Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: An intimate association of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes

American Journal of Hypertension

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2017, Pages 733-755

  Dzeshka, Mikhail S ^a,b   Shahid, Farhan ^a   Shantsila, Alena ^a   Lip, Gregory Y H ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b GRODNO STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Belarus)

^c AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Aging; Atrial fibrillation; Bleeding; Blood pressure; Epidemiology; Fibrosis; Hypertension; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Prevention; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CHYMOSIN;

AGING; APOPTOSIS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIAC MUSCLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL PROLIFERATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL OUTCOME; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GAP JUNCTION; HEART ATRIUM; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; COMPLICATION; HEART ATRIUM REMODELING; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ATRIAL REMODELING; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 85026460389     PISSN: 08957061     EISSN: 19417225     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx013     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P, Agewall S, Camm J, Baron Esquivias G, Budts W, Carerj S, Casselman F, Coca A, De Caterina R, Deftereos S, Dobrev D, Ferro JM, Filippatos G, Fitzsimons D, Gorenek B, Guenoun M, Hohnloser SH, Kolh P, Lip GY, Manolis A, McMurray J, Ponikowski P, Rosenhek R, Ruschitzka F, Savelieva I, Sharma S, Suwalski P, Tamargo JL, Taylor CJ, Van Gelder IC, Voors AA, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zeppenfeld K. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace 2016; 18: 1609-1678.
2. Wyse DG, Van Gelder IC, Ellinor PT, Go AS, Kalman JM, Narayan SM, Nattel S, Schotten U, Rienstra M. Lone atrial fibrillation: does it exist J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 1715-1723.
3. Potpara TS, Lip GY. Lone atrial fibrillation-An overview. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68: 418-433.
4. Kim EJ, Yin X, Fontes JD, Magnani JW, Lubitz SA, McManus DD, Seshadri S, Vasan RS, Ellinor PT, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Rienstra M. Atrial fibrillation without comorbidities: Prevalence, incidence and prognosis (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am Heart J 2016; 177: 138-144.
5. Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Muiesan ML, Rossi GP. Atrial fibrillation and arterial hypertension: a common duet with dangerous consequences where the renin angiotensin-Aldosterone system plays an important role. Int J Cardiol 2016; 206: 71-76.
6. Andrade J, Khairy P, Dobrev D, Nattel S. The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: relationships among clinical features, epidemiology, and mechanisms. Circ Res 2014; 114: 1453-1468.
7. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Despres JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Isasi CR, Jimenez MC, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Magid DJ, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Rosamond W, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 133: e38-360.
8. Lawler PR, Hiremath P, Cheng S. Cardiac target organ damage in hypertension: insights from epidemiology. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16: 1-6.
9. Cifkova R, Fodor G, Wohlfahrt P. Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: an update. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18: 1-6.
10. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, Chen J, He J. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134: 441-450.
11. Blacher J, Levy BI, Mourad JJ, Safar ME, Bakris G. From epidemiological transition to modern cardiovascular epidemiology: hypertension in the 21st century. Lancet 2016; 388: 530-532.
12. Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, Larson MG, Beiser AS, McManus DD, Newton-Cheh C, Lubitz SA, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2015; 386: 154-162.
13. Krijthe BP, Kunst A, Benjamin EJ, Lip GY, Franco OH, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Stricker BH, Heeringa J. Projections on the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the European Union, from 2000 to 2060. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 2746-2751.
14. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, Larson MG, Levy D, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB, Massaro JM, Beiser A, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1042-1046.
15. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Stricker BH, Stijnen T, Lip GY, Witteman JC. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 949-953.
16. Chugh SS, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ, Gillum RF, Kim YH, McAnulty JH Jr, Zheng ZJ, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation 2014; 129: 837-847.
17. Camm AJ, Savelieva I, Potpara T, Hindriks G, Pison L, Blstrom-Lundqvist C. The changing circumstance of atrial fibrillation-progress towards precision medicine. J Intern Med 2016; 279: 412-427.
18. Pistoia F, Sacco S, Tiseo C, Degan D, Ornello R, Carolei A. The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation and stroke. Cardiol Clin 2016; 34: 255-268.
19. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Tsang TS. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation 2006; 114: 119-125.
20. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, Singer DE. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 2370-2375.
21. Lowres N, Neubeck L, Redfern J, Freedman SB. Screening to identify unknown atrial fibrillation. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 213-222.
22. Lowres N, Neubeck L, Salkeld G, Krass I, McLachlan AJ, Redfern J, Bennett AA, Briffa T, Bauman A, Martinez C, Wallenhorst C, Lau JK, Brieger DB, Sy RW, Freedman SB. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies. The SEARCH-AF study. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111: 1167-1176.
23. Brachmann J, Morillo CA, Sanna T, Di Lazzaro V, Diener HC, Bernstein RA, Rymer M, Ziegler PD, Liu S, Passman RS. Uncovering atrial fibrillation beyond short-Term monitoring in cryptogenic stroke patients: three-year results from the cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9: e003333.
24. Lip GY, Kakar P, Watson T. Atrial fibrillation-The growing epidemic. Heart 2007; 93: 542-543.
25. Goette A, Kalman JM, Aguinaga L, Akar J, Cabrera JA, Chen SA, Chugh SS, Corradi D, D'Avila A, Dobrev D, Fenelon G, Gonzalez M, Hatem SN, Helm R, Hindricks G, Ho SY, Hoit B, Jalife J, Kim YH, Lip GY, Ma CS, Marcus GM, Murray K, Nogami A, Sanders P, Uribe W, Van Wagoner DR, Nattel S; Document Reviewers: Osmar A. Centurion (Paraguay), Karl-Heinz Kuck (Germany), Kristen K. Patton (USA), John L. Sapp (Canada), Martin Stiles (New Zealand), Jesper Hastrup Svendsen (Denmark), and Gaurav A. Upadhyay (USA); Review coordinator: Alena Shantsila (UK). EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterisation, and clinical implication. Europace 2016; 32: 247-278.
26. Dzeshka MS, Lip GY, Snezhitskiy V, Shantsila E. Cardiac fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66: 943-959.
27. Miragoli M, Glukhov AV. Atrial fibrillation and fibrosis: beyond the cardiomyocyte centric view. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 798768.
28. Polejaeva IA, Ranjan R, Davies CJ, Regouski M, Hall J, Olsen AL, Meng Q, Rutigliano HM, Dosdall DJ, Angel NA, Sachse FB, Seidel T, Thomas AJ, Stott R, Panter KE, Lee PM, van Wettere AJ, Stevens JR, Wang Z, Macleod RS, Marrouche NF, White KL. Increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation secondary to atrial fibrosis in transgenic goats expressing transforming growth factor-β1. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016; 27: 1220-1229.
29. Li J, Yang Y, Ng CY, Zhang Z, Liu T, Li G. Association of plasma transforming growth factor-β1 levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0155275.
30. Spronk HM, De Jong AM, Verheule S, De Boer HC, Maass AH, Lau DH, Rienstra M, van Hunnik A, Kuiper M, Lumeij S, Zeemering S, Linz D, Kamphuisen PW, Ten Cate H, Crijns HJ, Van Gelder IC, van Zonneveld AJ, Schotten U. Hypercoagulability causes atrial fibrosis and promotes atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 38-50.
31. Burstein B, Libby E, Calderone A, Nattel S. Differential behaviors of atrial versus ventricular fibroblasts: a potential role for platelet-derived growth factor in atrial-ventricular remodeling differences. Circulation 2008; 117: 1630-1641.
32. Heijman J, Algalarrondo V, Voigt N, Melka J, Wehrens XH, Dobrev D, Nattel S. The value of basic research insights into atrial fibrillation mechanisms as a guide to therapeutic innovation: a critical analysis. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109: 467-479.
33. Heijman J, Voigt N, Nattel S, Dobrev D. Cellular and molecular electrophysiology of atrial fibrillation initiation, maintenance, and progression. Circ Res 2014; 114: 1483-1499.
34. Linz D, Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Neuberger HR, Bm M. Atrial autonomic innervation: a target for interventional antiarrhythmic therapy J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 215-224.
35. Bettoni M, Zimmermann M. Autonomic tone variations before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 105: 2753-2759.
36. Ogawa M, Zhou S, Tan AY, Song J, Gholmieh G, Fishbein MC, Luo H, Siegel RJ, Karagueuzian HS, Chen LS, Lin SF, Chen PS. Left stellate ganglion and vagal nerve activity and cardiac arrhythmias in ambulatory dogs with pacing-induced congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 335-343.
37. Gould PA, Yii M, McLean C, Finch S, Marshall T, Lambert GW, Kaye DM. Evidence for increased atrial sympathetic innervation in persistent human atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006; 29: 821-829.
38. Carpenter A, Frontera A, Bond R, Duncan E, Thomas G. Vagal atrial fibrillation: what is it and should we treat it Int J Cardiol 2015; 201: 415-421.
39. De Mello WC. Local renin angiotensin aldosterone systems and cardiovascular diseases. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101: 117-127.
40. Cabandugama PK, Gardner MJ, Sowers JR. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system in obesity and hypertension: roles in the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am 2017; 101: 129-137.
41. Kosiuk J, Hilbert S, Pokushalov E, Hindricks G, Steinberg JS, Bollmann A. Renal denervation for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias: state of the art and future directions. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 26: 233-238.
42. Lau DH, Mackenzie L, Kelly DJ, Psaltis PJ, Brooks AG, Worthington M, Rajendram A, Kelly DR, Zhang Y, Kuklik P, Nelson AJ, Wong CX, Worthley SG, Rao M, Faull RJ, Edwards J, Saint DA, Sanders P. Hypertension and atrial fibrillation: evidence of progressive atrial remodeling with electrostructural correlate in a conscious chronically instrumented ovine model. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 1282-1290.
43. Lau DH, Mackenzie L, Kelly DJ, Psaltis PJ, Worthington M, Rajendram A, Kelly DR, Nelson AJ, Zhang Y, Kuklik P, Brooks AG, Worthley SG, Faull RJ, Rao M, Edwards J, Saint DA, Sanders P. Short-Term hypertension is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation substrate: a study in an ovine hypertensive model. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 396-404.
44. Shaikh AY, Wang N, Yin X, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Hamburg NM, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, Lubitz SA, Mitchell GF, Benjamin EJ, McManus DD. Relations of arterial stiffness and brachial flow-mediated dilation with new-onset atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart study. Hypertension 2016; 68: 590-596.
45. Tiwari S, Schirmer H, Jacobsen BK, Hopstock LA, Nyrnes A, Heggelund G, Njstad I, Mathiesen EB, Lhen ML. Association between diastolic dysfunction and future atrial fibrillation in the Troms-Study from 1994 to 2010. Heart 2015; 101: 1302-1308.
46. Takagi T, Takagi A, Yoshikawa J. Elevated left ventricular filling pressure estimated by E/E' ratio after exercise predicts development of newonset atrial fibrillation independently of left atrial enlargement among elderly patients without obvious myocardial ischemia. J Cardiol 2014; 63: 128-133.
47. O'Neal WT, Salahuddin T, Broughton ST, Soliman EZ. Atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular outcomes in the elderly. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2016; 39: 907-913.
48. Emdin CA, Anderson SG, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Dwyer T, Rahimi K. Usual blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and vascular risk: evidence from 4.3 million adults. Int J Epidemiol 2016 [Epub ahead of print].
49. Fedeli U, Ferroni E, Pengo V. Mortality associated to atrial fibrillation still on the rise: United States, 1999 to 2014. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222: 788-789.
50. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet 2016; 387: 957-967.
51. Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Bennett A, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Turnbull F, Hillis GS, Chalmers J, Mant J, Salam A, Rahimi K, Perkovic V, Rodgers A. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet 2016; 387: 435-443.
52. Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-Analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014; 32: 2285-2295.
53. Dzeshka MS, Lip GY. Stroke and bleeding risk assessment: where are we now J Atr Fibrillation 2014; 6: 49-57.
54. Dzeshka MS, Lip GY. Antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation. Heart Fail Clin 2016; 12: 257-271.
55. Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C. Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation: do we anticoagulate CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc =1, or higher Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 1165-1169.
56. Nielsen PB, Chao TF. The risks of risk scores for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 1170-1173.
57. Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Parmar P, Krishnamurthi R, Chugh S, Mensah GA, Norrving B, Shiue I, Ng M, Estep K, Cercy K, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15: 913-924.
58. Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1500-1510.
59. Dzeshka MS, Lane DA, Lip GY. Stroke and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation: navigating the alphabet soup of risk-score acronyms (CHADS2, CHA2 DS2 -VASc, R2 CHADS2, HAS-BLED, ATRIA, and more). Clin Cardiol 2014; 37: 634-644.
60. Weitz JI, Pollack CV Jr. Practical management of bleeding in patients receiving non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 1113-1126.
61. Dzeshka MS, Lip GY. Specific risk scores for specific purposes: use CHA2DS2-VASc for assessing stroke risk, and use HAS-BLED for assessing bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Res 2014; 134: 217-218.
62. Michalski F, Tittl L, Werth S, Hsel U, Pannach S, Sahin K, Weiss N, Beyer-Westendorf J. Selection, management, and outcome of Vitamin K antagonist-Treated patients with atrial fibrillation not switched to novel oral anticoagulants. Results from the Dresden NOAC registry. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 1076-1084.
63. Kittelson JM, Steg PG, Halperin JL, Goldenberg NA, Schulman S, Spyropoulos AC, Kessler CM, Turpie AG, Cutler NR, Hiatt WR; Antithrombotic Trials Leadership and Steering (ATLAS) Group. Bivariate evaluation of thromboembolism and bleeding in clinical trials of anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116: 544-553.
64. Lip GY, Keshishian A, Kamble S, Pan X, Mardekian J, Horblyuk R, Hamilton M. Real-world comparison of major bleeding risk among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients initiated on apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin. A propensity score matched analysis. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116: 975-986.
65. Carmo J, Moscoso Costa F, Ferreira J, Mendes M. Dabigatran in realworld atrial fibrillation Thromb Haemost 2016; 116: 754-763.
66. Villines TC, Schnee J, Fraeman K, Siu K, Reynolds MW, Collins J, Schwartzman E. A comparison of the safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients in a large healthcare system. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 1290-1298.
67. Seeger JD, Bykov K, Bartels DB, Huybrechts K, Zint K, Schneeweiss S. Safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in routine care of patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 1277-1289.
68. Biedermann JS, van den Besselaar AMHP, van der Meer FJM, Adriaansen HJ, Leebeek FWG, Kruip MJHA. Control of anticoagulation with Vitamin K antagonists: overestimation of median time in therapeutic range when assessed by linear interpolation. Thromb haemost 2016; 116.
69. Apostolakis S, Sullivan RM, Olshansky B, Lip GY. Factors affecting quality of anticoagulation control among patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the SAMe-TT2R2 score. Chest 2013; 144: 1555-1563.
70. Wilson MR, Parakramawansha R, Quinn TJ, Tait RC. Quality and predictors of anticoagulant control with Vitamin K antagonist for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116: 578-580.
71. Ruiz-Ortiz M, Bertomeu V, Cequier , Mar F, Anguita M. Validation of the SAMe-TT2R2 score in a nationwide population of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients on Vitamin K antagonists. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 695-701.
72. Martinez C, Katholing A, Freedman SB. Adverse prognosis of incidentally detected ambulatory atrial fibrillation. A cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112: 276-286.
73. Sposato LA, Cipriano LE, Saposnik G, Ru Vargas E, Riccio PM, Hachinski V. Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14: 377-387.
74. Lin KJ, Cho SI, Tiwari N, Bergman M, Kizer JR, Palma EC, Taub CC. Impact of metabolic syndrome on the risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: systematic review and meta-Analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2014; 39: 211-223.
75. Balk EM, Garlitski AC, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Terasawa T, Chung M, Ip S. Predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 1208-1216.
76. Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Twomey D, Alasady M, Hanley L, Antic NA, McEvoy RD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, Sanders P. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 2222-2231.
77. Fredersdorf S, Ucer E, Jungbauer C, Dornia C, Eglmeier J, Eissnert C, Hamer OW, Weber S, Arzt M, von Bary C. Lone atrial fibrillation as a positive predictor of left atrial volume reduction following ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2014; 16: 26-32.
78. Hao SC, Hunter TD, Gunnarsson C, March JL, White SA, Ladapo JA, Reynolds MR. Acute safety outcomes in younger and older patients with atrial fibrillation treated with catheter ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012; 35: 173-182.
79. Shah N, Badheka AO, Grover PM, Patel NJ, Chothani A, Mehta K, Hoosien M, Singh V, Savani GT, Deshmukh A, Rathod A, Patel N, Panaich SS, Arora S, Schwartz C, Blisker M, Coffey JO, Mitrani RD, Fuster V, Viles-Gonzalez JF. Influence of left ventricular remodeling on atrial fibrillation recurrence and cardiovascular hospitalizations in patients undergoing rhythm-control therapy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174: 288-292.
80. Kumar P, Patel A, Mounsey JP, Chung EH, Schwartz JD, Pursell IW, Gehi AK. Effect of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction on outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation. Am J Cardiol 2014; 114: 407-411.
81. de Vos CB, Pisters R, Nieuwlaat R, Prins MH, Tieleman RG, Coelen RJ, van den Heijkant AC, Allessie MA, Crijns HJ. Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 725-731.
82. De Vos CB, Breithardt G, Camm AJ, Dorian P, Kowey PR, Le Heuzey JY, Naditch-Br-L, Prystowsky EN, Schwartz PJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Weintraub WS, Crijns HJ. Progression of atrial fibrillation in the REgistry on Cardiac rhythm disORDers assessing the control of Atrial Fibrillation cohort: clinical correlates and the effect of rhythm-control therapy. Am Heart J 2012; 163: 887-893.
83. Chen K, Bai R, Deng W, Gao C, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang S, Fu H, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Dong J, Ma C. HATCH score in the prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation of typical atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 1483-1489.
84. Kosiuk J, Dinov B, Kornej J, Acou WJ, Schbauer R, Fiedler L, Buchta P, Myrda K, Gasior M, Polonski L, Kircher S, Arya A, Sommer P, Bollmann A, Hindricks G, Rolf S. Prospective, multicenter validation of a clinical risk score for left atrial arrhythmogenic substrate based on voltage analysis: DR-FLASH score. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 2207-2212.
85. Winkle RA, Jarman JW, Mead RH, Engel G, Kong MH, Fleming W, Patrawala RA. Predicting atrial fibrillation ablation outcome: The CAAP-AF score. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13: 2119-2125.
86. Alonso A, Krijthe BP, Aspelund T, Stepas KA, Pencina MJ, Moser CB, Sinner MF, Sotoodehnia N, Fontes JD, Janssens AC, Kronmal RA, Magnani JW, Witteman JC, Chamberlain AM, Lubitz SA, Schnabel RB, Agarwal SK, McManus DD, Ellinor PT, Larson MG, Burke GL, Launer LJ, Hofman A, Levy D, Gottdiener JS, Kb S, Couper D, Harris TB, Soliman EZ, Stricker BH, Gudnason V, Heckbert SR, Benjamin EJ. Simple risk model predicts incidence of atrial fibrillation in a racially and geographically diverse population: the CHARGE-AF consortium. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2: e000102.
87. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, Houghtaling PL, Rautaharju P, Kronmal RA, Tracy RP, Van Wagoner DR, Psaty BM, Lauer MS, Chung MK. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 108: 3006-3010.
88. Chamberlain AM, Agarwal SK, Folsom AR, Soliman EZ, Chambless LE, Crow R, Ambrose M, Alonso A. A clinical risk score for atrial fibrillation in a biracial prospective cohort (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities [ARIC] study). Am J Cardiol 2011; 107: 85-91.
89. Conen D, Tedrow UB, Koplan BA, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Albert CM. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Circulation 2009; 119: 2146-2152.
90. Grundvold I, Skretteberg PT, Liest K, Erikssen G, Kjeldsen SE, Arnesen H, Erikssen J, Bodegard J. Upper normal blood pressures predict incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-Aged men: a 35-year follow-up study. Hypertension 2012; 59: 198-204.
91. Marcus GM, Alonso A, Peralta CA, Lettre G, Vittinghoff E, Lubitz SA, Fox ER, Levitzky YS, Mehra R, Kerr KF, Deo R, Sotoodehnia N, Akylbekova M, Ellinor PT, Paltoo DN, Soliman EZ, Benjamin EJ, Heckbert SR. European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in African Americans. Circulation 2010; 122: 2009-2015.
92. Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Keyes MJ, Parise H, Wang TJ, Larson MG, D'Agostino RB Sr, Kannel WB, Levy D, Benjamin EJ. Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2007; 297: 709-715.
93. Nyrnes A, Mathiesen EB, Njstad I, Wilsgaard T, Lhen ML. Palpitations are predictive of future atrial fibrillation. An 11-year follow-up of 22,815 men and women: the Troms-Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 20: 729-736.
94. O'Neal WT, Qureshi WT, Blaha MJ, Ehrman JK, Brawner CA, Nasir K, Al-Mallah MH. Relation of risk of atrial fibrillation with systolic blood pressure response during exercise stress testing (from the Henry Ford ExercIse Testing Project). Am J Cardiol 2015; 116: 1858-1862.
95. Okin PM, Hille DA, Larstorp AC, Wachtell K, Kjeldsen SE, Dahl B, Devereux RB. Effect of lower on-Treatment systolic blood pressure on the risk of atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2015; 66: 368-373.
96. Roetker NS, Chen LY, Heckbert SR, Nazarian S, Soliman EZ, Bluemke DA, Lima JA, Alonso A. Relation of systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures and aortic distensibility with atrial fibrillation (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol 2014; 114: 587-592.
97. Rosengren A, Hauptman PJ, Lappas G, Olsson L, Wilhelmsen L, Swedberg K. Big men and atrial fibrillation: effects of body size and weight gain on risk of atrial fibrillation in men. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 1113-1120.
98. Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Newton-Cheh C, Yamamoto JF, Magnani JW, Tadros TM, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Ellinor PT, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 739-745.
99. Schnabel RB, Aspelund T, Li G, Sullivan LM, Suchy-Dicey A, Harris TB, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Kronmal RA, Wolf PA, Burke GL, Launer LJ, Vasan RS, Psaty BM, Benjamin EJ, Gudnason V, Heckbert SR. Validation of an atrial fibrillation risk algorithm in whites and African Americans. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 1909-1917.
100. Smith JG, Platonov PG, Hedblad B, Engstr G, Melander O. Atrial fibrillation in the Malm-Diet and Cancer study: a study of occurrence, risk factors and diagnostic validity. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 25: 95-102.
101. Son MK, Lim NK, Cho MC, Park HY. Incidence and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in Korea: the National Health Insurance Service Database (2002-2010). Korean Circ J 2016; 46: 515-521.
102. Thomas MC, Dublin S, Kaplan RC, Glazer NL, Lumley T, Longstreth WT Jr, Smith NL, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS, Heckbert SR. Blood pressure control and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 1111-1116.
103. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Borgioni C, Angeli F, Carluccio E, Sardone MG, Porcellati C. Atrial fibrillation in hypertension: predictors and outcome. Hypertension 2003; 41: 218-223.
104. Verdecchia P, Dagenais G, Healey J, Gao P, Dans AL, Chazova I, Binbrek AS, Iacobellis G, Ferreira R, Holwerda N, Karatzas N, Keltai M, Mancia G, Sleight P, Teo K, Yusuf S. Blood pressure and other determinants of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients at high cardiovascular risk in the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease studies. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1004-1014.
105. Vermond RA, Geelhoed B, Verweij N, Tieleman RG, Van Der Harst P, Hillege HL, Van Gilst WH, Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M. Incidence of atrial fibrillation and relationship with cardiovascular events, heart failure, and mortality: a community-based study from the Netherlands. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66: 1000-1007.
106. Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, Olsen MH, Hornestam B, Dahl B, Ibsen H, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Devereux RB. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 712-719.
107. Hou Y, Hu J, Po SS, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang F, Wang K, Zhou Q. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation significantly inhibits atrial fibrillation induced by electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion and rapid atrial pacing. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78218.
108. Liang Z, Shi XM, Liu LF, Chen XP, Shan ZL, Lin K, Li J, Chen FK, Li YG, Guo HY, Wang YT. Renal denervation suppresses atrial fibrillation in a model of renal impairment. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0124123.
109. Linz D, Mahfoud F, Schotten U, Ukena C, Hohl M, Neuberger HR, Wirth K, Bm M. Renal sympathetic denervation provides ventricular rate control but does not prevent atrial electrical remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Hypertension 2013; 61: 225-231.
110. Linz D, Hohl M, Nickel A, Mahfoud F, Wagner M, Ewen S, Schotten U, Maack C, Wirth K, Bm M. Effect of renal denervation on neurohumoral activation triggering atrial fibrillation in obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension 2013; 62: 767-774.
111. Linz D, van Hunnik A, Hohl M, Mahfoud F, Wolf M, Neuberger HR, Casadei B, Reilly SN, Verheule S, Bm M, Schotten U. Catheterbased renal denervation reduces atrial nerve sprouting and complexity of atrial fibrillation in goats. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8: 466-474.
112. Wang X, Zhao Q, Huang H, Tang Y, Xiao J, Dai Z, Yu S, Huang C. Effect of renal sympathetic denervation on atrial substrate remodeling in ambulatory canines with prolonged atrial pacing. PLoS One 2013; 8: e64611.
113. Wang X, Zhao Q, Deng H, Wang X, Guo Z, Dai Z, Xiao J, Wan P, Huang C. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on the atrial electrophysiology in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014; 37: 1357-1366.
114. Wang X, Huang C, Zhao Q, Huang H, Tang Y, Dai Z, Wang X, Guo Z, Xiao J. Effect of renal sympathetic denervation on the progression of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in canines with long-Term intermittent atrial pacing. Europace 2015; 17: 647-654.
115. Wei Y, Xu J, Zhou G, Chen S, Ouyang P, Liu S. Renal denervation suppresses the inducibility of atrial fibrillation in a Rabbit Model for atrial fibrosis. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0160634.
116. Zhao Q, Yu S, Zou M, Dai Z, Wang X, Xiao J, Huang C. Effect of renal sympathetic denervation on the inducibility of atrial fibrillation during rapid atrial pacing. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2012; 35: 119-125.
117. Zhou Q, Zhou X, TuEr-Hong ZL, Wang H, Yin T, Li Y, Zhang L, Lu Y, Xing Q, Zhang J, Yang Y, Tang B. Renal sympathetic denervation suppresses atrial fibrillation induced by acute atrial ischemia/infarction through inhibition of cardiac sympathetic activity. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203: 187-195.
118. McLellan AJ, Schlaich MP, Taylor AJ, Prabhu S, Hering D, Hammond L, Marusic P, Duval J, Sata Y, Ellims A, Esler M, Peter K, Shaw J, Walton A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM. Reverse cardiac remodeling after renal denervation: Atrial electrophysiologic and structural changes associated with blood pressure lowering. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12: 982-990.
119. Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Corbucci G, Artyomenko S, Baranova V, Turov A, Shirokova N, Karaskov A, Mittal S, Steinberg JS. A randomized comparison of pulmonary vein isolation with versus without concomitant renal artery denervation in patients with refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation and resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1163-1170.
120. Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Katritsis DG, Artyomenko S, Bayramova S, Losik D, Baranova V, Karaskov A, Steinberg JS. Renal denervation for improving outcomes of catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation and hypertension: early experience. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 1131-1138.
121. Schirmer SH, Sayed MM, Reil JC, Lavall D, Ukena C, Linz D, Mahfoud F, Bm M. Atrial remodeling following catheter-based renal denervation occurs in a blood pressure-And heart Rate-Independent Manner. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8: 972-980.
122. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 2010; 137: 263-272.
123. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010; 138: 1093-1100.
124. Baek YS, Yang PS, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Kim JY, Joung B, Lee MH, Pak HN. Delayed recurrence of atrial fibrillation 2years after catheter ablation is associated with metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223: 276-281.
125. Bisbal F, Guiu E, Calvo N, Marin D, Berruezo A, Arbelo E, Ortiz-Pez J, de Caralt TM, Tolosana JM, Borr R, Sitges M, Brugada J, Mont L. Left atrial sphericity: a new method to assess atrial remodeling. Impact on the outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24: 752-759.
126. Efremidis M, Letsas KP, Lioni L, Giannopoulos G, Korantzopoulos P, Vlachos K, Dimopoulos NP, Karlis D, Bouras G, Sideris A, Deftereos S. Association of quality of life, anxiety, and depression with left atrial ablation outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014; 37: 703-711.
127. Heist EK, Chalhoub F, Barrett C, Danik S, Ruskin JN, Mansour M. Predictors of atrial fibrillation termination and clinical success of catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110: 545-551.
128. Hwang HJ, Lee MY, Youn HJ, Oh YS, Rho TH, Chung WS, Park CS, Choi YS, Chung WB, Lee JB, Park HK, Lim K, Lee JH. Association between plaque thickness of the thoracic aorta and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation. Korean Circ J 2011; 41: 177-183.
129. Kim MN, Lee JJ, Kim SA, Kim YH, Choi JI, Park SM, Park SW, Kim YH, Shim WJ. The difference of predictors for recurrence after catheter ablation of non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation according to follow-up period. Int Heart J 2014; 55: 312-318.
130. Leong-Sit P, Robinson M, Zado ES, Callans DJ, Garcia F, Lin D, Dixit S, Bala R, Riley MP, Hutchinson MD, Cooper J, Gerstenfeld EP, Marchlinski FE. Inducibility of atrial fibrillation and flutter following pulmonary vein ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; 24: 617-623.
131. Letsas KP, Sikly CH, Korantzopoulos P, Weber R, B-kle G, Mihas CC, Kalusche D, Arentz T. The impact of body mass index on the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 164: 94-98.
132. Li SN, Kang JP, DU X, He XN, Long DY, Yu RH, Tang RB, Sang CH, Jiang CX, Ning M, Dong JZ, Ma CS. Outcome of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with prior ischemic stroke. Chin Med J (Engl) 2013; 126: 1033-1038.
133. Lin T, Du X, Bai R, Chen YW, Yu RH, Long DY, Tang RB, Sang CH, Li SN, Ma CS, Dong JZ. Long-Term results of single-procedure catheter ablation for atrial fibrillationin pre-And post-menopausal women. J Geriatr Cardiol 2014; 11: 120-125.
134. Lioni L, Letsas KP, Efremidis M, Vlachos K, Giannopoulos G, Kareliotis V, Deftereos S, Sideris A. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol 2014; 11: 291-295.
135. Lodzinski P, Kiliszek M, Kozluk E, Piatkowska A, Balsam P, Kochanowski J, Scislo P, Piatkowski R, Opolski G. Does a blanking period after pulmonary vein isolation impact long-Term results Results after 55 months of follow-up. Cardiol J 2014; 21: 384-391.
136. Machino-Ohtsuka T, Seo Y, Ishizu T, Sugano A, Atsumi A, Yamamoto M, Kawamura R, Machino T, Kuroki K, Yamasaki H, Igarashi M, Sekiguchi Y, Aonuma K. Efficacy, safety, and outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1857-1865.
137. Miyazaki S, Kuwahara T, Kobori A, Takahashi Y, Takei A, Sato A, Isobe M, Takahashi A. Preprocedural predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence following pulmonary vein antrum isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: long-Term follow-up results. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011; 22: 621-625.
138. Miyazaki S, Kuwahara T, Takahashi A. Impact of the preprocedural frequency of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on the clinical outcome after catheter ablation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012; 35: 1236-1241.
139. Montserrat S, Gabrielli L, Borras R, Poyatos S, Berruezo A, Bijnens B, Brugada J, Mont L, Sitges M. Left atrial size and function by three-dimensional echocardiography to predict arrhythmia recurrence after first and repeated ablation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 515-522.
140. Neilan TG, Mongeon FP, Shah RV, Coelho-Filho O, Abbasi SA, Dodson JA, McMullan CJ, Heydari B, Michaud GF, John RM, Blankstein R, Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY. Myocardial extracellular volume expansion and the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7: 1-11.
141. Park J, Kim TH, Lee JS, Park JK, Uhm JS, Joung B, Lee MH, Pak HN. Prolonged PR interval predicts clinical recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3: e001277.
142. Parmar BR, Jarrett TR, Kholmovski EG, Hu N, Parker D, MacLeod RS, Marrouche NF, Ranjan R. Poor scar formation after ablation is associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2015; 44: 247-256.
143. Santoro F, Di Biase L, Trivedi C, Burkhardt JD, Paoletti Perini A, Sanchez J, Horton R, Mohanty P, Mohanty S, Bai R, Santangeli P, Lakkireddy D, Reddy M, Elayi CS, Hongo R, Beheiry S, Hao S, Schweikert RA, Viles-Gonzalez J, Fassini G, Casella M, Dello Russo A, Tondo C, Natale A. Impact of uncontrolled hypertension on atrial fibrillation ablation outcome. JACC; 1: 164-173.
144. Sotomi Y, Inoue K, Ito N, Kimura R, Toyoshima Y, Masuda M, Iwakura K, Fujii K. Incidence and risk factors for very late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Europace 2013; 15: 1581-1586.
145. Steinberg JS, Palekar R, Sichrovsky T, Arshad A, Preminger M, Musat D, Shaw RE, Mittal S. Very long-Term outcome after initially successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11: 771-776.
146. Takigawa M, Yamada T, Yoshida Y, Ando M, Ishikawa K, Aoyama Y, Yamamoto T, Inoue N, Tatematsu Y, Nanasato M, Kato K, Tsuboi N, Hirayama H. Renin-Angiotensin system inhibitors can suppress atrial fibrillation recurrence after encircling ipsilateral pulmonary vein isolation in patients with a non-dilated left atrium. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13: 487-495.
147. Teunissen C, Kassenberg W, van der Heijden JF, Hassink RJ, van Driel VJ, Zuithoff NP, Doevendans PA, Loh P. Five-year efficacy of pulmonary vein antrum isolation as a primary ablation strategy for atrial fibrillation: a single-centre cohort study. Europace 2016; 18: 1335-1342.
148. Wang T, Xia YL, Zhang SL, Gao LJ, Xie ZZ, Yang YZ, Zhao J. The impact of hypertension on the electromechanical properties and outcome of catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation patients. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6: 913-920.
149. Wcik M, Erkapic D, Berkowitsch A, Zaltsberg S, Greiss H, Schmitt J, Pajitnev D, Lehinant S, Rixe J, Hamm CW, Pitschner HF, Kuniss M, Neumann T. Ipsilateral circumferential radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation with irrigated tip catheter: long-Term outcome and pre-procedural predictors. Circ J 2013; 77: 2280-2287.