficacy of moexipril alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 1995;9(11):879-84. 6475052
98. Wolff FW, Lindeman RD. Effects of treatment in hypertension. Results of a controlled study. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1966;19:227-40. [MEDLINE: 66114121]6475054
99. Turnbull F, Neal B, Albert C, Chalmers J, Chapman N, Cutler J, et al. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(12):1410-9.
100. Boissel JP, Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Pocock S, Fagard R. Apparent effect on blood pressure is only partly responsible for the risk reduction due to antihypertensive treatments. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 2005;19:579-84.
101. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration, Turnbull F, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Algert C, Arima H, Barzi F, et al. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2008;336(7653):1121-3.
102. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease - Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990;335:827-38.
103. Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 2010;8(6):793-802.
104. Frishman WH, Cheng-Lai A, Nawarskas J. Current Cardiovascular Drugs. 4th Edition. Philadelphia, PA 19106: Springer Science & Business Media, 2005.
105. Schünemann H, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook, Updated October 2013.
106. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Coope J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, et al. INDANA: a meta-analysis on individual patient data in hypertension. Protocol and preliminary results. Therapie 1995;50:353-62.
107. Gueyffier F, Froment A, Gouton M. New meta-analysis of treatment trials of hypertension: improving the estimate of therapeutic benefit. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10:1-8. [MEDLINE: 96219361]
108. Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP, Schron E, Ekbom T, Fagard R, et al. for the INDANA Group. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 1999;353:793-6.
109. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
110. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
111. Hughes AD. How do thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics lower blood pressure?". Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 2004;5(4):155-60.
112. Insua JT, Sacks HS, Lau TS, Lau J, Reitman D, Pagano D, et al. Drug treatment of hypertension in the elderly: a meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;121:355-62.
113. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 2014;311(5):507-20.
114. Kang S, Wu FY, An N, Ren M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of a fixed low-dose perindopril-indapamide combination as first-line treatment of hypertension. Clinical Therapeutics 2004;26(2):257-70.
115. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005;365:217-23.
116. Kizilirmak P, Uresin Y, Ozdemir O, Kilickiran B, Tokgözoglu L, Öngen Z. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials [Renin-anjiyotensin-aldosteron sistemi blokerleri ve kardiyovasküler sonuçlari: Randomize klinik çalişmalarin meta-analizi]. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi 2017;45(1):49-66.
117. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665.
118. Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 2, New York (NY): McGraw-Hill, 2012. [ISBN 978-0-07-174887-2]
119. MacMahon S, Rogers A. The effects of blood pressure reduction in older patients: an overview of ve randomized controlled trials in elderly hypertensives. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1993;15(6):967-78.
120. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, et al. Task Force Members, 2013. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal 2013;34:2159-219.
121. Mulrow CD, Cornell JA, Herrera CR, Kadri A, Farnett L, Aguilar C. Hypertension in the elderly: Implications and generalizability of randomized trials. JAMA 1994;272:1932-8. [MEDLINE: 95082133]
122. Mulrow C, Lau J, Cornell J, Brand M. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000028]
123. Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub2]
124. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Treating high blood pressure with lifestyle changes, August 2011, updated November 2016. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127/ifp/chapter/treating-high-blood-pressure-with-lifestyle-changes (accessed prior to 28 July 2017).
125. Nikolaus T, Sommer N, Becker C. Treatment of arterial hypertension with diuretics, beta- and calcium channel blockers in old patients. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2000;33:427-32.
126. Parsons C, Murad MH, Andersen S, Mookadam F, Labonte H. The effect of antihypertensive treatment on the incidence of stroke and cognitive decline in the elderly: a meta-analysis. Future Cardiology 2016;12(2):237-48.
127. Pearce KA, Furberg CD, Rushing J. Does antihypertensive treatment of the elderly prevent cardiovascular events or prolong life? A meta-analysis of hypertension treatment trials. Archives of Family Medicine 1995;4:943-50.
128. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360(9349):1903-13.
129. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 1997;277(9):739-45.
130. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:2534-44.
131. Quan A, Kerlikowske K, Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, INDANA investigators. Efficacy of treating hypertension in women. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1999;14:718-29.
132. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager. Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
133. Sundström J, Arima H, Jackson R, Turnbull F, Rahimi K, Chalmers J, et al. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015;162:184-91.
134. Tan XY, Hu JB. ACEIs/ARBs for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2016;9(5):7624-37.
135. Thijs L, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Van Hoof R, Amery A. A meta-analysis of outcome trials in elderly hypertensives. Journal of Hypertension 1992;10:1103-9.
136. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension 2014;32(12):2285-95.
137. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment. 6. Prevention of heart failure and new-onset heart failure - meta-analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension 2016;34(3):373-84.
138. Turnbull F, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-35.
139. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community. A statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2014;32(1):3-15.
140. World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:1983-92.
141. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, Maroney R, Mbewu A, Opie LH, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub2]
142. Wright JM, Musini VM. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub2]
143. Zanchetti A, Thomopoulos C, Parati G. Randomized controlled trials of blood pressure lowering in hypertension: a critical reappraisal. Circulation Research 2015;116(6):1058-73.
144. Musini VM, Tejani AM, Labeit AM, Salzwedel DM, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in non-elderly adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008276]