Group B Streptococcus vaccine development: Present status and future considerations, with emphasis on perspectives for low and middle income countries

F1000Research

Volumn 5, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Kobayashi, Miwako ^a,b   Vekemans, Johan ^c   Baker, Carol J ^d,e   Ratner, Adam J ^f   Le Doare, Kirsty ^g   Schrag, Stephanie J ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^d BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e Texas Children's Hospital   (United States)

^f NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Group B Streptococcus; Low and middle income countries; Maternal vaccination; Neonatal sepsis; Phase III trial; Vaccine development

Indexed keywords

EID: 85025449072     PISSN: 20461402     EISSN: 1759796X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9363.1     Document Type: Review

References (329)

1. McGee L, Beall B: Streptococci. In: de Filippis I, McKee ML, eds. Molecular typing in bacterial infections. New York: Springer. 2013; 109-126. Publisher Full Text
2. Libster R, Edwards KM, Levent F, et al.: Long-term outcomes of group B streptococcal meningitis. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(1): e8-15. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
3. Edmond KM, Kortsalioudaki C, Scott S, et al.: Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3 months: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379(9815): 547-556. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
4. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al.: Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015; 385(9966): 430-440. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
5. Schrag SJ, Verani JR: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: experience in the United States and implications for a potential group B streptococcal vaccine. Vaccine. 2013; 31 (Suppl 4): D20-26. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
6. Di Renzo GC, Melin P, Berardi A, et al.: Intrapartum GBS screening and antibiotic prophylaxis: a European consensus conference. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015; 28(7): 766-782. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
7. Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, et al.: Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014; 27(1): 21-47. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
8. Baker CJ, Barrett FF: Transmission of group B streptococci among parturient women and their neonates. J Pediatr. 1973; 83(6): 919-925. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
9. Verani JR, McGee L, Schräg SJ: Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease-revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010; 59(RR-10): 1-36. PubMed Abstract
10. Desa DJ, Trevenen CL: Intrauterine infections with group B beta-haemolytic streptococci. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984; 91(3): 237-239. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
11. Katz V, Bowes WA Jr: Perinatal group B streptococcal infections across intact amniotic membranes. J Reprod Med. 1988; 33(5): 445-449. PubMed Abstract
12. Hanley J: Neonatal infection: group B streptococcus. Clin Evid. 2006; (15): 476-479. PubMed Abstract
13. Melin P: Neonatal group B streptococcal disease: from pathogenesis to preventive strategies. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(9): 1294-1303. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
14. Le Doare K, Heath PT: An overview of global GBS epidemiology. Vaccine. 2013; 31 (Suppl 4): D7-12. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
15. Cutland CL, Madhi SA, Zell ER, et al.: Chlorhexidine maternal-vaginal and neonate body wipes in sepsis and vertical transmission of pathogenic bacteria in South Africa: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374(9705): 1909-1916. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
16. Yow MD, Leeds LJ, Thompson PK, et al.: The natural history of group B streptococcal colonization in the pregnant woman and her offspring. I. Colonization studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980; 137(1): 34-38. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
17. Benitz WE, Gould JB, Druzin ML: Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: estimation of odds ratios by critical literature review. Pediatrics. 1999; 103(6): e77. PubMed Abstract
18. Adair CE, Kowalsky L, Quon H, et al.: Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population-based case-control study. CMAJ. 2003; 169(3): 198-203. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
19. Baker CJ, Edwards MS, Kasper DL: Role of antibody to native type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus in infant infection. Pediatrics. 1981; 68(4): 544-549. PubMed Abstract
20. Schuchat A, Zywicki SS, Dinsmoor MJ, et al.: Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatrics. 2000; 105(1 Pt 1): 21-26. PubMed Abstract
21. Oddie S, Embleton ND: Risk factors for early onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: case-control study. BMJ. 2002; 325(7359): 308. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
22. Gray KJ, Bennett SL, French N, et al.: Invasive group B streptococcal infection in infants, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13(2): 223-229. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
23. Trotman H, Bell Y: Neonatal group B streptococcal infection at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica: a 10-year experience. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006; 26(1): 53-57. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
24. Dangor Z, Lala SG, Cutland CL, et al.: Burden of invasive group B Streptococcus disease and early neurological sequelae in South African infants. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4): e0123014. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
25. Madhi SA, Radebe K, Crewe-Brown H, et al.: High burden of invasive Streptococcus agalactiae disease in South African infants. Ann Trop Paediatr 2003; 23(1): 15-23. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
26. Schrag SJ, Cutland CL, Zell ER, et al.: Risk factors for neonatal sepsis and perinatal death among infants enrolled in the prevention of perinatal sepsis trial, Soweto, South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012; 31(8): 821-826. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
27. Dangor Z, Kwatra G, Izu A, et al.: HIV-1 Is Associated With Lower Group B Streptococcus Capsular and Surface-Protein IgG Antibody Levels and Reduced Transplacental Antibody Transfer in Pregnant Women. J Infect Dis. 2015; 212(3): 453-462. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
28. Le Doare K, Allen L, Kampmann B, et al.: Anti-group B Streptococcus antibody in infants born to mothers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Vaccine. 2015; 33(5): 621-627. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
29. Giannoni E, Berger C, Stocker M, et al.: Incidence and Outcome of Group B Streptococcal Sepsis in Infants in Switzerland. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016; 35(2): 222-224. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
30. Baker CJ: Early onset group B streptococcal disease. J Pediatr. 1978; 93(1): 124-125. PubMed Abstract
31. Joubrel C, Tazi A, Six A, et al.: Group B streptococcus neonatal invasive infections, France 2007-2012. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21(10): 910-916. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
32. Schrag SJ, Zywicki S, Farley MM, et al.: Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342(1): 15-20. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
33. Tann CJ, Nkurunziza P, Nakakeeto M, et al.: Prevalence of bloodstream pathogens is higher in neonatal encephalopathy cases vs. controls using a novel panel of real-time PCR assays. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97259. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
34. Rivera L, Sáez-Llorens X, Feris-Iglesias J, et al.: Incidence and serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal disease in young infants: a multi-country observational study. BMC Pediatr. 2015; 15: 143. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
35. Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley MM, et al.: Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008; 299(17): 2056-2065. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
36. Verani JR, Schrag SJ: Group B streptococcal disease in infants: progress in prevention and continued challenges. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37(2): 375-392. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
37. Lin FY, Weisman LE, Troendle J, et al.: Prematurity is the major risk factor for late-onset group B streptococcus disease. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188(2): 267-271. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
38. Jordan HT, Farley MM, Craig A, et al.: Revisiting the need for vaccine prevention of late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease: a multistate, population-based analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27(12): 1057-1064. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
39. Filleron A, Lombard F, Jacquot A, et al.: Group B streptococci in milk and late neonatal infections: an analysis of cases in the literature. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014; 99(1): F41-47. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
40. Kim HJ, Kim SY, Seo WH, et al.: Outbreak of late-onset group B streptococcal infections in healthy newborn infants after discharge from a maternity hospital: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2006; 21(2): 347-350. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
41. Boyer KM, Vogel LC, Gotoff SP, et al.: Nosocomial transmission of bacteriophage type 7/11/12 group B streptococci in a special care nursery. Am J Dis Child. 1980; 134(10): 964-966. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
42. MacFarquhar JK, Jones TF, Woron AM, et al.: Outbreak of late-onset group B Streptococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control. 2010; 38(4): 283-288. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
43. Schuchat A, Oxtoby M, Cochi S, et al.: Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohort study in metropolitan Atlanta. J Infect Dis. 1990; 162(3): 672-677. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
44. Heath PT, Balfour GF, Tighe H, et al.: Group B streptococcal disease in infants: a case control study. Arch Dis Child. 2009; 94(9): 674-680. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
45. Pintye J, Saltzman B, Wolf E, et al.: Risk Factors for Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease Before and After Implementation of Universal Screening and Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015. pii: piv067. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
46. Berardi A, Rossi C, Lugli L, et al.: Group B streptococcus late-onset disease: 2003-2010. Pediatrics. 2013; 131(2): e361-368. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
47. 1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21 (4): 638-645. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
48. Epalza C, Goetghebuer T, Hainaut M, et al.: High incidence of invasive group B streptococcal infections in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(3): e631-638. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
49. Gibbs RS, Schrag S, Schuchat A: Perinatal infections due to group B streptococci. Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 104(5 Pt 1): 1062-1076. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
50. Stevens JP, Eames M, Kent A, et al.: Long term outcome of neonatal meningitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003; 88(3): F179-184. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
51. Sinha A, Russell LB, Tomczyk S, et al.: Disease Burden of Group B Streptococcus Among Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016; 35(9): 933-42. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
52. Regan JA, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP, et al.: Colonization with group B streptococci in pregnancy and adverse outcome. VIP Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 174(4): 1354-1360. PubMed Abstract
53. Feikin DR, Thorsen P, Zywicki S, et al.: Association between colonization with group B streptococci during pregnancy and preterm delivery among Danish women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 184(3): 427-433. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
54. Valkenburg-van den Berg AW, Sprij AJ, Dekker FW, et al.: Association between colonization with Group B Streptococcus and preterm delivery: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009; 88(9): 958-967. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
55. McDonald HM, Chambers HM: Intrauterine infection and spontaneous midgestation abortion: is the spectrum of microorganisms similar to that in preterm labor? Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 8(5-6): 220-227. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
56. Deutscher M, Lewis M, Zell ER, et al: Incidence and severity of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, and group B Streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 53(2): 114-123. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
57. Yancey MK, Duff P, Clark P, et al.: Peripartum infection associated with vaginal group B streptococcal colonization. Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 84(5): 816-819. PubMed Abstract
58. Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Baker CJ: Maternal peripartum complications associated with vaginal group B streptococci colonization. J Infect Dis. 1999; 179(6): 1410-1415. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
59. Persson K, Bjerre B, Elfström L, et al.: Group B streptococci at delivery: high count in urine increases risk for neonatal colonization. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986; 18(6): 525-531. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
60. Sánchez PJ, Siegel JD, Cushion NB, et al.: Significance of a positive urine group B streptococcal latex agglutination test in neonates. J Pediatr. 1990; 116(4): 601-606. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
61. Kessous R, Weintraub AY, Sergienko R, et al.: Bacteruria with group-B streptococcus: is it a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(10): 1983-1986. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
62. McKenna DS, Matson S, Northern I: Maternal group B streptococcal (GBS) genital tract colonization at term in women who have asymptomatic GBS bacteriuria. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 11(4): 203-207. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
63. Edwards RK, Clark P, Duff P: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis 2: positive predictive value of antenatal group B streptococci cultures and antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 100(3): 540-544. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
64. Matsubara K, Yamamoto G: Invasive group B streptococcal infections in a tertiary care hospital between 1998 and 2007 in Japan. Int J Infect Dis. 2009; 13(6): 679-684. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
65. Bergseng H, Rygg M, Bevanger L, et al.: Invasive group B streptococcus (GBS) disease in Norway 1996-2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 27(12): 1193-1199. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
66. Lamagni TL, Keshishian C, Efstratiou A, et al.: Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in England and Wales, 1991-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57(5): 682-688. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
67. Skoff TH, Farley MM, Petit S, et al.: Increasing burden of invasive group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults, 1990-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49(1): 85-92. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
68. Bhengsri S, Gregory C, Thamthitiwat S, et al.: Oral abstract 64. Invasive bacterial infections in Thailand: finding from population-based surveillance in two provinces, 2010-2013. Paper presented at: IDWeek 2015. San Diego, 2015. Reference Source
69. Farley MM: Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33(4): 556-561. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
70. Perovic O, Crewe-Brown HH, Khoosal M, et al.: Invasive group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999; 18(5): 362-364. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
71. Karunakaran R, Raja NS, Hafeez A, et al.: Group B Streptococcus infection: epidemiology, serotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected isolates in the population beyond infancy (excluding females with genital tract-and pregnancy-related isolates) at the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009; 62(3): 192-194. PubMed Abstract
72. Tyrrell GJ, Senzilet LD, Spika JS, et al.: Invasive disease due to group B streptococcal infection in adults: results from a Canadian, population-based, active laboratory surveillance study--1996. Sentinel Health Unit Surveillance System Site Coordinators. J Infect Dis. 2000; 182(1): 168-173. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
73. Bolaňos M, Caňas A, Santana OE, et al.: Invasive group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001; 20(11): 837-839. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
74. Blancas D, Santin M, Olmo M, et al.: Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults: incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23(3): 168-173. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
75. Bedford Russell AR, Kumar R: Early onset neonatal sepsis: diagnostic dilemmas and practical management. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015; 100(4): F350-354. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
76. Madhi SA, Dangor Z, Heath PT, et al.: Considerations for a phase-III trial to evaluate a group B Streptococcus polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in pregnant women for the prevention of early-and late-onset invasive disease in young-infants. Vaccine. 2013; 31(Suppl 4): D52-57. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
77. World Health Organization: Stillbirths. Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. Accessed February 5, 2016. Reference Source
78. Froen JF, Friberg IK, Lawn JE, et al.: Stillbirths: progress and unfinished business. Lancet. 2016; 387(10018): 574-86. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
79. Joseph KS, Kinniburgh B, Hutcheon JA, et al.: Rationalizing definitions and procedures for optimizing clinical care and public health in fetal death and stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 125(4): 784-788. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
80. Aminu M, Unkels R, Mdegela M, et al.: Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. BJOG. 2014; 121(Suppl 4): 141-153. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
81. Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, et al.: Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet. 2016; 387(10018): 587-603. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
82. Cnattingius S, Stephansson O: The epidemiology of stillbirth. Semin Perinatol. 2002; 26(1): 25-30. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
83. World Health Organization: Causes of child mortality. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. 2015; Accessed January 19, 2016. Reference Source
84. WHO-CHERG estimates for child causes for death, 2000-2012. Accessed January 19, 2016. Reference Source
85. Saha SK, El Arifeen S, Schrag SJ: Aetiology of Neonatal Infection in South Asia (ANISA): An Initiative to Identify Appropriate Program Priorities to Save Newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016; 35(5 Suppl 1): S6-8. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
86. Islam MS, Baqui AH, Zaidi AK, et al.: Infection Surveillance Protocol for a Multicountry Population-based Study in South Asia to Determine the Incidence, Etiology and Risk Factors for Infections Among Young Infants of 0 to 59 Days Old. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016; 35(5 Suppl 1): S9-S15. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
87. Chan GJ, Baqui AH, Modak JK, et al.: Early-onset neonatal sepsis in Dhaka, Bangladesh: risk associated with maternal bacterial colonisation and chorioamnionitis. Trop Med Int Health. 2013; 18(9): 1057-1064. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
88. Vaccine Preventable Infections Surveillance (VPIS) Project. Annual Repot: Vaccine Preventable Infections Surveillance September 1, 2013-August 31, 2014. 2014. Reference Source
89. Philipson EH, Palermino DA, Robinson A: Enhanced antenatal detection of group B streptococcus colonization. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85(3): 437-439. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
90. El Aila NA, Tency I, Claeys G, et al.: Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women. BMC Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 285. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
91. Stoll BJ, Schuchat A: Maternal carriage of group B streptococci in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998; 17(6): 499-503. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
92. Whitney CG, Daly S, Limpongsanurak S, et al.: The international infections in pregnancy study: group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004; 15(4): 267-274. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
93. Kwatra G, Adrian PV, Shiri T, et al.: Serotype-specific acquisition and loss of group B streptococcus recto-vaginal colonization in late pregnancy. PLoS One. 2014; 9(6): e98778. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
94. Madzivhandila M, Adrian PV, Cutland CL, et al.: Serotype distribution and invasive potential of group B streptococcus isolates causing disease in infants and colonizing maternal-newborn dyads. PLoS One. 2011; 6(3): e17861. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
95. Turner C, Turner P, Po L, et al.: Group B streptococcal carriage, serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibilities in pregnant women at the time of delivery in a refugee population on the Thai-Myanmar border. BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 34. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
96. Kwatra G, Cunnington MC, Merrall E, et al.: Prevalence of maternal colonisation with group B streptococcus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16(9): 1076-1084, pii: S1473-3099(16)30055-X. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
97. Nan C, Dangor Z, Cutland CL, et al.: Maternal group B Streptococcus-related stillbirth: a systematic review. BJOG. 2015; 122(11): 1437-1445. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
98. Seale AC, Koech AC, Sheppard AE, et al.: Maternal colonization with Streptococcus agalactiae and associated stillbirth and neonatal disease in coastal Kenya. Nat Microbiol. 2016; 1(7): 16067. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
99. Lambertsen L, Ekelund K, Skovsted IC, et al.: Characterisation of invasive group B streptococci from adults in Denmark 1999 to 2004. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010; 29(9): 1071-1077. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
100. Geneva: World Health Organization: WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. PubMed Abstract
101. Seale AC, Blencowe H, Manu AA, et al.: Estimates of possible severe bacterial infection in neonates in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and Latin America for 2012: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14(8): 731-741. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
102. Geneva: World Health Organization: Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2nd edition, 2013. PubMed Abstract
103. World Health Organization: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness chart booklet. Geneva, Switzerland. 2014. Reference Source
104. Han XY: Automated blood cultures. In: Tang Y-W, Stratton CW eds. Advanced techniques in diagnostic microbiology. New York, NY: Springer. 2006; 3-10. Publisher Full Text
105. Dagnew AF, Cunnington MC, Dube Q, et al.: Variation in reported neonatal group B streptococcal disease incidence in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55(1): 91-102. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
106. Sarkar S, Bhagat I, DeCristofaro JD, et al.: A study of the role of multiple site blood cultures in the evaluation of neonatal sepsis. J Perinatol. 2006; 26(1): 18-22. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
107. Connell TG, Rele M, Cowley D, et al.: How reliable is a negative blood culture result? Volume of blood submitted for culture in routine practice in a children's hospital. Pediatrics. 2007; 119(5): 891-896. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
108. Buttery JP: Blood cultures in newborns and children: optimising an everyday test. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002; 87(1): F25-28. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
109. Kellogg JA, Ferrentino FL, Goodstein MH, et al.: Frequency of low level bacteremia in infants from birth to two months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997; 16(4): 381-385. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
110. Schelonka RL, Chai MK, Yoder BA, et al.: Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens. J Pediatr. 1996; 129(2): 275-278. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
111. Edwards MS, Nizet V, Baker CJ: Group B Streptococcal Infections. In: Wilson CB, Nizet V, Maldonado YA, Remington JS, Klein JO, eds. Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: 411-456. Reference Source
112. Okike IO, Johnson AP, Henderson KL, et al.: Incidence, etiology, and outcome of bacterial meningitis in infants aged <90 days in the United kingdom and Republic of Ireland: prospective, enhanced, national population-based surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 59(10): e150-157. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
113. Tita AT, Andrews WW: Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37(2): 339-354. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
114. Johnson CT, Farzin A, Burd I: Current management and long-term outcomes following chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2014; 41(4): 649-669. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
115. Lapinsky SE: Obstetric infections. Crit Care Clin. 2013; 29(3): 509-520. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
116. World Health Organization: Managing complications in pregnancy and childbirth: a guide for midwives and doctors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. Reference Source
117. Morgan J, Roberts S: Maternal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2013; 40(1): 69-87. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
118. Tharpe N: Postpregnancy genital tract and wound infections. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2008; 53(3): 236-246. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
119. McClure EM, Goldenberg RL: Infection and stillbirth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009; 14(4): 182-189. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
120. Gibbs RS, Roberts DJ: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 27-2007. A 30-year-old pregnant woman with intrauterine fetal death. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(9): 918-925. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
121. Afshar B, Broughton K, Creti R, et al.: International external quality assurance for laboratory identification and typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococci). J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49(4): 1475-1482. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
122. Lancefield RC: A Serological Differentiation of Specific Types of Bovine Hemolytic Streptococci (Group B). J Exp Med. 1934; 59(4): 441-458. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
123. Hâkansson S, Burman LG, Henrichsen J, et al.: Novel coagglutination method for serotyping group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1992; 30(12): 3268-3269. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
124. Arakere G, Flores AE, Ferrieri P, et al.: Inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serotyping of group B streptococcal isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37(8): 2564-2567. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
125. Park CJ, Vandel NM, Ruprai DK, et al.: Detection of group B streptococcal colonization in pregnant women using direct latex agglutination testing of selective broth. J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39(1): 408-409. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
126. Yao K, Poulsen K, Maione D, et al.: Capsular gene typing of Streptococcus agalactiae compared to serotyping by latex agglutination. J Clin Microbiol. 2013; 51 (2): 503-507. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
127. Poyart C, Tazi A, Réglier-Poupet H, et al.: Multiplex PCR assay for rapid and accurate capsular typing of group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(6): 1985-1988. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
128. Imperi M, Pataracchia M, Alfarone G, et al.: A multiplex PCR assay for the direct identification of the capsular type (la to IX) of Streptococcus agalactiae. J Microbiol Methods. 2010; 80(2): 212-214. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
129. Sheppard AE, Vaughan A, Jones N, et al.: Capsular Typing Method for Streptococcus agalactiae Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data. J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 54(5): 1388-90. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
130. Flores AR, Galloway-Peňa J, Sahasrabhojane P, et al.: Sequence type 1 group B Streptococcus, an emerging cause of invasive disease in adults, evolves by small genetic changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(20): 6431-6436. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
131. Hauge M, Jespersgaard C, Poulsen K, et al.: Population structure of Streptococcus agalactiae reveals an association between specific evolutionary lineages and putative virulence factors but not disease. Infect Immun. 1996; 64(3): 919-925. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
132. Rolland K, Marois C, Siquier V, et al.: Genetic features of Streptococcus agalactiae strains causing severe neonatal infections, as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and hylB gene analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37(6): 1892-1898. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
133. Jones N, Bohnsack JF, Takahashi S, et al.: Multilocus sequence typing system for group B streptococcus. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(6): 2530-2536. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
134. Nitschke H, Slickers P, Müller E, et al.: DNA microarray-based typing of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52(11): 3933-3943. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
135. Teatero S, Athey TB, Van Caeseele P, et al.: Emergence of Serotype IV Group B Streptococcus Adult Invasive Disease in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada, Is Driven by Clonal Sequence Type 459 Strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53(9): 2919-2926. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
136. Geneva: World Health Organization: Guideline: Managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when referral is not feasible. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2015. PubMed Abstract
137. Dahesh S, Hensler ME, Van Sorge NM, et al.: Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008; 52(8): 2915-2918. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
138. Longtin J, Vermeiren C, Shahinas D, et al.: Novel mutations in a patient isolate of Streptococcus agalactiae with reduced penicillin susceptibility emerging after long-term oral suppressive therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55(6): 2983-2985. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
139. Persson E, Berg S, Bergseng H, et al.: Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive group B streptococcal isolates from south-west Sweden 1988-2001. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008; 40(4): 308-313. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
140. Simoes JA, Aroutcheva AA, Heimler I, et al.: Antibiotic resistance patterns of group B streptococcal clinical isolates. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 12(1): 1-8. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
141. Kimura K, Suzuki S, Wachino J, et al.: First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008; 52(8): 2890-2897. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
142. Downie L, Armiento R, Subhi R, et al.: Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries: efficacy of WHO's currently recommended antibiotics-systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2013; 98(2): 146-154. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
143. Boyer KM, Gotoff SP: Prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease with selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314(26): 1665-1669. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
144. Tuppurainen N, Hallman M: Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease: intrapartum detection and chemoprophylaxis of heavily colonized parturients. Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 73(4): 583-587. PubMed Abstract
145. Garland SM, Fliegner JR: Group B streptococcus (GBS) and neonatal infections: the case for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991; 31 (2): 119-122. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
146. Lin FY, Brenner RA, Johnson YR, et al.: The effectiveness of risk-based intrapartum chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 184(6): 1204-1210. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
147. Fairlie T, Zell ER, Schrag S: Effectiveness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 121(3): 570-577. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
148. Petri W: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and other B-lactam Antibiotics. In: Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacologicical Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
149. Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al.: Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell. 2014; 158(4): 705-721. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
150. Schrag SJ, Zell ER, Lynfield R, et al.: A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(4): 233-239. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
151. Geneva: World Health Organization: WHO Recommendations on Interventions to Improve Preterm Birth Outcomes. Geneva, Switzerland. 2015. PubMed Abstract
152. Siegel JD, Cushion NB: Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease: another look at single-dose penicillin at birth. Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 87(5 Pt 1): 692-698. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
153. Velaphi S, Siegel JD, Wendel GD Jr, et al.: Early-onset group B streptococcal infection after a combined maternal and neonatal group B streptococcal chemoprophylaxis strategy. Pediatrics. 2003; 111(3): 541-547. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
154. Wendel GD Jr, Leveno KJ, Sanchez PJ, et al.: Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease: A combined intrapartum and neonatal protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 186(4): 618-626. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
155. Bland ML, Vermillion ST, Soper DE: Late third-trimester treatment of rectovaginal group B streptococci with benzathine penicillin G. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 183(2): 372-376. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
156. Easmon CS, Hastings MJ, Deeley J, et al.: The effect of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis on the vertical transmission of group B streptococci. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983; 90(7): 633-635. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
157. Weeks JW, Myers SR, Lasher L, et al.: Persistence of penicillin G benzathine in pregnant group B streptococcus carriers. Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 90(2): 240-243. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
158. Landwehr-Kenzel S, Henneke P: Interaction of Streptococcus agalactiae and Cellular Innate Immunity in Colonization and Disease. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 519. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
159. Maisey HC, Doran KS, Nizet V: Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of group B Streptococcus virulence. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2008; 10: e27. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
160. Chen VL, Avci FY, Kasper DL: A maternal vaccine against group B Streptococcus: past, present, and future. Vaccine. 2013; 31(Suppl 4): D13-19. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
161. Berardi A, Cattelani C, Creti R, et al.: Group B streptococcal infections in the newborn infant and the potential value of maternal vaccination. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015; 13(11): 1387-1399. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
162. Macauley MS, Crocker PR, Paulson JC: Siglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014; 14(10): 653-666. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
163. Slotved HC, Kong F, Lambertsen L, et al.: Serotype IX, a Proposed New Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(9): 2929-2936. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
164. Paoletti LC, Madoff LC, Kasper DL: Surface structures of group B Streptococcus important in human immunity. In: Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy, DA, Rood JI, eds. Gram-positive pathogens. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 2000: 137-153.
165. Jones N, Oliver KA, Barry J, et al.: Enhanced invasiveness of bovine-derived neonatal sequence type 17 group B streptococcus is independent of capsular serotype. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42(7): 915-924. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
166. Tazi A, Bellais S, Tardieux I, et al.: Group B Streptococcus surface proteins as major determinants for meningeal tropism. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012; 15(1): 44-49. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
167. Hancock RE, Diamond G: The role of cationic antimicrobial peptides in innate host defences. Trends Microbiol. 2000; 8(9): 402-410. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
168. Tazi A, Disson O, Bellais S, et al.: The surface protein HvgA mediates group B streptococcus hypervirulence and meningeal tropism in neonates. J Exp Med. 2010; 207(11): 2313-2322. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
169. Baker CJ, Kasper DL: Correlation of maternal antibody deficiency with susceptibility to neonatal group B streptococcal infection. N Engl J Med. 1976; 294(14): 753-756. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
170. Christensen KK, Christensen P, Dahlander K, et al.: Quantitation of serum antibodies to surface antigens of group B streptococci types Ia, Ib, and III: low antibody levels in mothers of neonatally infected infants. Scand J Infect Dis. 1980; 12(2): 105-110. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
171. Christensen KK, Christensen P, Lindberg A, et al.: Mothers of infants with neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia are poor responders to bacterial carbohydrate antigens. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1982; 67(1): 7-12. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
172. Palmeira P, Quinello C, Silveira-Lessa AL, et al.: IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012; 2012: 985646. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
173. Lindsey B, Kampmann B, Jones C: Maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease susceptibility to infection in newborn infants. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013; 26(3): 248-253. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
174. Donders GG, Halperin SA, Devlieger R, et al.: Maternal Immunization With an Investigational Trivalent Group B Streptococcal Vaccine: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 127(2): 213-221. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
175. Baker CJ, Rench MA, McInnes P: Immunization of pregnant women with group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Vaccine. 2003; 21(24): 3468-3472. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
176. Edwards MS, Rench MA, Baker CJ: Relevance of age at diagnosis to prevention of late-onset group B streptococcal disease by maternal immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015; 34(5): 538-539. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
177. Fischer GW: Immunoglobulin therapy of neonatal group B streptococcal infections: an overview. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988; 7(5 Suppl): S13-16. PubMed Abstract
178. Baker CJ, Carey V, Edwards M, et al.: Women receiving group B Streptococcus serotype III tetanus toxoid (GBS-III-TT) vaccine have reduced vaginal and rectal acquisition of GBS type III. Infectious DIseases Society of America 47th Annual Meeting; October 30, 2009, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2009. Reference Source
179. Kwatra G, Adrian PV, Shiri T, et al.: Natural acquired humoral immunity against serotype-specific group B Streptococcus rectovaginal colonization acquisition in pregnant women. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21(6): 568. e513-521. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
180. Hastings MJ, Neil J, Easmon CS: Opsonization of group B Streptococcus type III: studies using clinical strains and maternal sera. Br J Exp Pathol. 1985; 66(3): 317-323. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
181. Wilson CB: Immunologic basis for increased susceptibility of the neonate to infection. J Pediatr. 1986; 108(1): 1-12. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
182. Edwards MS, Baker CJ, Kasper DL: Opsonic specificity of human antibody to the type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus. J Infect Dis. 1979; 140(6): 1004-1008. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
183. Edwards MS, Kasper DL, Jennings HJ, et al.: Capsular sialic acid prevents activation of the alternative complement pathway by type III, group B streptococci. J Immunol. 1982; 128(3): 1278-1283. PubMed Abstract
184. Maródi L, Leijh PC, van Furth R: Characteristics and functional capacities of human cord blood granulocytes and monocytes. Pediatr Res. 1984; 18(11): 1127-1131. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
185. Siegrist CA, Aspinall R: B-cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9(3): 185-194. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
186. Henneke P, Berner R: SIRS and group-B streptococcal sepsis in newborns: pathogenesis and perspectives in adjunctive therapy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006; 11 (5): 333-342. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
187. Wennerstrom DE, Schutt RW: Adult mice as a model for early onset group B streptococcal disease. Infect Immun. 1978; 19(2): 741-744. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
188. Rodewald AK, Onderdonk AB, Warren HB, et al.: Neonatal mouse model of group B streptococcal infection. J Infect Dis. 1992; 166(3): 635-639. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
189. Lounsbery JL, Green LR, Furtado D: Type III group B streptococcal infections in mice: bacteremia and meningitis following oral inoculation. Can J Microbiol. 1981; 27(11): 1150-1155. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
190. Mancuso G, Midiri A, Beninati C, et al.: Dual role of TLR2 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in a mouse model of invasive group B streptococcal disease. J Immunol. 2004; 172(10): 6324-6329. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
191. Ferrieri P, Burke B, Nelson J: Production of bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats with group B streptococcal serotypes. Infect Immun. 1980; 27(3): 1023-1032. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
192. Tieffenberg J, Vogel L, Kretschmer RR, et al.: Chicken embryo model for type III group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal septicemia. Infect Immun. 1978; 19(2): 481-485. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
193. Herting E, Strayer DS, Jarstrand C, et al.: Lung function and bacterial proliferation in experimental neonatal pneumonia in ventilated rabbits exposed to monoclonal antibody to surfactant protein A. Lung. 1998; 176(2): 123-131. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
194. Rojas J, Green RS, Hellerqvist CG, et al.: Studies on group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. II. Effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular permeability in unanesthetized sheep. Pediatr Res. 1981; 15(6): 899-904. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
195. Hellerqvist CG, Rojas J, Green RS, et al.: Studies on group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. I. Isolation and partial characterization of an extracellular toxin. Pediatr Res. 1981; 15(6): 892-898. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
196. Rojas J, Larsson LE, Ogletree ML, et al.: Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the response to group B streptococcal toxin in sheep. Pediatr Res. 1983; 17(2): 107-110. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
197. Bressack MA, Morton NS, Hortop J: Group B streptococcal sepsis in the piglet: effects of fluid therapy on venous return, organ edema, and organ blood flow. Circ Res. 1987; 61 (5): 659-669. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
198. Larsen JW Jr, London WT, Palmer AE, et al.: Experimental group B streptococcal infection in the rhesus monkey. I. Disease production in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 132(6): 686-690. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
199. Hemming VG, London WT, Fischer GW, et al.: Immunoprophylaxis of postnatally acquired group B streptococcal sepsis in neonatal rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis. 1987; 156(4): 655-658. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
200. Cox F: Prevention of group B streptococcal colonization with topically applied lipoteichoic acid in a maternal-newborn mouse model. Pediatr Res. 1982; 16(10): 816-819. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
201. Patras KA, Rösler B, Thoman ML, et al.: Characterization of host immunity during persistent vaginal colonization by Group B Streptococcus. Mucosal Immunol. 2015; 8(6): 1339-1348. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
202. Carey AJ, Tan CK, Mirza S, et al.: Infection and cellular defense dynamics in a novel 17ß-estradiol murine model of chronic human group B streptococcus genital tract colonization reveal a role for hemolysin in persistence and neutrophil accumulation. J Immunol. 2014; 192(4): 1718-1731. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
203. Randis TM, Gelber SE, Hooven TA, et al.: Group B Streptococcus ß-hemolysin/ cytolysin breaches maternal-fetal barriers to cause preterm birth and intrauterine fetal demise in vivo. J Infect Dis. 2014; 210(2): 265-273. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
204. Furtado D: Experimental group B streptococcal infections in mice: hematogenous virulence and mucosal colonization. Infect Immun. 1976; 13(5): 1315-1320. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
205. Patras KA, Wang NY, Fletcher EM, et al.: Group B Streptococcus CovR regulation modulates host immune signalling pathways to promote vaginal colonization. Cell Microbiol. 2013; 15(7): 1154-1167. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
206. Wang NY, Patras KA, Seo HS, et al.: Group B streptococcal serine-rich repeat proteins promote interaction with fibrinogen and vaginal colonization. J Infect Dis. 2014; 210(6): 982-991. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
207. Cheng Q, Nelson D, Zhu S, et al.: Removal of group B streptococci colonizing the vagina and oropharynx of mice with a bacteriophage lytic enzyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005; 49(1): 111-117. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
208. Cox F, Taylor L, Eskew EK, et al.: Prevention of group B streptococcal colonization and bacteremia in neonatal mice with topical vaginal inhibitors. J Infect Dis. 1993; 167(5): 1118-1122. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
209. Lalioui L, Pellegrini E, Dramsi S, et al.: The SrtA Sortase of Streptococcus agalactiae is required for cell wall anchoring of proteins containing the LPXTG motif, for adhesion to epithelial cells, and for colonization of the mouse intestine. Infect Immun. 2005; 73(6): 3342-3350. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
210. Millard DD, Shulman ST, Yogev R: Rifampin and penicillin for the elimination of group B streptococci in nasally colonized infant rats. Pediatr Res. 1985; 19(11): 1183-1186. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
211. Davies JK, Paoletti LC, McDuffie RS, et al.: A randomized trial of conjugated group B streptococcal type Ia vaccine in a rabbit model of ascending infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181(4): 803-808. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
212. McDuffie RS, Gibbs RS: Animal models of ascending genital-tract infection in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 2(2): 60-70. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
213. McDuffie RS Jr, Gibbs RS: Ascending group B streptococcal genital infection in the rabbit model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 175(2): 402-405. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
214. Ancona RJ, Ferrieri P: Experimental vaginal colonization and mother-infant transmission of group B streptococci in rats. Infect Immun. 1979; 26(2): 599-603. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
215. Whidbey C, Vornhagen J, Gendrin C, et al.: A streptococcal lipid toxin induces membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis leading to fetal injury. EMBO Mol Med. 2015; 7(4): 488-505. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
216. Equils O, Moffatt-Blue C, Ishikawa TO, et al.: Pretreatment with pancaspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) delays but does not prevent intraperitoneal heat-killed group B Streptococcus-induced preterm delivery in a pregnant mouse model. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2009; 2009: 749432. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
217. Rubens CE, Raff HV, Jackson JC, et al.: Pathophysiology and histopathology of group B streptococcal sepsis in Macaca nemestrina primates induced after intraamniotic inoculation: evidence for bacterial cellular invasion. J Infect Dis. 1991; 164(2): 320-330. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
218. Adams Waldorf KM, Gravett MG, McAdams RM, et al.: Choriodecidual group B streptococcal inoculation induces fetal lung injury without intra-amniotic infection and preterm labor in Macaca nemestrina. PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28972. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
219. McAdams RM, Vanderhoeven J, Beyer RP, et al.: Choriodecidual infection downregulates angiogenesis and morphogenesis pathways in fetal lungs from Macaca nemestrina. PLoS One. 2012; 7(10): e46863. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
220. McAdams RM, Bierle CJ, Boldenow E, et al.: Choriodecidual Group B Streptococcal Infection Induces miR-155-5p in the Fetal Lung in Macaca nemestrina. Infect Immun. 2015; 83(10): 3909-3917. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
221. Baltimore RS, Kasper DL, Vecchitto J: Mouse protection test for group B Streptococcus type III. J Infect Dis. 1979; 140(1): 81-88. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
222. Hordnes K, Digranes A, Haugen IL, et al.: Systemic and mucosal antibody responses to group B streptococci following immunization of the colonic-rectal mucosa. J Reprod Immunol. 1995; 28(3): 247-262. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
223. Shen X, Lagergârd T, Yang Y, et al.: Preparation and preclinical evaluation of experimental group B streptococcus type III polysaccharide-cholera toxin B subunit conjugate vaccine for intranasal immunization. Vaccine. 2000; 19(7-8): 850-861. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
224. Shen X, Lagergârd T, Yang Y, et al.: Systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice after mucosal immunization with group B streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide-cholera toxin B subunit conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun. 2000; 68(10): 5749-5755. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
225. Shen X, Lagergârd T, Yang Y, et al.: Effect of pre-existing immunity for systemic and mucosal immune responses to intranasal immunization with group B Streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide-cholera toxin B subunit conjugate. Vaccine. 2001; 19(25-26): 3360-3368. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
226. Shen X, Lagergârd T, Yang Y, et al.: Group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide-cholera toxin B subunit conjugate vaccines prepared by different methods for intranasal immunization. Infect Immun. 2001; 69(1): 297-306. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
227. Hordnes K, Tynning T, Brown TA, et al.: Nasal immunization with group B streptococci can induce high levels of specific IgA antibodies in cervicovaginal secretions of mice. Vaccine. 1997; 15(11): 1244-1251. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
228. Santillan DA, Andracki ME, Hunter SK: Protective immunization in mice against group B streptococci using encapsulated C5a peptidase. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198(1): 114. e1-6. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
229. Paoletti LC, Madoff LC: Vaccines to prevent neonatal GBS infection. Semin Neonatol. 2002; 7(4): 315-323. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
230. Paoletti LC, Pinel J, Kennedy RC, et al.: Maternal antibody transfer in baboons and mice vaccinated with a group B streptococcal polysaccharide conjugate. J Infect Dis. 2000; 181(2): 653-658. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
231. Madoff LC, Paoletti LC, Tai JY, et al.: Maternal immunization of mice with group B streptococcal type III polysaccharide-beta C protein conjugate elicits protective antibody to multiple serotypes. J Clin Invest. 1994; 94(1): 286-292. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
232. Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, Rodewald AK, et al.: Neonatal mouse protection against infection with multiple group B streptococcal (GBS) serotypes by maternal immunization with a tetravalent GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun. 1994; 62(8): 3236-3243. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
233. Nilo A, Morelli L, Passalacqua I, et al.: Anti-Group B Streptococcus Glycan-Conjugate Vaccines Using Pilus Protein GBS80 As Carrier and Antigen: Comparing Lysine and Tyrosine-directed Conjugation. ACS Chem Biol. 2015; 10(7): 1737-1746. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
234. Maione D, Margarit I, Rinaudo CD, et al.: Identification of a universal Group B streptococcus vaccine by multiple genome screen. Science. 2005; 309(5731): 148-150. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
235. Nuccitelli A, Cozzi R, Gourlay LJ, et al.: Structure-based approach to rationally design a chimeric protein for an effective vaccine against Group B Streptococcus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108(25): 10278-10283. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
236. Lindahl G, Stâlhammar-Carlemalm M, Areschoug T: Surface proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae and related proteins in other bacterial pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18(1): 102-127. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
237. Bohnsack JF, Chang JK, Hill HR: Restricted ability of group B streptococcal C5a-ase to inactivate C5a prepared from different animal species. Infect Immun. 1993; 61(4): 1421-1426. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
238. Bohnsack JF, Widjaja K, Ghazizadeh S, et al.: A role for C5 and C5a-ase in the acute neutrophil response to group B streptococcal infections. J Infect Dis. 1997; 175(4): 847-855. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
239. Onderdonk AB, Kennedy RC: Use of Animals for Vaccine Development. In: Paoletti LC, McInnes PM, eds. Vaccines. From Concept to Clinic: A Guide to the Development and Clinical Testing of Vaccines for Human Use. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1999. Publisher Full Text
240. Paoletti LC, Kennedy RC, Chanh TC, et al.: Immunogenicity of group B Streptococcus type III polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid vaccine in baboons. Infect Immun. 1996; 64(2): 677-679. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
241. Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines for group B streptococcal types Ia and Ib. J Infect Dis. 1999; 179(1): 142-150. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
242. Lancefield RC: Two Serological Types Of Group B Hemolytic Streptococci With Related, But Not Identical, Type-Specific Substances. J Exp Med. 1938; 67(1): 25-40. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
243. Baker CJ, Edwards MS, Kasper DL: Immunogenicity of polysaccharides from type III, group B Streptococcus. J Clin Invest. 1978; 61(4): 1107-1110. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
244. Baker CJ, Edwards MS: Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Arch Dis Child. 2003; 88(5): 375-378. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
245. Baker CJ, Kasper DL: Group B streptococcal vaccines. Rev Infect Dis. 1985; 7(4): 458-467. PubMed Abstract
246. Baker CJ, Rench MA, Edwards MS, et al.: Immunization of pregnant women with a polysaccharide vaccine of group B streptococcus. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319(18): 1180-1185. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
247. Kasper DL, Paoletti LC, Wessels MR, et al.: Immune response to type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98(10): 2308-2314. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
248. Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Rench MA, et al.: Use of capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine for type II group B Streptococcus in healthy women. J Infect Dis. 2000; 182(4): 1129-1138. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
249. Baker CJ, Paoletti LC, Rench MA, et al.: Immune response of healthy women to 2 different group B streptococcal type V capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2004; 189(6): 1103-1112. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
250. Nuccitelli A, Rinaudo CD, Maione D: Group B Streptococcus vaccine: state of the art. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2015; 3(3): 76-90. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
251. Baker CJ, Rench MA, Fernandez M, et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent group B streptococcal conjugate vaccine for serotypes II and III. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188(1): 66-73. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
252. Heyderman RS, Madhi SA, French N, et al.: Group B streptococcus vaccination in pregnant women with or without HIV in Africa: a non-randomised phase 2, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16(5): 546-55. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
253. Bröker M: Potential protective immunogenicity of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and Cross Reacting Material 197 (CRM197) when used as carrier proteins in glycoconjugates. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016; 12(3): 664-7. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
254. World Health Organization: Haeophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccination Position Paper-July 2013. Wkly EpidemiolRec. 2013; 88(39): 413-26. PubMed Abstract
255. Pichichero ME: Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013; 9(12): 2505-2523. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
256. World Health Organization: Information sheet. Observed rate of vaccine reactions. Pneumococcal vaccine. WHO vaccine reaction rates information sheets. 2012; Accessed March 1, 2016. Reference Source
257. Larsson C, Stâlhammar-Carlemalm M, Lindahl G: Protection against experimental infection with group B streptococcus by immunization with a bivalent protein vaccine. Vaccine. 1999; 17(5): 454-458. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
258. Larsson C, Lindroth M, Nordin P, et al.: Association between low concentrations of antibodies to protein alpha and Rib and invasive neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006; 91(6): F403-408. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
259. Minervax initiates phase I clinical trial with innovative group B streptococcal (GBS) vaccine to prevent life-threatening infections in newborns. [Press release], June 2, 2015; 2015. Reference Source
260. Margarit I, Rinaudo CD, Galeotti CL, et al.: Preventing bacterial infections with pilus-based vaccines: the group B streptococcus paradigm. J Infect Dis. 2009; 199(1): 108-115. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
261. Dangor Z, Kwatra G, Izu A, et al.: Association between maternal Group B Streptococcus surface-protein antibody concentrations and invasive disease in their infants. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015; 14(12): 1651-1660. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
262. Lachenauer CS, Baker CJ, Baron MJ, et al.: Quantitative determination of immunoglobulin G specific for group B streptococcal beta C protein in human maternal serum. J Infect Dis. 2002; 185(3): 368-374. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
263. Manning L, Laman M, Mare T, et al.: Accuracy of cerebrospinal leucocyte count, protein and culture for the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis: a comparative study using Bayesian latent class analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2014; 19(12): 1520-1524. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
264. Pannaraj PS, Kelly JK, Madoff LC, et al.: Group B Streptococcus bacteremia elicits beta C protein-specific IgMand IgG in humans. J Infect Dis. 2007; 195(3): 353-356. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
265. Pannaraj PS, Kelly JK, Rench MA, et al.: Alpha C protein-specific immunity in humans with group B streptococcal colonization and invasive disease. Vaccine. 2008; 26(4): 502-508. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
266. Lin FY, Weisman LE, Azimi PH, et al.: Level of maternal IgG anti-group B streptococcus type III antibody correlated with protection of neonates against early-onset disease caused by this pathogen. J Infect Dis. 2004; 190(5): 928934. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
267. Baker CJ, Carey VJ, Rench MA, et al.: Maternal antibody at delivery protects neonates from early onset group B streptococcal disease. J Infect Dis. 2014; 209(5): 781-788. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
268. Dangor Z, Kwatra G, Izu A, et al.: Correlates of protection of serotype-specific capsular antibody and invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in South African infants. Vaccine. 2015; 33(48): 6793-6799. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
269. Lin FY, Philips JB 3rd, Azimi PH, et al.: Level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early-onset disease caused by group B Streptococcus type Ia: a multicenter, seroepidemiology study. J Infect Dis. 2001; 184(8): 1022-1028. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
270. Matsubara K, Katayama K, Baba K, et al.: Seroepidemiologic studies of serotype VIII group B Streptococcus in Japan. J Infect Dis. 2002; 186(6): 855-858. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
271. Dangor Z, Lala SG, Kwatra G, et al.: Group B Streptococcus: developing a correlate of protection for a vaccine against neonatal infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016; 29(3): 262-7. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
272. Dangor Z, Kwatra G, Izu A, et al.: Review on the association of Group B Streptococcus capsular antibody and protection against invasive disease in infants. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015; 14(1): 135-149. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
273. Plotkin SA: Vaccines: correlates of vaccine-induced immunity. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47(3): 401-409. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
274. World Health Organization: Correlates of vaccine-induced protection: methods and implications. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. WHO/IVB/13.01. Reference Source
275. Baltimore RS, Kasper DL, Baker CJ, et al.: Antigenic specificity of opsonophagocytic antibodies in rabbit anti-sera to group B streptococci. J Immunol. 1977; 118(2): 673-678. PubMed Abstract
276. Kwatra G, Adrian PV, Shiri T, et al.: Natural acquired humoral immunity against serotype-specific group B Streptococcus rectovaginal colonization acquisition in pregnant women. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 21(6): 568. e13-568. e21. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
277. Herbert J, Thomas S, Brookes C, et al.: Antibody-mediated complement C3b/iC3b binding to group B Streptococcus in paired mother and baby serum samples in a refugee population on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015; 22(3): 319-326. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
278. Guttormsen HK, Baker CJ, Nahm MH, et al.: Type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide induces antibodies that cross-react with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14. Infect Immun. 2002; 70(4): 1724-1738. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
279. Kasper DL, Wessels MR, Guttormsen HK, et al.: Measurement of human antibodies to type III group B Streptococcus. Infect Immun. 1999; 67(8): 4303-4305. PubMed Abstract Free Full Text
280. Klegerman ME, Boyer KM, Papierniak CK, et al.: Estimation of the protective level of human IgG antibody to the type-specific polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus type Ia. J Infect Dis. 1983; 148(4): 648-655. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
281. Gotoff SP, Papierniak CK, Klegerman ME, et al.: Quantitation of IgG antibody to the type-specific polysaccharide of group B streptococcus type 1b in pregnant women and infected infants. J Pediatr. 1984; 105(4): 628-630. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
282. Gray BM, Pritchard DG, Dillon HC Jr: Seroepidemiological studies of group B Streptococcus type II. J Infect Dis. 1985; 151(6): 1073-1080. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
283. Gotoff SP, Odell C, Papierniak CK, et al.: Human IgG antibody to group b Streptococcus type III: comparison of protective levels in a murine model with levels in infected human neonates. J Infect Dis. 1986; 153(3): 511-519. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
284. Feldman RG, Ferrante A: Prevalence of anti-group B streptococcal type III capsular IgG antibodies in the United Kingdom and an analysis of their specific IgG subclasses. J Infect Dis. 1990; 162(4): 883-887. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
285. World Health Organization: Tetanus vaccine. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006; 81 (20): 198-208. PubMed Abstract
286. World Health Organization: Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper-August 2015. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015; 90(35): 433-460. PubMed Abstract
287. World Health Organization: Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper-November 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012; 87(47): 461-476. PubMed Abstract
288. Roberts JN, Gruber MF: Regulatory considerations in the clinical development of vaccines indicated for use during pregnancy. Vaccine. 2015; 33(8): 966-972. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
289. World Health Organization: Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 12-13 June 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013; 88(29): 301-312. PubMed Abstract
290. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety: Safety of Immunization during Pregnancy. A review of Evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2014. Reference Source
291. Zheteyeva Y, Moro PL, Yue X, et al.: Safety of meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in pregnancy: a review of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 208(6): 478. e1-6. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
292. Wak G, Williams J, Oduro A, et al.: The Safety of PsA-TT in Pregnancy: An Assessment Performed Within the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Ghana. Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 61(Suppl 5): S489-492. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
293. Xu H, Hu C, Gong R, et al.: Evaluation of a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011; 18(6): 893-900. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
294. Avci FY, Li X, Tsuji M, et al.: Carbohydrates and T cells: a sweet twosome. Semin Immunol. 2013; 25(2): 146-151. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
295. Leroux-Roels G, Maes C, Willekens J, et al.: A randomized, observer-blind Phase Ib study to identify formulations and vaccine schedules of a trivalent Group B Streptococcus vaccine for use in non-pregnant and pregnant women. Vaccine. 2016; 34(15): 1786-91. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
296. Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Jose L, et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational maternal trivalent group B streptococcus vaccine in healthy women and their infants: a randomised phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16(8): 923-34. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
297. Mohle-Boetani JC, Schuchat A, Plikaytis BD, et al.: Comparison of prevention strategies for neonatal group B streptococcal infection. A population-based economic analysis. JAMA. 1993; 270(12): 1442-1448. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
298. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Study Priorities for Vaccine Development; Stratton KR, Durch JS, eds, et al.: Vaccines for the 21st Century: A Tool for Decisionmaking. In The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. 2000. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
299. Sinha A, Lieu TA, Paoletti LC, et al.: The projected health benefits of maternal group B streptococcal vaccination in the era of chemoprophylaxis. Vaccine. 2005; 23(24): 3187-3195. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
300. Colbourn T, Asseburg C, Bojke L, et al.: Prenatal screening and treatment strategies to prevent group B streptococcal and other bacterial infections in early infancy: cost-effectiveness and expected value of information analyses. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11 (29): 1-226, iii. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
301. Kim SY, Russell LB, Park J, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of a potential group B streptococcal vaccine program for pregnant women in South Africa. Vaccine. 2014; 32(17): 1954-1963. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
302. Oster G, Edelsberg J, Hennegan K, et al.: Prevention of group B streptococcal disease in the first 3 months of life: would routine maternal immunization during pregnancy be cost-effective? Vaccine. 2014; 32(37): 4778-4785. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
303. Andrews N, Borrow R, Miller E: Validation of serological correlate of protection for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine by using efficacy estimates from postlicensure surveillance in England. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003; 10(5): 780-786. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
304. World Health Organization: Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper--2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012; 87(14): 129-144. PubMed Abstract
305. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Guidance for industry: Clinical Data Needed to Support the Licensure of Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines Guidances. 2007; Accessed February 25, 2016. Reference Source
306. European Medicines Agency: Guideline on influenza vaccines: non-clinical and clinical module. 2014. Reference Source
307. Qin L, Gilbert PB, Corey L, et al.: A framework for assessing immunological correlates of protection in vaccine trials. J Infect Dis. 2007; 196(9): 1304-1312. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
308. Giménez M, Prat C, Vallés X, et al.: Evaluation of the VITAL (bioMérieux) automated blood culture system using blind subculture. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002; 8(4): 222-228. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
309. Trijbels-Smeulders M, Gerards LJ, M PC, et al.: Epidemiology of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in The Netherlands 1997-98. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2002; 16(4): 334-341. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
310. Luck S, Torny M, d'Agapeyeff K, et al.: Estimated early-onset group B streptococcal neonatal disease. Lancet. 2003; 361(9373): 1953-1954. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
311. Carbonell-Estrany X, Figueras-Aloy J, Salcedo-Abizanda S, et al.: Probable early-onset group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis: a serious clinical condition related to intrauterine infection. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008; 93(2): F85-89. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
312. Meehan M, Cafferkey M, Corcoran S, et al.: Real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture in the diagnosis of invasive group B streptococcal disease in infants: a retrospective study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015; 34(12): 24132420. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
313. Fulton TR, Narayanan D, Bonhoeffer J, et al.: A systematic review of adverse events following immunization during pregnancy and the newborn period. Vaccine. 2015; 33(47): 6453-6465. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
314. World Health Organization: WHO Meeting to develop Brighton Collaboration definitions of key terms used for monitoring the safety of immunization in pregnancy in mothers and newborn children. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. 2014; Accessed April 10, 2016. Reference Source
315. GAIA: The GAIA consortium Wesite. Accessed April 6, 2016. Reference Source
316. GAIA: Newsletter, September 2015. 2015. Reference Source
317. Allesee L, Gallagher CM: Pregnancy and Protection: The Ethics of Limiting a Pregnant Woman's Participation in Clinical Trials. J Clin Res Bioeth. 2011; 2(108): pii: 1000108. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
318. Macklin R: Enrolling pregnant women in biomedical research. Lancet. 2010; 375(9715): 632-633. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
319. Pellegrini C, McCabe ER: Maternal immunization at the crossroads. Vaccine. 2015; 33(47): 6501-6502. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
320. Cutland CL, Cunnington M, Olugbosi M, et al.: Lessons learnt from enrolment and follow up of pregnant women and their infants in clinical trials in South Africa, a low-middle income country. Vaccine. 2015; 33(47): 6406-6412. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
321. White A, Madhi SA: Ethical considerations for designing GBS maternal vaccine efficacy trials in low-middle income countries. Vaccine. 2015; 33(47): 6396-6400. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
322. Divala TH, Mungwira RG, Laufer MK: Moving targets: The challenges of studying infectious diseases among pregnant women in resource limited settings. Vaccine. 2015; 33(47): 6401-6405. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
323. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS): International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. 2002 ed. Geneva: CIOMS; 2003. Accessed February 26, 2016. Reference Source
324. Clinical Development and Requirements for Licensure of Vaccines Intended for Use During Pregnancy to Prevent Disease in the Infant. [presentation], 2015. Reference Source
325. O'Brien KL, Binka F, Marsh K, et al.: Mind the gap: jumping from vaccine licensure to routine use. Lancet. 2016; 387(10031): 1887-1889. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
326. Lee BY, Burke DS: Constructing target product profiles (TPPs) to help vaccines overcome post-approval obstacles. Vaccine. 2010; 28(16): 2806-2809. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text Free Full Text
327. Smith NH, Gordon SV, de la Rua-Domenech R, et al.: Bottlenecks and broomsticks: the molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006; 4(9): 670-681. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
328. Prentice RL: Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989; 8(4): 431-440. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text
329. Heath PT: Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for GBS. Vaccine. 2016; 34(26): 2876-9. PubMed Abstract Publisher Full Text