Central pattern generators for orofacial movements and speech

Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 19, Issue C, 2010, Pages 351-369

  Barlow, Steven M ^a,b,c,d   Radder, James P Lund ^e   Radder, Meredith Estep ^b   Radder, Arlette Kolta ^f  

^a Department of Speech Language Hearing: Sciences Disorders ^*  (United States)

^b Neuroscience Associates   (United States)

^c Human Biology   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^e MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

body plan; brain; entrainment; interneurons; lick; mastication; microcircuits; neuroimaging; neuromodulation; plasticity; respiration; sensory experience; suck; unit burster

Indexed keywords

EID: 85022995141     PISSN: 15697339     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374593-4.00033-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (196)

1. H. Ackermann Cerebellar contributions to speech production and speech perception: psycholinguistic and neurobiological perspectives Trends Neurosci. 31 6 2008 265 272
2. H. Ackermann I. Hertrich T. Hehr Oral diadochokinesis in neurological dysarthrias Folia Phoniatr. Logop. 47 1995 15 23
3. H. Ackermann J. Konczak I. Hertrich The temporal control of repetitive articulatory movements in Parkinson's disease Brain Lang. 56 1997 312 319
4. H. Ackermann B.F. Gronem G. Hoch P.W. Schonle Speech freezing in Parkinson's disease: a kinematic analysis of orofacial movements by means of electromagnetic articulography Folia Phoniat. 45 1993 84 89
5. K.J. Ballard D.A. Robin J.W. Folkins An integrative model of speech motor control: a response to Ziegler Aphasiology 17 2003 37 48
6. H. Bao R.M. Bradley C.M. Mistretta Development of intrinsic electrophysiological properties in neurons from the gustatory region of rat nucleus of solitary tract Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 86 1995 143 154
7. S.M. Barlow M. Estep Central pattern generation and the motor infrastructure for suck, respiration, and speech J. Com. Dis. 39 2006 366 380
8. S.M. Barlow D.S. Finan S. Chu J. Lee Patterns for the premature brain: synthetic orocutaneous stimulation entrains preterm infants with feeding difficulties to suck J. Perinatol. 28 2008 541 548
9. S. Basho E.D. Palmer M.A. Rubio B. Wulfeck R-A. Muller Effects of generation mode in fMRI adaptations of semantic fluency: paced production and overt speech Neuropsychologia 45 2007 1697 1706
10. T. Bem J.M. Cabelquen O. Ekeberg S. Grillner From swimming to walking: a single basic network for two different behaviors Biol. Cybernetics 88 2003 79 90
11. A.J. Berger D.A. Bayliss F. Viana Development of hypoglossal motoneurons J. Appl. Physiol. 81 1996 1039 1048
12. T. Bitan J.R. Booth J. Choy D.D. Burman D.R. Gitelman M.M. Mesulam Shifts of effective connectivity within a language network during rhyming and spelling J. Neurosci. 25 2005 5397 5403
13. J.W. Bohland F.H. Guenther An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production Neuroimage 32 2006 821 841
14. L. Bonilha D. Moser C. Rorden G.C. Baylis J. Fridriksson Speech apraxia without oral apraxia: can normal brain function explain the physio-pathology? Neuroreport 17 2006 1027 1031
15. J.D. Boughter T. Bajpai S.J. St. John R.W. Williams L. Lu D.H. Heck Genetic analysis of oromotor movements in inbred and BXD recombinant inbred mice Abstr. Soc. Neurosci 407 2007 12
16. M.J. Bourque A. Kolta Properties and interconnections of trigeminal interneurons of the lateral pontine reticular formation in the rat J. Neurophysiol. 86 5 2001 2583 2596
17. S.L. Bressler Large-scale cortical networks and cognition Brain Res. Rev. 20 1995 288 304
18. S.L. Bressler J.A. Kelso Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. 5 2001 26 36
19. F. Brocard D. Verdier I. Arsenault J.P. Lund A. Kolta Emergence of intrinsic bursting in trigeminal sensory neurons parallels the acquisition of mastication in weanling rats J. Neurophysiol. 96 2006 2410 2424
20. J.L. Bryant S. Roy J.D. Boughter D. Goldowitz D. Swanson J.I. Morgan D.H. Heck A proposed new function of the mouse cerebellum: temporal modulation of brain stem pattern generator activity Abstr. Soc. Neurosci 78 2007 17
21. C. Buchel K. Friston Interactions among neuronal systems assessed with functional neuroimaging Revue Neurologique (Paris) 157 8-9 Pt 1 2001 807 815
22. R.J. Butera J. Rinzel J.C. Smith Models of respiratory rhythm generation in the pre-Bo tzinger complex. I. Bursting pacemaker neurons J. Neurophysiol. 82 1999 382 397
23. I.K. Christoffels E. Formisano N.O. Schiller Neural correlates of verbal feedback processing: an fMRI study employing overt speech Hum. Brain Mapp. 28 2007 868 879
24. M.R. Ciucci J.M. Barkmeier-Kraemer S.J. Sherman Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation improves deglutition in Parkinson's disease Mov. Disor. 23 2008 676 683
25. H.M. Clark Neuromuscular treatments for speech and swallowing: a tutorial Am. J. Speech Lang. Path. 12 2003 400 415
26. D. Combes S.D. Merrywest J. Simmers K.T. Sillar Developmental segregation of spinal networks driving axial- and hindlimb-based locomotion in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. J. Physiol. 559 2004 17 24
27. B.A. Conway H. Hultborn O. Kiehn Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat Exp. Brain Res. 68 1987 643 656
28. D.R. Corfield K. Murphy O. Josephs G.R. Fink R.S.J. Frackowiak A. Guz L. Adams R. Turner Cortical and subcortical control of tongue movement in humans: a functional neuroimaging study using fMRI J. Appl. Physiol. 86 1999 1468 1477
29. G. Dal Bo J.P. Lund D. Verdier A. Kolta Inputs to nucleus pontis caudalis from adjacent trigeminal areas; Eur J. Neurosci. 22 8 2005 1987 1996
30. C.A. Del Negro C. Morgado-Valle J.A. Hayes D.D. Mackay R.W. Pace E.A. Crowder J.L. Feldman Sodium and calcium current mediated pacemaker neurons and respiratory rhythm generation J. Neurosci. 25 2005 446 453
31. P.G. Dellow J.P. Lund Evidence for central timing of rhythmical mastication J. Physiol. (London) 215 1971 1 13
32. P.S. Dickinson Neuromodulation of central pattern generators in invertebrates and vertebrates Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16 2006 604 614
33. E.G. Dobbins J.L. Feldman Differential innervation of protruder and retractor tongue muscles of rat J. Comp. Neurol. 357 1995 376 394
34. G.A. Donnan L.M. Carey M.M. Saling More (or less) on Broca Lancet 353 9158 1999 1031 1032
35. C. Dresel F. Castrop B. Haslinger A.M. Wohlschlaeger A. Hennenlotter A.O. Ceballos-Baumann The functional neuroanatomy of coordinated orofacial movements: sparse sampling fMRI of whistling Neuroimage 28 2005 588 597
36. N.F. Dronkers A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation Nature 384 1996 159 161
37. D. Dubayle D. Viala Interactions between medullary and spinal respiratory rhythm generators in the in vitro brainstem spinal cord preparation from newborn rats Exp. Brain Res. 109 1996 1 8
38. A. El Manira J. Tegnér S. Grillner Calcium-dependent potassium channels play a critical role for burst termination in the locomotor network in lamprey J. Neurophysiol. 72 4 1994 1852 1861
39. H.H. Ellenberger Nucleus ambiguous and bulbospinal ventral respiratory group neurons in the neonatal rat Brain Res. Bull. 50 1999 1 13
40. E. Enomoto M. Kogo K. Koizumi K. Ishihama T. Yamanishi Localization of premotoneurons for an NMDA-induced repetitive rhythmical activity to TMNs Neuroreport 13 2002 2303 2307
41. S. Enomoto N. Katakura T. Sunada T. Katayama Y. Hirose Y. Ishiwata Y. Nakamura Cortically-induced masticatory rhythm in masseter motoneurons after blocking inhibition by strychnine and tetanus toxin Neurosci. Res. 4 5 1987 396 412
42. M. Estep S.M. Barlow Modulation of the trigeminofacial pathway during speech Brain Res. 1171 2007 67 74
43. M. Estep S.M. Barlow R. Vantipalli J. Lee D. Finan Nonnutritive suck burst parametrics in preterm infants with RDS and oral feeding complications J. Neonat. Nursing 14 1 2008 28 34
44. M. Estep S.M. Barlow E.T. Auer D. Kieweg J. Wang S-P. Lee C.R. Savage Functional neuroimaging correlates of speech and suck ororhythmic activity Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 473 2008 13
45. M. Estep M. Popescu E. Auer A. Popescu K. Gustafson S.M. Barlow MEG registration of hand and face somatosensory inputs in human using patterned pneumatic-cutaneous pulse trains Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 74 2007 12
46. J.L. Feldman J.C. Smith Neural control of respiratory pattern in mammals: an overview J.A. Dempsey A.I. Pack Regulation of Breathing 1995 Dekker New York, NY 39 69
47. J.L. Feldman J.C. Smith D.R. McCrimmon H.H. Ellenberger D.F. Speck Generation of respiratory pattern in mammals A.M. Cohen S. Grillner S. Rossignol The Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates 1988 Wiley New York, NY 73 100
48. D.S. Finan S.M. Barlow The actifier and neurophysiological studies of orofacial control in neonates J. Speech Hear. Res. 39 1996 833 838
49. D.S. Finan S.M. Barlow Mechanosensory modulation of nonnutritive sucking in human infants J. Early Hum. Dev. 52 2 1998 181 197
50. J.W. Folkins J.B. Moon E.S. Luschei D.A. Robin N. Tye-Murray K.L. Moll What can nonspeech tasks tell us about speech motor disabilities? J. Phonetics 23 1995 139 147
51. K.J. Friston C.D. Frith R.S.J. Frackowiak Time-dependent changes in effective connectivity measured with PET Hum. Brain Mapp. 1 1993 69 80
52. K.J. Friston C.D. Frith P.F. Liddle R.S.J. Frackowiak Functional connectivity: the principal component analysis of large (PET) data sets J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13 1993 5 14
53. G. Garraux C. McKinney T. Wu K. Kansaku G. Nolte M. Hallett Shared brain areas but not functional connections controlling movement timing and order J. Neurosci. 25 2005 5290 5297
54. A.P. Georgopoulos R.E. Kettner A.B. Schwartz Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population J. Neurosci. 8 1988 2928 2937
55. I.H. Gewolb F.L. Vice E.L. Schweitzer-Kenney V.L. Taciak J.F. Bosma Developmental patterns of rhythmic suckle and swallow in preterm infants Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 43 2001 22 27
56. L. Glass M.C. Mackey From Clocks to Chaos: The Rhythms of Life 1988 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
57. E. Goldson Nonnutritive sucking in the sick infant J. Perinatol. 7 1 1987 30 34
58. G.M. Goodwin E.S. Luschei Discharge of spindle afferents from jaw-closing muscles during chewing in alert monkeys J. Neurophysiol. 38 3 1975 560 571
59. M.D. Greicius K. Supekar V. Menon R.F. Dougherty Resting-state functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity in the default mode network Cerebral Cortex 19 2009 72 78
60. S. Grillner Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction Physiol. Rev. 55 2 1975 247 304
61. S. Grillner Recombination of motor pattern generators. Simple neuronal networks combine to produce complex versatile motor patterns Curr. Biol. 1 1991 231 233
62. S. Grillner Fundamentals of motor systems M.J. Zigmond F.E. Bloom S.C. Landis J.L. Roberts L.R. Squire Fundamental Neuroscience 2002 Academic Press San Diego, CA 753 766
63. S. Grillner The motor infrastructure: from ion channels to neuronal networks Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 2003 573 586
64. S. Grillner J. Hellgren A. Menard K. Saitoh M.A. Wikstrom Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs – roles for the striatum and pallidum Trends Neurosci. 28 2005 364 370
65. S. Grillner H. Markram E. De Schutter G. Silberberg F.E.N. LeBeau Microcircuits in action – from CPGs to neocortex Trends Neurosci. 28 10 2005 525 533
66. W. Guido E. Gunhan-Agar R.S. Erzurumlu Developmental changes in the electrophysiological properties of brain stem trigeminal neurons during pattern (barrelette) formation J. Neurophysiol. 79 1998 1295 1306
67. P.G. Guyenet C.P. Sevigny M.C. Weston R.L. Stornetta Neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing cells of the ventral respiratory group are functionally heterogeneous and predominantly glutamatergic J. Neurosci. 22 2002 3806 3816
68. M. Hack M.M. Estabrook S.S. Robertson Development of sucking rhythm in preterm infants Early Hum. Dev. 11 1985 133 140
69. C.F. Hageman D.A. Robin J.B. Moon J.W. Folkins Oral motor tracking in normal and apraxic speakers Clin. Aphasiol. 22 1994 219 229
70. A.G. Hannam J.P. Lund The effect of intraoral stimulation on the human masticatory cycle Arch. Oral Biol. 26 1981 865 870
71. M.G. Hanson L.T. Landmesser Normal patterns of spontaneous activity are required for correct motor axon guidance and the expression of specific guidance molecules Neuron 43 2004 687 701
72. V. Haughton B. Biswal Clinical application of basal regional cerebral blood flow fluctuation measurements by fMRI Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 454 1998 583 590
73. V. Hesselman B. Sorger K. Lasek O. Guntinas-Lichius B. Krug V. Sturm R. Goebel K. Lackner Discriminating the cortical representation sites of tongue and lip movement by functional MRI Brain Topogr. 16 2004 159 167
74. G. Hickok Functional anatomy of speech perception and speech production: psycholinguistic implications J. Psycholing. Res. 30 2001 225 235
75. O. Hikosaka K. Nakamura H. Nakahara Basal ganglia orient eyes to reward J. Neurophysiol. 95 2006 567 584
76. E.W. Ingersoll E.B. Thoman The breathing bear: effects on respiration in premature infants Physiol. Behav. 56 5 1994 855 859
77. A. Iriki S. Nozaki Y. Nakamura Feeding behavior in mammals: corticobulbar projection is reorganized during conversion from sucking to chewing Dev. Brain Res. 44 1988 189 196
78. K. Ishihama M. Kogo H. Koizumi K. Nomura S. Tanaka T. Yamanishi A. Enomoto Oral-motor patterns of rhythmic trigeminal activity generated in fetal rat brainstem in vitro. Dev. Brain Res. 145 2003 163 166
79. A.B. Jenny C.B. Saper Organization of the facial nucleus and corticofacial projection in the monkey: a reconsideration of the upper motor neuron facial palsy Neurology 37 1987 930 939
80. J.F. Kalaska D.J. Crammond Cerebral cortical mechanisms of reaching movements Science 255 1992 1517 1523
81. N. Katakura L. Jia Y. Nakamura NMDA-induced rhythmical activity in XII nerve of isolated CNS from newborn rats Neuroreport 6 1995 601 604
82. J.A.S. Kelso B. Tuller Compensatory articulation: under reduced conditions of afferent information: a dynamic formulation J. Speech Hear. Res. 26 1983 217 224
83. R.D. Kent H.K. Vorperian Anatomic development of the craniofacial-oral-laryngeal systems: a review J. Med. Speech Lang. Path. 3 1995 145 190
84. R.D. Kent J.R. Duffy A. Slama J.F. Kent A. Clift Clinicoanatomic studies in dysarthria: review, critique, and directions for research J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 44 2001 535 551
85. D. Kimura N. Watson The relation between oral movement control and speech Brain Lang. 37 1989 565 590
86. M. Kogo G.D. Funk S.H. Chandler Rhythmical oral-motor activity recorded in an in vitro brainstem preparation Somatosensory Motor Res. 13 1996 39 48
87. M. Kogo S. Tanaka S.H. Chandler T. Matsuya Examination of the relationships between jaw opener and closer rhythmical muscle activity in an in vitro brainstem jaw-attached preparation Somatosensory Motor Res. 15 1998 200 210
88. H. Koizumi K. Ishihama K. Nomura T. Yamanishi M. Kogo T. Matsuya Differential discharge patterns of rhythmical activity in trigeminal motorneurons during fictive mastication and respiration in vitro. Brain Res. Bull. 58 2002 129 133
89. H. Koizumi C.G. Wilson S. Wong T. Yamanishi N. Koshiya J.C. Smith Functional imaging, spatial reconstruction, and biophysical analysis of a respiratory motor circuit isolated in vitro. J. Neurosci. 28 10 2008 2353 2365
90. A. Kolta K.G. Westberg J.P. Lund Identification of brainstem interneurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus and adjacent structures in the rabbit J. Chem. Neuroanat. 19 3 2000 175 195
91. B.R. Komisaruk K.M. Mosier W-C. Liu C. Criminale L. Zaborszky B. Whipple A. Kalnin Functional localization of brainstem and cervical spinal cord nuclei in humans with fMRI Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23 2002 609 617
92. N. Koshiya J.C. Smith Neuronal pacemaker for breathing visualized in vitro. Nature 400 1999 360 363
93. D.J. Kriellaars R.M. Brownstone B.R. Noga L.M. Jordan Mechanical entrainment of fictive locomotion in the decerebrate cat J. Neurophysiol. 71 6 1994 2074 2086
94. Y. Kubo S. Enomoto Y. Nakamura Synaptic basis of orbital cortically induced rhythmical masticatory activity of trigeminal motoneurons in immobilized cats Brain Res. 230 1-2 1981 97 110
95. G.M. Lanuza S. Gosgnach A. Pierani T.M. Jessell M. Goulding Genetic identification of spinal interneurons that coordinate left-right locomotor activity necessary for walking movements Neuron 42 2004 375 386
96. C. Lau Oral feeding in the preterm infant Neoreviews 7 2006 19 27
97. C. Lau R.J. Schanler Oral motor function in the neonate Clinics in Perinatol. 23 2 1996 161 178
98. C. Lau N. Hurst Oral feeding in infants Curr. Probl. Pediatr. 29 1999 105 124
99. G. Lavigne J.S. Kim C. Valiquette J.P. Lund Evidence that periodontal pressoreceptors provide positive feedback to jaw closing muscles during mastication J. Neurophysiol. 58 1987 342 358
100. R.M. Liscic J. Zidar M. Mihelin Evidence of direct connection of corticobulbar fibers to orofacial muscles in man: electromyographic study of individual motor unit responses Muscle & Nerve 21 1998 561 566
101. K.S. Liu M. Gray S.J. Otto J.R. Fetcho C.E. Beattie Mutations in deadly seven/notch1a reveal developmental plasticity in the escape response circuit J. Neurosci. 23 2003 8159 8166
102. F.S. Lo R.S. Erzurumlu Neonatal deafferentation does not alter membrane properties of trigeminal nucleus principalis neurons J. Neurophysiol. 85 2001 1088 1096
103. Y.L. Lo P. Ratnagopal Cortico-hypoglossal and corticospinal conduction abnormality in Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 109 2007 523 525
104. N.K. Logothetis What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI Nature 453 2008 869 878
105. N.K. Logothetis B.A. Wandell Interpreting the BOLD signal Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66 2004 735 769
106. M.J. Lowe M. Dzemidzic J.T. Lurito V.P. Mathews M.D. Phillips Correlations in low-frequency BOLD fluctuations reflect cortico-cortical connections Neuroimage 12 2000 582 587
107. J.P. Lund Mastication and its control by the brain stem Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 2 1991 33 64
108. J.P. Lund A. Kolta Brainstem circuits that control mastication: do they have anything to say during speech? J. Com. Dis. 39 5 2006 381 390
109. J.P. Lund A. Kolta Generation of the central masticatory pattern and its modification by sensory feedback Dysphagia 21 3 2006 167 174
110. J.P. Lund K. Sasamoto T. Murakami K.A. Olsson Analysis of rhythmical jaw movements produced by electrical stimulation of motor-sensory cortex of rabbits J. Neurophysiol. 52 1984 1014 1029
111. C. Mainero W.T. Zhang A. Kuman B.R. Rosen A.G. Sorensen Mapping the spinal and supra-spinal pathways of dynamic mechanical allodynia in the human trigeminal system using cardiac-gated fMRI Neuroimage 15 2007 1201 1210
112. E. Marder K.J. Rehm Development of central patterning generating circuits Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 2005 86 93
113. M.J. McAuliffe E.C. Ward B.E. Murdoch A.M. Farrell A nonspeech investigation of tongue function in Parkinson's disease J. Gerontol., Ser. A, Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60 2005 667 674
114. S. McDavid J.P. Lund F. Auclair A. Kolta Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of interneurons within the rat trigeminal motor nucleus Neuroscience 139 3 2006 1049 1059
115. A.R. McIntosh S.M. Fitzpatrick K.J. Friston On the marriage of cognition and neuroscience Neuroimage 14 2001 1231 1237
116. A.R. McIntosh M.N. Rajah N.J. Lobaugh Functional connectivity of the medial temporal lobe relates to learning and awareness J. Neurosci. 23 2003 6520 6528
117. L.C. McKay K.C. Evans R.S. Frackowiak D.R. Corfield Neural correlates of voluntary breathing in humans J. Appl. Physiol. 95 2003 1170 1178
118. L.C. McKay L. Adams R.S. Frackowiak D.R. Corfield A bilateral corticobulbar network associated with breath holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging Neuroimage 40 2008 1824 1832
119. M.R. McNeil R.D. Kent Motoric characteristics of adult aphasic and apraxic speakers G.E. Hammond Cerebral Control of Speech and Limb Movements 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam, The Netherlands 349 386
120. B. Medoff-Cooper Nutritive sucking research: from clinical questions to research answers J. Perinat. Neonat. Nurs. 19 2005 265 272
121. T. Mentel L. Cangiano S. Grillner A. Buschges Neuronal substrates for state-dependent changes in coordination between motoneuron pools during fictive locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord J. Neurosci. 28 2008 868 879
122. T. Mentel A. Krause M. Pabst A. El Manira A. Buschges Activity of fin muscles and fin motoneurons during swimming motor pattern in the lamprey Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 2006 2012 2026
123. F.A. Middleton P.L. Strick Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits Brain Res. Rev. 31 2000 236 250
124. J.L. Miller B.C. Sonies C. Macedonia Emergence of oropharyngeal, laryngeal and swallowing activity in the developing fetal upper aerodigestive tract: an ultrasound evaluation Early Hum. Dev. 71 2003 61 87
125. K. Mizuno A. Ueda Neonatal feeding performance as a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 47 2005 299 304
126. C.A. Moore A. Smith R.L. Ringel Task-specific organization of activity in human jaw muscles J. Speech Hear. Res. 31 1988 670 680
127. T. Morimoto Y. Yamamoto A. Yamatodani Brain histamine and feeding behavior Behav. Brain Res. 124 2001 145 150
128. K.G. Munhall Functional imaging during speech production Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 107 2001 95 117
129. K. Naganuma M. Inoue K. Yamamura K. Hanada Y. Yamada Tongue and jaw muscle activities during chewing and swallowing in freely behaving rabbits Brain Res. 915 2001 185 194
130. Y. Nakamura N. Katakura M. Nakajima J. Liu Rhythm generation for food-ingestive movements Prog. Brain Res. 143 2004 97 103
131. Q.T. Nguyen R. Wessel D. Kleinfeld Developmental regulation of active and passive membrane properties in rat vibrissa motoneurones J. Physiol. 556 2004 203 219
132. S. Nozaki A. Iriki Y. Nakamura Localization of central rhythm generator involved in cortically induced rhythmical masticatory jaw-opening movement in the guinea pig J. Neurophysiol. 55 4 1986 806 825
133. P.A. Nunez-Abades J.M. Speielmanm G. Barrionueno W.E. Cameron In vitro electrophysiology of developing genioglossal motoneurons in the rat J. Neurophysiol. 70 1993 1401 1411
134. I. Okayasu Y. Yamada S. Kohno N. Yoshida New animal model for studying mastication in oral motor disorders J. Dent. Res. 82 2003 318 321
135. K.A. Olsson J.P. Lund C. Valiquette D. Veilleux Activity during mastication of periodontal pressoreceptive neurons of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis of the rabbit J. Neurophysiol. 59 1988 341 356
136. A. Olthoff J. Baudewig E. Kruse P. Dechent Cortical sensorimotor control in vocalization: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study Laryngoscope 118 2008 2091 2096
137. M. Onozuka M. Fujita K. Watanabe Y. Hirano M. Niwa K. Nishiyama S. Saito Mapping brain region activity during chewing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study J. Dent. Res. 81 2002 743 746
138. E. Ozdemir A. Norton G. Schlaug Shared and distinct neural correlates of singing and speaking Neuroimage 33 2006 628 635
139. T. Pavlidis Entrainment of oscillators by external inputs L.A. Segel Biological Oscillators: Their Mathematical Analysis 1973 Academic Press London, UK 71 98
140. K.G. Pearson Neural adaptation in the generation of rhythmic behavior Annu. Rev. Physiol. 62 2000 723 753
141. K.G. Pearson J. Gordon Locomotion E.R. Kandel J.H. Schwartz T.M. Jessell Principles of Neural Science 2000 McGraw-Hill New York, NY 737 755
142. K.G. Pearson J.M. Ramirez W. Jiang Entrainment of the locomotor rhythm by group Ib afferents from ankle extensor muscles in spinal cats Exp. Brain Res. 90 1992 557 566
143. F. Pena J.M. Ramirez Endogenous activation of serotonin-2A receptors is required for respiratory rhythm generation in vitro. J. Neurosci. 22 2002 11055 11064
144. F. Pena J.M. Ramirez Substance P-mediated modulation of pacemaker properties in the mammalian respiratory network J. Neurosci. 24 2004 7549 7556
145. M.A. Peyron C. Lassauzay A. Woda Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods Exp. Brain Res. 142 2002 41 51
146. M. Poore E. Zimmerman S.M. Barlow J. Wang F. Gu NTrainer therapy increases suck spatiotemporal stability in preterm infants Acta Paediatrica 97 2008 920 927
147. E.A. Popescu M. Popescu J. Wang S.M. Barlow K.M. Gustafson Nonnutritive sucking recorded in utero via fetal magnetography Physiol. Measur. 29 2008 127 139
148. J.M. Ramirez J.C. Viemari Determinants of inspiratory activity Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 147 2005 145 157
149. J. Ray Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on speech intelligibility in individuals with persistent articulatory impairments Int. J. Orofacial Myol. 29 2003 5 14
150. J.C. Rekling J.L. Feldman Pre-Botzinger complex and pacemaker neurons: hypothesized site and kernel for respiratory rhythm generation Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 1998 385 405
151. M. Ricci M. Magarelli V. Todino A. Bianchini E. Calandriello R. Tramutoli Progressive apraxia of speech presenting as isolated disorder of speech articulation and prosody: a case report Neurocase 14 2008 162 168
152. A. Riecker J. Kassubek K. Groschel W. Grodd H. Ackermann The cerebral control of speech tempo: opposite relationship between speaking rate and BOLD signal changes at striatal and cerebellar structures Neuroimage 29 2006 46 53
153. A. Riecker B. Brendel W. Ziegler M. Erb H. Ackermann The influence of syllable onset complexity and syllable frequency on speech motor control Brain Lang. 107 2008 102 113
154. A. Riecker H. Ackermann D. Wildgruber J. Meyer G. Dogil H. Haider W. Grodd Articulatory/phonetic sequencing at the level of the anterior perisylvian cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study Brain Lang. 75 2000 259 276
155. A. Riecker K. Mathiak D. Wildgruber M. Erb I. Hertrich W. Grodd H. Ackermann fMRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control Neurology 64 2005 700 706
156. S. Rossignol J.P. Lund T. Drew The role of sensory inputs in regulating patterns of rhythmical in higher vertebrates A. Cohen S. Rossignol S. Grillner Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates 1988 John Wiley and Sons New York, NY 201 283
157. I.A. Rybak A.P.L. Abdala S.N. Markin J.F.R. Paton J.C. Smith Spatial organization and state-dependent mechanisms for respiratory rhythm and pattern generation Prog. Brain Res. 165 2007 201 220
158. X.M. Shao J.L. Feldman Cholinergic neurotransmission in the pre-Botzinger complex modulates excitability of inspiratory neurons and regulates respiratory rhythm Neurosci. 130 2005 1069 1081
159. J.C. Smith K. Ballanyi D.W. Richter Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from respiratory neurons in neonatal rat brainstem in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 134 1992 153 156
160. J.C. Smith H.H. Ellenberger K. Ballanyi D.W. Richter J.L. Feldman Pre-Botzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals Science 254 1991 726 729
161. M. Smotherman K. Kobayasi J. Ma W. Metzner Central mechanisms of vocal-respiratory coupling in echolocating bats Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 1003 2005 6
162. N.P. Solomon D.A. Robin E.S. Luschei Strength, endurance, and stability of the tongue and hand in Parkinson disease J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 43 2000 256 267
163. D.A. Soltysik J.S. Hyde Strategies for block-design fMRI experiments during task-related motion of structures of the oral cavity Neuroimage 29 2006 1260 1271
164. P. Soros L.G. Sokoloff A. Bose A.R. McIntosh S.J. Graham D.T. Stuss Clustered functional MRI of overt speech production Neuroimage 32 2006 376 387
165. D.F. Speck D.R. Karius L. Ling Respiratory afferents and the inhibition of inspiration D.F. Speck M.S. Dekin W.R. Revelette D.T. Frazier Respiratory Control: Central and Peripheral Mechanisms 1993 University Press of Kentucky Lexington, KY 100 103
166. R.L. Stornetta C.P. Sevigny P.G. Guyenet Inspiratory augmenting bulbospinal neurons express both glutamatergic and enkephalinergic phenotypes J. Comp. Neurol. 455 2003 113 124
167. R.L. Stornetta D.L. Rosin H. Wang C.P. Sevigny M.C. Weston P.G. Guyenet A group of glutamatergic interneurons expressing high levels of both neurokinin-1 receptors and somatostatin identifies the region of the pre-Bötzinger complex J. Comp. Neurol. 455 2003 499 512
168. S. Stumm S.M. Barlow M. Estep J. Lee S. Cannon J. Carlson D. Finan Respiratory distress syndrome degrades the fine structure of the nonnutritive suck in preterm infants J. Neonatal Nurs. 14 1 2008 9 16
169. A.M. Swensen E. Marder Modulators with convergent cellular actions elicit distinct circuit outputs J. Neurosci. 21 2001 4050 4058
170. T. Takahashi T. Miyamoto A. Terao A. Yokoyama Cerebral activation related to the control of mastication during changes in food hardness Neurosci. 145 2007 791 794
171. S. Tanaka M. Kogo S.H. Chandler T. Matsuya Localization of oral-motor rhythmogenic circuits in the isolated rat brainstem preparation Brain Res. 821 1999 190 199
172. S. Tanaka N. Wu C.F. Hsaio J. Turman S.H. Chandler Development of inward rectification and control of membrane excitability in mesencephalic V neurons J. Neurophysiol. 89 2003 1288 1298
173. T. Taniwaki A. Okayama T. Yoshiura O. Togao Y. Nakamura T. Yamasaki K. Ogata H. Shigeto Y. Ohyagi J-I. Kira S. Tobimatsu Functional network of the basal ganglia and cerebellar motor loops in vivo: different activation patterns between self-initiated and externally triggered movements Neuroimage 31 2006 745 753
174. S. Tazerart L. Vinay F. Brocard The persistent sodium current generates pacemaker activities in the central pattern generator for locomotion and regulates the locomotor rhythm J. Neurosci. 28 34 2008 8577 8589
175. S. Tazerart J.C. Viemari P. Darbon L. Vinay F. Brocard Contribution of persistent sodium current to locomotor pattern generation in neonatal rats J. Neurophysiol. 98 2 2007 613 628
176. Y. Terao Y. Ugawa T. Yamamoto Y. Sakurai T. Masumoto O. Abe Y. Masutani S. Aoki S. Tsuji Primary face motor area as the motor representation of articulation J. Neurol. 254 2007 442 447
177. M. Terumitsu Y. Fujii K. Suzuki I.L. Kwee T. Nakada Human primary motor cortex shows hemispheric specialization for speech Neuroreport 17 2006 1091 1095
178. G. Tononi O. Sporns G.M. Edelman Measures of degeneracy and redundancy in biological networks Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 3257 3262
179. J.B. Travers Motor control of feeding and drinking L. Squire Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 2009 Elsevier Ltd San Diego, CA 1001 1007
180. J.B. Travers L.A. DiNardo H. Karimnamazi Motor and premotor mechanisms of licking Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21 5 1997 631 647
181. M. Trulsson R.S. Johansson Orofacial mechanoreceptors in humans: encoding characteristics and responses during natural orofacial behaviors Behav. Brain Res. 135 2002 27 33
182. A.K. Tryba F. Pena J.M. Ramirez Gasping activity in vitro: a rhythm dependent on 5-HT2A receptors J. Neurosci. 26 2006 2623 2634
183. A. Tsuboi A. Kolta C.C. Chen J.P. Lund Neurons of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus participate in the generation of rhythmic motor patterns Eur. J. Neurosci 17 2003 229 238
184. S. Tsuzuki S. Yoshida T. Yamamoto H. Oka Developmental changes in the electrophysiological properties of neonatal rat oculomotor neurons studied in vitro. Neurosci. Res. 23 1995 389 397
185. B. Tuller J.A. Kelso The timing of articulatory gestures: evidence for relational invariants J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76 1984 1020 1036
186. J.C. Viemari J.M. Ramirez Norepinephrine differentially modulates different types of respiratory pacemaker and nonpacemaker neurons J. Neurophysiol. 95 2006 2070 2082
187. H.K. Voperian R.D. Kent Vowel acoustic space development in children: a synthesis of acoustic and anatomic data J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50 2007 1510 1545
188. G. Weismer Philosophy of research in motor speech disorders Clin. Linguist. Phonet. 20 2006 315 349
189. K.G. Westberg P. Clavelou G. Sandstrom J.P. Lund Evidence that trigeminal brainstem interneurons form subpopulations to produce different forms of mastication in the rabbit J. Neurosci. 18 16 1998 6466 6479
190. M.W. Westneat W.G. Hall Ontogeny of feeding motor patterns in infant rats: an electromyographic analysis of suckling and chewing Behav. Neurosci. 106 3 1992 539 554
191. D. Wildgruber H. Ackermann W. Grodd Differential contributions of motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum to speech motor control: effects of syllable repetition rate evaluated by fMRI Neuroimage 13 2001 101 109
192. R.S.J. Wise J. Green C. Buchel S.K. Scott Brain regions involved in articulation Lancet 353 1999 1057 1061
193. P.H. Wolff The serial organization of sucking in the young infant Pediatrics 42 1968 943 956
194. W.-T. Zhang C. Mainero A. Kumar C.J. Wiggins T. Benner P.L. Purdon D.S. Bolar K.K. Kwong A.G. Sorensen Strategies for improving the detection of fMRI activation in trigeminal pathways with cardiac gating Neuroimage 31 2006 1506 1512
195. W. Ziegler Task-related factors in oral motor control: speech and oral diadochokinesis in dysarthria and apraxia of speech Brain Lang. 80 2002 556 575
196. W. Ziegler Speech motor control is task-specific: evidence from dysarthria and apraxia of speech Aphasiology 17 2003 3 36