Particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting

Nature Reviews Materials

Volumn 2, Issue , 2017, Pages

  Chen, Shanshan ^a   Takata, Tsuyoshi ^a   Domen, Kazunari ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85026637660     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20588437     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.50     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Hisatomi, T. & Domen, K. Sunlight-driven water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction by heterogeneous semiconductor systems as key processes in artificial photosynthesis. Faraday Discuss. 198, 11-35 (2016).
2. Pinaud, B. et al. Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1983-2002 (2013).
3. Fabian, D. et al. Particle suspension reactors and materials for solar-driven water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2825-2850 (2015).
4. Kudo, A. & Miseki, Y. Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 253-278 (2009).
5. Wang, Q. et al. Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%. Nat. Mater. 15, 611-615 (2016).
6. Kibria, M. et al. Visible light-driven efficient overall water splitting using p-type metal-nitride nanowire arrays. Nat. Commun. 6, 6797 (2015).
7. Yang, J., Wang, D., Han, H. & Li, C. Roles of cocatalysts in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1900-1909 (2013).
8. Kato, H., Sasaki, Y., Shirakura, N. & Kudo, A. Synthesis of highly active rhodium-doped SrTiO3 powders in Z-scheme systems for visible-light-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 12327-12333 (2013).
9. Hisatomi, T., Takanabe, K. & Domen, K. Photocatalytic water-splitting reaction from catalytic and kinetic perspectives. Catal. Lett. 145, 95-108 (2015).
10. Hisatomi, T., Kubota, J. & Domen, K. Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 7520-7535 (2014).
11. Zhang, F. & Li, C. in Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion: Theory and Application (eds Sugiyama, M., Fujii, K. & Nakamura, S.) 299-317 (Springer, 2016).
12. Domen, K., Naito, S., Soma, M., Onishi, T. & Tamaru, K. Photocatalytic decomposition of water vapour on an NiO-SrTiO3 catalyst. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 543-544 (1980).
13. Wagner, F. & Somorjai, G. Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production on strontium titanate single crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 5494-5502 (1980).
14. Kawai, T. & Sakata, T. Photocatalytic decomposition of gaseous water over TiO2 and TiO2-RuO2 surfaces. Chem. Phys. Lett. 72, 87-89 (1980).
15. Fujishima, A. & Honda, K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238, 37-38 (1972).
16. Chen, X., Shen, S., Guo, L. & Mao, S. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem. Rev. 110, 6503-6570 (2010).
17. Ikarashi, K. et al. Photocatalysis for water decomposition by RuO2-dispersed ZnGa2O4 with d10 configuration. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 9048-9053 (2002).
18. Sato, J., Saito, N., Nishiyama, H. & Inoue, Y. New photocatalyst group for water decomposition of RuO2- loaded p-block metal (In, Sn, and Sb) oxides with d10 configuration. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 6061-6063 (2001).
19. Kim, H., Hwang, D., Kim, J., Kim, Y. & Lee, J. Highly donor-doped (110) layered perovskite materials as novel photocatalysts for overall water splitting. Chem. Commun. 1999, 1077-1078 (1999).
20. Inoue, Y., Niiyama, T., Asai, Y. & Sato, K. Stable photocatalytic activity of BaTi4O9 combined with ruthenium oxide for decomposition of water. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 579-580 (1992).
21. Kudo, A. et al. Photocatalytic decomposition of water over NiO-K4Nb6O17 catalyst. J. Catal. 111, 67-76 (1988).
22. Inoue, Y. Photocatalytic water splitting by RuO2-loaded metal oxides and nitrides with d0- and d10-related electronic configurations. Energy Environ. Sci. 2, 364-386 (2009).
23. Osterloh, F. Inorganic materials as catalysts for photochemical splitting of water. Chem. Mater. 20, 35-54 (2008).
24. Lee, J. Photocatalytic water splitting under visible light with particulate semiconductor catalysts. Catal. Surv. Asia 9, 217-227 (2005).
25. Sato, J. et al. Photocatalytic activity for water decomposition of RuO2-dispersed Zn2GeO4 with d10 configuration. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 4369-4375 (2004).
26. Youngblood, W., Lee, S., Maeda, K. & Mallouk, T. Visible light water splitting using dye-sensitized oxide semiconductors. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 1966-1973 (2009).
27. Williams, R. Becquerel photovoltaic effect in binary compounds. J. Chem. Phys. 32, 1505-1514 (1960).
28. Katza, M. et al. Toward solar fuels: water splitting with sunlight and 'rust'? Coord. Chem. Rev. 256, 2521-2529 (2012).
29. Darwent, J. & Mills, A. Photo-oxidation of water sensitized by WO3 powder. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 78, 359-367 (1982).
30. Osterloh, F. Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 2294-2320 (2013).
31. Townsend, T., Sabio, E., Browning, N. & Osterloh, F. Photocatalytic water oxidation with suspended alpha- Fe2O3 particles-effects of nanoscaling. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4270-4275 (2011).
32. Zhang, G., Liu, G., Wang, L. & Irvine, J. Inorganic perovskite photocatalysts for solar energy utilization. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 5951-5984 (2016).
33. Ong, W., Tan, L., Ng, Y., Yong, S. & Chai, S. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability? Chem. Rev. 116, 7159-7329 (2016).
34. Li, X. et al. Engineering heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 2485-2534 (2015).
35. Chen, S. et al. A wide visible-light-responsive tunneled MgTa2O6 - xNx photocatalyst for water oxidation and reduction. Chem. Commun. 50, 14415-14417 (2014).
36. Chen, S. et al. Nitrogen-doped layered oxide Sr5Ta4O15 - xNx for water reduction and oxidation under visible light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5651-5659 (2013).
37. Xu, X., Randorn, C., Efstathiou, P. & Irvine, J. A red metallic oxide photocatalyst. Nat. Mater. 11, 595-598 (2012).
38. Abe, R. Development of a new system for photocatalytic water splitting into H2 and O2 under visible light irradiation. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 84, 1000-1030 (2011).
39. Kudo, A. Recent progress in the development of visible light-driven powdered photocatalysts for water splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32, 2673-2678 (2007).
40. Maeda, K. & Domen, K. New non-oxide photocatalysts designed for overall water splitting under visible light. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 7851-7861 (2007).
41. Chen, S. et al. Synthesis, features, and applications of mesoporous titania with TiO2(B). Chin. J. Catal. 31, 605-614 (2010).
42. Marchand, R., Brohan, L. & Tournoux, M. TiO2(B) a new form of titanium dioxide and the potassium octatitanate K2Ti8O17. Mater. Res. Bull. 15, 1129-1133 (1980).
43. Baur, W. Atomabstände und Bindungswinkel im Brookit. TiO2 [German]. Acta Cryst. 14, 214-216 (1961).
44. Cromer, D. & Herrington, K. The structures of anatase and rutile. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 4708-4709 (1955).
45. Maeda, K. Direct splitting of pure water into hydrogen and oxygen using rutile titania powder as a photocatalyst. Chem. Commun. 49, 8404-8406 (2013).
46. Li, R. et al. Achieving overall water splitting using titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts of different phases. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2377-2382 (2015).
47. Wang, X. et al. Photocatalytic overall water splitting promoted by an α-β phase junction on Ga2O3. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 13089-13092 (2012).
48. Zhang, J., Xu, Q., Feng, Z., Li, M. & Li, C. Importance of the relationship between surface phases and photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 1766-1769 (2008).
49. Yuan, Y., Ruan, L., Barber, J., Joachim Loo, S. & Xue, C. Hetero-nanostructured suspended photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 3934-3951 (2014).
50. Jang, J., Kim, H. & Lee, J. Heterojunction semiconductors: a strategy to develop efficient photocatalytic materials for visible light water splitting. Catal. Today 185, 270-277 (2012).
51. Oshima, T., Lu, D., Ishitani, O. & Maeda, K. Intercalation of highly dispersed metal nanoclusters into a layered metal oxide for photocatalytic overall water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 2698-2702 (2015).
52. Liu, J. et al. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway. Science 347, 970-974 (2015).
53. Noda, Y., Lee, B., Domen, K. & Kondo, J. Synthesis of crystallized mesoporous tantalum oxide and its photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting under ultraviolet light irradiation. Chem. Mater. 20, 5361-5367 (2008).
54. Mu, L. et al. Enhancing charge separation on high symmetry SrTiO3 exposed with anisotropic facets for photocatalytic water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 2463-2469 (2016).
55. Li, R. et al. Spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes among {010} and {110} crystal facets of BiVO4. Nat. Commun. 4, 1432 (2013).
56. Kato, H., Asakura, K. & Kudo, A. Highly efficient water splitting into H2 and O2 over lanthanum-doped NaTaO3 photocatalysts with high crystallinity and surface nanostructure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 3082-3089 (2003).
57. Zhang, Q. et al. The dependence of photocatalytic activity on the selective and nonselective deposition of noble metal cocatalysts on the facets of rutile TiO2. J. Catal. 337, 36-44 (2016).
58. Li, R., Tao, X., Chen, R., Fan, F. & Li, C. Synergetic effect of dual co-catalysts on the activity of p-type Cu2O crystals with anisotropic facets. Chem. Eur. J. 21, 14337-14341 (2015).
59. Zhu, J. et al. Direct imaging of highly anisotropic photogenerated charge separations on different facets of a single BiVO4 photocatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 9111-9114 (2015).
60. Bai, S., Yin, W., Wang, L., Li, Z. & Xiong, Y. Surface and interface design in cocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction. RSC Adv. 6, 57446-57463 (2016).
61. Ma, Y. et al. Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations. Chem. Rev. 114, 9987-10043 (2014).
62. Wang, D. et al. Photocatalytic water oxidation on BiVO4 with the electrocatalyst as an oxidation cocatalyst: essential relations between electrocatalyst and photocatalyst. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 5082-5089 (2012).
63. Takata, T., Pan, C. & Domen, K. Recent progress in oxynitride photocatalysts for visible-light-driven water splitting. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 16, 033506 (2015).
64. Ham, Y. et al. Flux-mediated doping of SrTiO3 photocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 3027-3033 (2016).
65. Sakata, Y., Hayashi, T., Yasunaga, R., Yanaga, N. & Imamura, H. Remarkably high apparent quantum yield of the overall photocatalytic H2O splitting achieved by utilizing Zn ion added Ga2O3 prepared using dilute CaCl2 solution. Chem. Commun. 51, 12935-12938 (2015).
66. Takata, T., Pan, C., Nakabayashi, M., Shibata, N. & Domen, K. Fabrication of a core-shell-type photocatalyst via photodeposition of group IV and V transition metal oxyhydroxides: an effective surface modification method for overall water splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 9627-9634 (2015).
67. Maeda, K. et al. Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water. Nature 440, 295 (2006).
68. Pan, C. et al. A complex perovskite-type oxynitride: the first photocatalyst for water splitting operable at up to 600 nm. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 2955-2959 (2015).
69. Maeda, K. et al. GaN:ZnO solid solution as a photocatalyst for visible-light-driven overall water splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 8286-8287 (2005).
70. Pan, C. et al. Band engineering of perovskite-type transition metal oxynitrides for photocatalytic overall water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 4544-4552 (2016).
71. Maeda, K. et al. Overall water splitting on (Ga1 - xZnx) (N1 - xOx) solid solution photocatalyst: relationship between physical properties and photocatalytic activity. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 20504-20510 (2005).
72. Xu, J., Pan, C., Takata, T. & Domen, K. Photocatalytic overall water splitting on the perovskite-type transition metal oxynitride CaTaO2N under visible light irradiation. Chem. Commun. 51, 7191-7194 (2015).
73. Takata, T., Pan, C. & Domen, K. Design and development of oxynitride photocatalysts for overall water splitting under visible light irradiation. ChemElectroChem 3, 31-37 (2016).
74. Konta, R., Ishii, T., Kato, H. & Kudo, A. Photocatalytic activities of noble metal ion doped SrTiO3 under visible light irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8992-8995 (2004).
75. Asai, R. et al. A visible light responsive rhodium and antimony-codoped SrTiO3 powdered photocatalyst loaded with an IrO2 cocatalyst for solar water splitting. Chem. Commun. 50, 2543-2546 (2014).
76. Sasaki, Y., Nemoto, H., Saito, K. & Kudo, A. Solar water splitting using powdered photocatalysts driven by Z-schematic interparticle electron transfer without an electron mediator. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 17536-17542 (2009).
77. Maeda, K., Lu, D. & Domen, K. Direct water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen under visible light by using modified TaON photocatalysts with d0 electronic configuration. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 4986-4991 (2013).
78. Liao, L. et al. Efficient solar water-splitting using a nanocrystalline CoO photocatalyst. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 69-73 (2014).
79. Kudo, A., Ueda, K., Kato, H. & Mikami, I. Photocatalytic O2 evolution under visible light irradiation on BiVO4 in aqueous AgNO3 solution. Catal. Lett. 53, 229-230 (1998).
80. Liu, H., Yuan, J., Shangguan, W. & Teraoka, Y. Visible-light-responding BiYWO6 solid solution for stoichiometric photocatalytic water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 8521-8523 (2008).
81. Jo, W. et al. Phase transition-induced band edge engineering of BiVO4 to split pure water under visible light. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 13774-13778 (2015).
82. Wang, X. et al. A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater. 8, 76-80 (2009).
83. Martin, D., Reardon, P., Moniz, S. & Tang, J. Visible light-driven pure water splitting by a nature-inspired organic semiconductor-based system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 12568-12571 (2014).
84. Zhang, G., Lan, Z., Lin, L., Lin, S. & Wang, X. Overall water splitting by Pt/g-C3N4 photocatalysts without using sacrificial agents. Chem. Sci. 7, 3062-3066 (2016).
85. Ohno, T., Bai, L., Hisatomi, T., Maeda, K. & Domen, K. Photocatalytic water splitting using modified GaN:ZnO solid solution under visible light: long-time operation and regeneration of activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 8254-8259 (2012).
86. Yang, J. et al. Roles of cocatalysts in Pt-PdS/CdS with exceptionally high quantum efficiency for photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Catal. 290, 151-157 (2012).
87. Lin, F. et al. Photocatalytic oxidation of thiophene on BiVO4 with dual cocatalysts Pt and RuO2 under visible light irradiation using molecular oxygen as oxidant. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 6400-6406 (2012).
88. Yan, H. et al. Visible-light-driven hydrogen production with extremely high quantum efficiency on Pt-PdS/CdS photocatalyst. J. Catal. 266, 165-168 (2009).
89. Yoshida, M. et al. Role and function of noble-metal/Cr-layer core/shell structure cocatalysts for photocatalytic overall water splitting studied by model electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 10151-10157 (2009).
90. Maeda, K. et al. Roles of Rh/Cr2O3 (core/shell) nanoparticles photodeposited on visible-light-responsive (Ga1 - xZnx)(N1 - xOx) solid solutions in photocatalytic overall water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 7554-7560 (2007).
91. Garcia-Esparza, A. et al. An oxygen-insensitive hydrogen evolution catalyst coated by a molybdenum-based layer for overall water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 5780-5784 (2017).
92. Yoshida, M., Maeda, K., Lu, D., Kubota, J. & Domen, K. Lanthanoid oxide layers on rhodium-loaded (Ga1 - xZnx)(N1 - xOx) photocatalyst as a modifier for overall water splitting under visible-light irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 14000-14006 (2013).
93. Berto, T. et al. Enabling overall water splitting on photocatalysts by CO-covered noble metal co-catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 4358-4362 (2016).
94. Pan, C., Takata, T. & Domen, K. Overall water splitting on the transition-metal oxynitride photocatalyst LaMg1/3Ta2/3O2N over a large portion of the visible-light spectrum. Chem. Eur. J. 22, 1854-1862 (2016).
95. Sato, S. & White, J. Photocatalytic water decomposition and water-gas shift reactions over NaOH-coated, platinized TiO2. J. Catal. 69, 128-139 (1981).
96. Maeda, K. Z-Scheme water splitting using two different semiconductor photocatalysts. ACS Catal. 3, 1486-1503 (2013).
97. Kudo, A. Z-Scheme photocatalyst systems for water splitting under visible light irradiation. MRS Bull. 36, 32-38 (2011).
98. Ma, G. et al. Visible light-driven Z-scheme water splitting using oxysulfide H2 evolution photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 3892-3896 (2016).
99. Fujito, H. et al. Layered perovskite oxychloride Bi4NbO8Cl: a stable visible light responsive photocatalyst for water splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 2082-2085 (2016).
100. Iwashina, K., Iwase, A., Ng, Y., Amal, R. & Kudo, A. Z-Schematic water splitting into H2 and O2 using metal sulfide as a hydrogen-evolving photocatalyst and reduced graphene oxide as a solid-state electron mediator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 604-607 (2015).
101. Abe, R., Shinmei, K., Koumura, N., Hara, K. & Ohtani, B. Visible-light-induced water splitting based on two-step photoexcitation between dye-sensitized layered niobate and tungsten oxide photocatalysts in the presence of a triiodide/iodide shuttle redox mediator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 16872-16884 (2013).
102. Tsuji, K., Tomita, O., Higashi, M. & Abe, R. Manganese-substituted polyoxometalate as an effective shuttle redox mediator in Z-scheme water splitting under visible light. ChemSusChem 9, 2201-2208 (2016).
103. Bard, A. Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis at semiconductors. J. Photochem. 10, 59-75 (1979).
104. Abe, R., Sayama, K., Domen, K. & Arakawa, H. A new type of water splitting system composed of two different TiO2 photocatalysts (anatase, rutile) and a IO3-/I- shuttle redox mediator. Chem. Phys. Lett. 344, 339-344 (2001).
105. Qi, Y. et al. Achievement of visible-light-driven Z-scheme overall water splitting using barium-modified Ta3N5 as a H2-evolving photocatalyst. Chem. Sci. 8, 437-443 (2017).
106. Kato, T. et al. Utilization of metal sulfide material of (CuGa)1 - xZn2xS2 solid solution with visible light response in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical solar water splitting systems. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 1042-1047 (2015).
107. Chen, S. et al. Efficient visible-light-driven Z-scheme overall water splitting using a MgTa2O6 - xNy/TaON heterostructure photocatalyst for H2 evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 8498-8501 (2015).
108. Wang, W., Chen, J., Li, C. & Tian, W. Achieving solar overall water splitting with hybrid photosystems of photosystem II and artificial photocatalysts. Nat. Commun. 5, 4647 (2014).
109. Maeda, K., Higashi, M., Lu, D., Abe, R. & Domen, K. Efficient nonsacrificial water splitting through two-step photoexcitation by visible light using a modified oxynitride as a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 5858-5868 (2010).
110. Sayama, K., Mukasa, K., Abe, R., Abe, Y. & Arakawa, H. Stoichiometric water splitting into H2 and O2 using a mixture of two different photocatalysts and an IO3-/I- shuttle redox mediator under visible light irradiation. Chem. Commun. 2416-2417 (2001).
111. Tabata, M. et al. Modified Ta3N5 powder as a photocatalyst for O2 evolution in a two-step water splitting system with an iodate/iodide shuttle redox mediator under visible light. Langmuir 26, 9161-9165 (2010).
112. Wang, W., Li, Z., Chen, J. & Li, C. Crucial roles of electron-proton transport relay in the photosystem II-photocatalytic hybrid system for overall water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 2605-2612 (2017).
113. Kim, Y. et al. Hybrid Z-scheme using photosystem I and BiVO4 for hydrogen production. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 2369-2377 (2015).
114. Kim, Y., Shin, S., Lee, J., Yang, K. & Nam, K. Hybrid system of semiconductor and photosynthetic protein. Nanotechnology 25, 342001-342020 (2014).
115. Dau, H. & Zaharieva, I. Principles, efficiency, and blueprint character of solar-energy conversion in photosynthetic water oxidation. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 1861-1870 (2009).
116. Brettel, K. Electron transfer and arrangement of the redox cofactors in photosystem I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1318, 322-373 (1997).
117. Sasaki, Y., Kato, H. & Kudo, A. [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and [Co(phen)3]3+/2+ electron mediators for overall water splitting under sunlight irradiation using Z-scheme photocatalyst system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 5441-5449 (2013).
118. Zhao, W., Maeda, K., Zhang, F., Hisatomi, T. & Domen, K. Effect of post-treatments on the photocatalytic activity of Sm2Ti2S2O5 for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 12051-12056 (2014).
119. Wu, X. et al. Carbon dots as solid-state electron mediator for BiVO4/CDs/CdS Z-scheme photocatalyst working under visible light. Appl. Catal. B 206, 501- 509 (2017).
120. Srinivasan, N., Sakai, E. & Miyauchi, M. Balanced excitation between two semiconductors in bulk heterojunction Z-scheme system for overall water splitting. ACS Catal. 6, 2197-2200 (2016).
121. Kobayashi, R. et al. A heterojunction photocatalyst composed of zinc rhodium oxide, single crystal-derived bismuth vanadium oxide, and silver for overall pure-water splitting under visible light up to 740 nm. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 27754-27760 (2016).
122. Wang, Q. et al. Z-Scheme water splitting using particulate semiconductors immobilized onto metal layers for efficient electron relay. J. Catal. 328, 308-315 (2015).
123. Wang, Q., Hisatomi, T., Ma, S., Li, Y. & Domen, K. Core/shell structured La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 as a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst in Z-scheme overall water splitting under visible light irradiation. Chem. Mater. 26, 4144-4150 (2014).
124. Iwase, A., Ng, Y., Ishiguro, Y., Kudo, A. & Amal, R. Reduced graphene oxide as a solid-state electron mediator in Z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting under visible light. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 11054-11057 (2011).
125. Tada, H., Mitsui, T., Kiyonaga, T., Akita, T. & Tanaka, K. All-solid-state Z-scheme in CdS-Au-TiO2 three-component nanojunction system. Nat. Mater. 5, 782-786 (2006).
126. Kim, H. et al. Photocatalytic ohmic layered nanocomposite for efficient utilization of visible light photons. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 064103 (2006).
127. Wang, Q. et al. Particulate photocatalyst sheets based on carbon conductor layer for efficient Z-scheme pure-water splitting at ambient pressure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 1675-1683 (2017).
128. Pan, Z. et al. Photoreduced graphene oxide as a conductive binder to improve the water splitting activity of photocatalyst sheets. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 7011-7019 (2016).
129. Minegishi, T., Nishimura, N., Kubota, J. & Domen, K. Photoelectrochemical properties of LaTiO2N electrodes prepared by particle transfer for sunlight-driven water splitting. Chem. Sci. 4, 1120-1124 (2013).
130. Wang, Q. et al. Particulate photocatalyst sheets for Z-scheme water splitting: advantages over powder suspension and photoelectrochemical systems and future challenges. Faraday Discuss. 197, 491-504 (2017).
131. Li, Z. et al. Biomimetic electron transport via multiredox shuttles from photosystem II to a photoelectrochemical cell for solar water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 765-771 (2017).
132. Wang, W. et al. Spatially separated photosystem II and a silicon photoelectrochemical cell for overall water splitting: a natural-artificial photosynthetic hybrid. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 9229-9233 (2016).
133. Saupe, G., Mallouk, T., Kim, W. & Schmehl, R. Visible light photolysis of hydrogen iodide using sensitized layered metal oxide semiconductors: the role of surface chemical modification in controlling back electron transfer reactions. J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 2508-2513 (1997).
134. Suzuki, H., Tomita, O., Higashi, M. & Abe, R. Design of nitrogen-doped layered tantalates for non-sacrificial and selective hydrogen evolution from water under visible light. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 14444-14452 (2016).
135. Abe, R., Sayama, K. & Arakawa, H. Significant effect of iodide addition on water splitting into H2 and O2 over Pt-loaded TiO2 photocatalyst: suppression of backward reaction. Chem. Phys. Lett. 371, 360-364 (2003).
136. Zhang, Z. & Yates, J. Jr. Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces. Chem. Rev. 112, 5520-5551 (2012).
137. Wang, Z. et al. Moisture-assisted preparation of compact GaN:ZnO photoanode toward efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600864 (2016).
138. Zhong, M. et al. Surface modification of CoOx loaded BiVO4 photoanodes with ultrathin p-type NiO layers for improved solar water oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 5053-5060 (2015).
139. Ueda, K. et al. Photoelectrochemical oxidation of water using BaTaO2N photoanodes prepared by particle transfer method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 2227-2230 (2015).
140. Liu, G. et al. A tantalum nitride photoanode modified with a hole-storage layer for highly stable solar water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 7295-7299 (2014).
141. Maeda, K. & Domen, K. Photocatalytic water splitting: recent progress and future challenges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2655-2661 (2010).
142. Ishikawa, A. et al. Oxysulfide Sm2Ti2S2O5 as a stable photocatalyst for water oxidation and reduction under visible light irradiation (λ ≤650 nm). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 13547-13553 (2002).
143. Tanaka, A., Teramura, K., Hosokawa, S., Kominami, H. & Tanaka, T. Visible light-induced water splitting in an aqueous suspension of a plasmonic Au/TiO2 photocatalyst with metal co-catalysts. Chem. Sci. 8, 2574-2580 (2017).
144. Zhang, C. et al. A synthetic Mn4Ca-cluster mimicking the oxygen-evolving center of photosynthesis. Science 348, 690-693 (2015).
145. Kanan, M. & Nocera, D. In situ formation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst in neutral water containing phosphate and Co2+. Science 321, 1071-1075 (2008).
146. Chen, S. et al. Magnesia interface nanolayer modification of Pt/Ta3N5 for promoted photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. J. Catal. 339, 77-83 (2016).
147. Chen, S. et al. Interface engineering of a CoOx/Ta3N5 photocatalyst for unprecedented water oxidation performance under visible light irradiation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 3047-3051 (2015).
148. Lu, J. et al. Coking- and sintering-resistant palladium catalysts achieved through atomic layer deposition. Science 335, 1205-1208 (2012).
149. Tang, J., Durrant, J. & Klug, D. Mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting in TiO2. Reaction of water with photoholes, importance of charge carrier dynamics, and evidence for four-hole chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 13885-13891 (2008).
150. Hitoki, G. et al. Ta3N5 as a novel visible light-driven photocatalyst (λ
151. Hitoki, G. et al. An oxynitride, TaON, as an efficient water oxidation photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (λ <500 nm).Chem. Commun. ,1698-1699 (2002<600 nm) Chem. Lett. 7, 736-737 2002
152. Hitoki, G. et al. An oxynitride, TaON, as an efficient water oxidation photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (λ <500 nm). Chem. Commun. 16, 1698-1699 (2002).
153. Sato, J. et al. RuO2-loaded ß-Ge3N4 as a non-oxide photocatalyst for overall water splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 4150-4151 (2005).
154. Maeda, K., Teramura, K. & Domen, K. Effect of post-calcination on photocatalytic activity of (Ga1 - xZnx) (N1 - xOx) solid solution for overall water splitting under visible light. J. Catal. 254, 198-204 (2008).
155. Kibria, M. et al. One-step overall water splitting under visible light using multiband InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures. ACS Nano 7, 7886-7893 (2013).