Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1-746

  Bejan, Adrian ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR CONDITIONING; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENTROPY; SOLAR ENERGY; STUDENTS;

ADVANCED ENGINEERINGS; DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS; EMERGING ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES; ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS; ENTROPY MINIMIZATION; SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS; SUSTAINABILITY DESIGNS; THERMO-FLUID DESIGN;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 85019442444     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119245964     Document Type: Book

References (483)

1. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1984, 1995, 2004, 2013 (4th ed.).
2. S. Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, and on Machines Fitted to Develop That Power, Bachelier, Paris, 1824; also in E. Mendoza, ed., Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and Other Papers, Dover, New York, 1960.
3. M. Planck, Treatise on Thermodynamics, 3rd ed., translated by A. Ogg, Dover, New York, 1945, p. 40.
4. J. Kestin, ed., The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Pt. I, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, 1976.
5. C. Truesdell, The Tragicomedy of Classical Thermodynamics, International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Udine, Italy, Courses and Lectures, No. 70, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1983.
6. C. Truesdell, Rational Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984, pp. 1-48.
7. D. S. L. Cardwell, From Watt to Clausius, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1971.
8. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982, p. 3.
9. G. N. Hatsopoulos and J.H.Keenan, Principles of General Thermodynamics,Wiley, New York, 1965, pp. XV-XLII.
10. J. W. Gibbs, The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. I, Longmans, Green, New York, 1928, p. 51.
11. C. C. Gillispie, Lazare Carnot, Savant, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1971, p. 110.
12. A. Bejan, "Entransy," and its lack of content in Physics, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 136, 2014, no. 055501.
13. R. Clausius, On the moving force of heat, and the laws regarding the nature of heat itself which are deducible therefrom, Philos. Mag., Ser. 4, Vol. 2, 1851, pp. 1-20, 102-119.
14. On the application of a theorem of the equivalence of transformations to the internal work of a mass of matter, Philos. Mag., Vol. 24, 1862, pp. 81-97, 201-213; also in Ref. 4, pp. 98 and 142.
15. G. Zeuner, Technical Thermodynamics, 1st Engl. ed., translated by J. F. Klein, Van Nostrand, New York, 1907.
16. H. Poincaré, Thermodynamique, Georges Carré, Paris, 1892, pp. 66-68.
17. R. H. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim, Statistical Thermodynamics, 3rd impression, Cambridge University Press, London and New York, 1951, p. 56.
18. I. Newton, Scala Graduum Caloris, Philos. Trans. Soc., Vol. 8, 1701, pp. 824-829.
19. W. J. M. Rankine, AManual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers, 12th ed., revised by W. J. Millar, Charles Griffin & Co., London, 1888.
20. Daniel Bernoulli, Hydrodynamics, translated by T. Carmody and H. Kobus, Dover, New York, 1968.
21. Johann Bernoulli, Hydraulics, translated by T. Carmody and H. Kobus, Dover, New York, 1968.
22. R. Clausius, Mechanical Theory of Heat, edited by T. A. Hirst, John Van Voorst, London, 1867.
23. M. von Laue, History of Physics, translated by R. Oesper, Academic, New York, 1950, p. 83.
24. G. Zeuner, Das Locomotiven-Blasrohr (The Locomotive Blast-pipe) (experimental and theoretical investigations on the production of draft by steam jets and on the suction action of liquid jets in general),Verlag vonMeyer&Zeller, Zurich, Switzerland, 1863.
25. A. Stodola, Steam Turbines (with an appendix on gas turbines and the future of heat engines), translated by L. C. Loewenstein, Van Nostrand, New York, 1905.
26. R. Mollier, The Mollier Steam Tables and Diagrams (extended to the critical pressure), translated by H. Moss, Pitman, London, 1927 (1st German ed. published in 1906).
27. A.W. Porter, The generation and utilization of cold: A general discussion-general introduction, Trans. Faraday Soc., Vol. 18, 1922-1923, pp. 139-143.
28. F. A. Freeth and H. Kamerlingh Onnes, 1853-1926, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 117, 1926; also in Smithson. Inst. Annu. Rep., 1926, pp. 533-535.
29. Count of Rumford, Benjamin, An enquiry concerning the source of heat which is excited by friction, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1798, pp. 80-102.
30. S. C. Brown, Benjamin Thompson: Count Rumford, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979.
31. E. N. da C. Andrade, Humphry Davy's experiments on the frictional development of heat, Nature (Lond.), Mar. 9, 1935, pp. 359, 360.
32. J. P. Joule, The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Dawson's, London, 1963, p. 299.
33. E. Mendoza, Contributions to the study of Sadi Carnot and his work, Arch. Int. Hist.Sci., Vol. 12, 1959, pp. 377-396.
34. J. R. Mayer, Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature, Ann. Chem. Pharm., Vol. 42, 1842, pp. 233-240.
35. J. P. Joule, On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat, Philos. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. 23, 1843.
36. J. P. Joule, Joint Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Taylor&Francis, London, 1887, p. 215.
37. P. G. Tait, Sketch of Thermodynamics, Edmonston & Douglas, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1868, pp. v-vii.
38. H. von Helmholtz, Selected Writings of Hermann von Helmholtz, edited by R. Kahl, Wesleyan University Press, Middleton, CT, 1971, pp. 52-53.
39. M. Planck, Treatise on Thermodynamics, 3rd ed., translated by A. Ogg, Dover, New York, 1945, p. 89 (1st German ed. published in 1897).
40. Lord Kelvin, Mathematical and Physical Papers of William Thomson, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1882, p. 179; from the article, On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit, and M. Regnault's observations on steam, Trans. R. Soc.Edinburgh, Mar. 1851, and Philos. Mag., Ser. 4, 1852, reprinted in Ref. 4 of Chapter 1, pp. 106-132.
41. On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit, and M. Regnault's observations on steam, Trans. R. Soc.Edinburgh, Mar. 1851, and Philos. Mag., Ser. 4, 1852, reprinted in Ref. 4 of Chapter 1, pp. 106-132.
42. E. Clapeyron, Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat, originally published in J. éc.Polytech., Vol. 14, 1834; translated in E. Mendoza, ed., Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and Other Papers, Dover, New York, 1960, and in Ref. 4 of Chapter 1.
43. E. Mendoza, Contribution to the study of Sadi Carnot and his work, Arch. Int. Hist.Sci., Vol. 12, 1959, pp. 377-396.
44. J.W. Gibbs, Graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids, Trans. Conn. Acad.Arts Sci., Vol. 2, Apr.-May 1873; reprinted in The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. I, Longmans, Green, New York, 1928, Fig. 3, p. 10.
45. H. Poincaré, Thermodynamique, Georges Carré, Paris, 1892, pp. 136-138.
46. C. Truesdell, Rational Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984, p. 44.
47. W. F. Giauque, A proposal to redefine the thermodynamic temperature scale: With a parable of measures to improve weights, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 143, 1939, pp. 623-626.
48. A. Bejan, Graphic techniques for teaching engineering thermodynamics, Mechanical Engineering News, May 1977, pp. 26-28.
49. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982, p. 4.
50. W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., June 5, 1848, and Philos. Mag., Ser. 3, Oct. 1848; also in Mathematical and Physical Papers of William Thomson, Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1882, pp. 100-106.
51. R. Clausius, On different forms of the fundamental equations of the mechanical theory of heat and their convenience for application, translated by R. B. Lindsay, pp. 162-193 of Ref. 4 of Chapter 1; first presented to the Züricher naturforschende Gesellschaft on Apr. 24, 1865, and printed in Q. J. Gesellschaft, Vol. 10, p. 1, in Physica. (Leipzig), Ser. 2, Vol. 125, 1865, p. 313, and in J. Liouville, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, p. 361.
52. W. J. M. Rankine, on the thermal energy of molecular vortices, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 25, 1869, pp. 557-566.
53. On the hypothesis of molecular vortices, or centrifugal theory of elasticity, and its connexion with the theory of heat, Philos.Mag., Ser. 4, No. 67, Nov. 1855, pp. 354-363; No. 68, Dec. 1855, pp. 411-420.
54. K. G. Denbigh, The second law efficiency of chemical processes, Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 6, No. 1, 1956, pp. 1-9.
55. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2013, Chap. 1.
56. J. P. Joule, On the changes of temperature produced by the rarefaction and condensation of air, Philos. Mag., Ser. 3, Vol. 26, May 1845; also in The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Taylor&Francis, London, 1884, pp. 172-189; J. S. Ames, The Free Expansion of Gases, Memoirs by Gay-Lussac, Joule and Joule and Thomson, Harper's Scientific Memoirs, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1898, pp. 17-30.
57. J. S. Ames, The Free Expansion of Gases, Memoirs by Gay-Lussac, Joule and Joule and Thomson, Harper's Scientific Memoirs, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1898, pp. 17-30.
58. A. Bejan, The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2016.
59. N. Georgescu-Roegen, The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
60. H. J. Morowitz, Entropy for Biologists, Academic, New York, 1970.
61. R. Clausius, Abhandlungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie, Vol. II, Vieweg, Braunschweig, Germany, 1867, p. 44.
62. C. Carathéodory, Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik, Math.Ann. (Berlin), Vol. 67, 1909, pp. 355-386.
63. F. W. Sears, Modified form of Carathéodory's second axiom, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 34, 1966, pp. 665-666.
64. P. T. Landsberg, A deduction of Carathéodory's principle from Kelvin's principle, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 201, 1964, pp. 485-486.
65. F. W. Sears, A simplified simplification of Carathéodory's treatment of thermodynamics, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 31, 1963, pp. 747-752.
66. A. Bejan, Heat transfer-based reconstruction of the concepts and laws of classical thermodynamics, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 110, 1988, pp. 243-249.
67. M. J. Klein, Carnot's contribution to thermodynamics, Phys. Today, Aug. 1974, pp. 23-28.
68. T. S. Kuhn, Sadi Carnot and the Cagnard engine, Isis, Vol. 52, 1961, pp. 567-574.
69. C. C. Gillispie, Lazare Carnot, Savant, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1971.
70. L. Carnot, Essai sur les machines en général, Dijon, France, 1783.
71. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982.
72. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
73. A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, and M.Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization,Wiley, New York, 1996.
74. A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 79, Feb. 1, 1996, pp. 1191-1218.
75. A. Bejan, Notes on the history of the method of entropy generation minimization (finite time thermodynamics), J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., Vol. 21, 1996, pp. 239-242.
76. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the thermodynamics of flow systems with configuration, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 3203-3214.
77. J. Kestin, Availability, the concept and associated terminology, Energy, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 679-692.
78. G. Gouy, Sur l'énergie utilisable, J. Phys., Vol. 8, 1889, pp. 501-518.todola, Steam Turbines (with an appendix on gas turbines and the future of heat engines), translated by L. C. Loewenstein, Van Nostrand, New York, 1905, p. 402.
79. P. Salamon, A. Nitzan, B. Andresen, and R. S. Berry, Minimum entropy production and the optimization of heat engines, Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 21, 1980, pp. 2115-2129.
80. A. Bejan, Models of power plants that generate minimum entropy while operating at maximum power, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 64, 1996, pp. 1054-1059.
81. A. Bejan, Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
82. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Design with Constructal Theory, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
83. A. Bejan and J. P. Zane, Design in Nature. How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organization, Doubleday, New York, 2012.
84. A. Bejan,Graphic techniques for teaching engineering thermodynamics, Mech. Eng.News, May 1977, pp. 26-28.
85. J. H. Keenan, Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1941, pp. 284-293.
86. E. G. Cravalho and J. L. Smith Jr., Engineering Thermodynamics, Pitman, Boston, 1981.
87. Z. Rant, Exergie ein neues Wort für "technische Arbeitsfähigkeit," Forsch.Ingenieurwes., Vol. 22, 1956, p. 36.
88. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1984, pp. 110-111.
89. A. H. Reis and A. Bejan, Constructal theory of global circulation and climate, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 49, 2006, pp. 1857-1875.
90. A. Bejan and A. H. Reis, Thermodynamic optimization of global circulation and climate, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 29, 2005, pp. 303-316.
91. M. Pons and P. Le Quéré, An example of entropy balance in natural convection, 1: The usual Boussinesq equations; 2: The thermodynamic Boussinesq equations, C.R. Mec. (formerly C.R. Acad. Sci. Mec.), Vol. 333, 2005, 127-138.
92. V. A. F. Costa, Thermodynamics of natural convection with viscous dissipation, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 48, 2005, pp. 2333-2341.
93. S. Mahmud and R. A. Fraser, The second law analysis in fundamental convective heat transfer problems, Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol. 42, 2003, pp. 177-186.
94. O. B. Adeyinka and G. F. Naterer, Apparent entropy production difference with heat and fluid flow irreversibilities, Numer. Heat Transfer B, Vol. 42, 2002, pp. 411-436.
95. F. Kock and H. Herwig, Local entropy production in turbulent shear flows: A high-Reynolds number model with wall functions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 2205-2215.
96. M. Magherbi, H. Abbassi, and A. B. Brahim, Entropy generation at the onset of natural convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, 2003, pp. 3441-3450.
97. E. J. Walsh, M. R. D. Davies, and D. M. McEligot, On the use of entropy to predict boundary layer stability, Entropy, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2004, pp. 375-387.
98. A. Bejan, Maximum power from fluid flow, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 1175-1181.
99. D'A. W. Thompson, On Growth and Form: A New Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1942.
100. W. R. Hess, Das Prinzip des kleinsten Kraftverbrauches im Dienste hämodynamischer Forschung, Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, 1914, pp. 1-62.
101. C. D. Murray, The physiological principle ofminimumwork, in the vascular system, and the cost of blood-volume, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 12, 1926, pp. 207-214.
102. E. R. Weibel, Symmophosis: On Form and Function in Shaping Life, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000.
103. A. Bejan, The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2016.
104. M. Pons, Irreversibility in energy processes: Non-dimensional quantification and balance, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., Vol. 29, 2004, pp. 157-175.
105. V. A. F. Costa, Bejan's heatlines and masslines for convection visualization and analysis, Appl. Mech. Rev., Vol. 59, 2006, 125-145.
106. J. W. Gibbs, The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. I, Longmans, Green, New York, 1928, p. 62.
107. H. B. Callen, Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1960, p. 12.
108. K. Rektorys, ed., Survey of Applicable Mathematics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969, pp. 454-455.
109. R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1962, p. 32.
110. L. Tisza, Generalized Thermodynamics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1966, pp. 235-241.
111. B. L. Beegle, M. Modell, and R. C. Reid, Legendre transforms and their application in thermodynamics, AIChE J., Vol. 20, 1974, pp. 1194-1200.
112. J. C. Maxwell, Theory of Heat, 10th ed., with corrections and additions (1891) by Lord Rayleigh, Longmans, Green, London, 1904, pp. 165-169.
113. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
114. J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Wiley, New York, 1969, p. 124.
115. J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables, Wiley, New York, 1966.
116. W. Thomson and J. P. Joule, On the thermal effects of fluids in motion, Philos.Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 1853, p. 357; see also J. P. Joule, Joint Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Taylor & Francis, London, 1887, pp. 231-245.
117. J. P. Joule, Joint Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, Taylor & Francis, London, 1887, pp. 231-245.
118. R. T. Jacobsen, R. B. Stewart, R. D. McCarthy, and H. J. M. Hanley, Thermophysical properties of nitrogen from the fusion line to 3500 R (1944 K) for pressures to 150,000 psia (10342 × 105 N/m2), NBS Tech. Note (U.S.), No. 648, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Dec. 1973.
119. R. D. McCarthy, Thermophysical properties of Helium-4 from 2 to 1500 K with pressures to 1000 atmospheres, NBS Tech. Note (U.S.), No. 631, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Nov. 1972.
120. P. W. Bridgman, A complete collection of thermodynamic formulas, Phys. Rev., Vol. 3, 1914, pp. 273-281.
121. A. N. Shaw, The derivation of thermodynamical relations for a simple system, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Vol. 234, 1935, pp. 299-328.
122. J. D. Lewins, Jacobians in thermodynamics, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Educ., Vol. 14, No. 1, 1986, pp. 74-75.
123. A. Bejan and H. M. Paynter, Solved Problems in Thermodynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1976, p. 10-5.
124. D. B. Spalding and E. H. Cole, Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd ed., Edward Arnold, London, 1973, p. 324.
125. I. Prigogine and R. Defay, Chemical Thermodynamics, translated by D. H. Everett, Longmans, Green, London, 1954.
126. G. N. Lewis, The law of physico-chemical change, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., Vol. 37, 1901, pp. 49-69.
127. A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, and M. Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization, Wiley, New York, 1996.
128. J. D. Lewins, Private communication, Apr. 21, 1989.
129. J. Szargut and T. Styrylska, Die exergetische Analyse von Prozessen der feuchten Luft, Heiz.-Lueft.-Haustech., Vol. 20, 1969, pp. 173-178.
130. W. J. Wepfer, R. A. Gaggioli, and E. F. Obert, Proper evaluation of available energy for HVAC, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 85, Pt. 1, 1979, pp. 214-230.
131. J. W. Gibbs, The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. I, Longmans, Green, New York, 1928, pp. 56-62.
132. T. Andrews, On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter, Philos.Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Vol. 159, 1869, pp. 575-590.
133. A. Bejan, Thermodynamic fundamentals, in M. Kutz, ed., Eshbach's Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals, 5th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2009, Chap. 14.
134. J. Thomson, Considerations on the abrupt change at boiling or condensation in reference to the continuity of the fluid state of matter, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Vol. 20, 1871, pp. 1-8.
135. J. D. van der Waals, Over de continuiteit van den gas en vloeistof toestand, A. W.Sijthoff, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1873; published in German as Die Continuität des Gasförmigen und Flüssigen Zustandes, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, Germany, 1881.
136. J. C. Maxwell, On the dynamical evidence of the molecular constitution of bodies, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 11, 1875, pp. 357-359, 374-377.
137. P. W. Bridgman, Collected Experimental Papers, Vol. I, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1964, Paper 7; Vol. II, Paper 15.
138. L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, Generalized pvT properties of gases, Trans. ASME, Vol. 76, 1954, pp. 1057-1066.
139. R. C. Reid, J. M. Prausnitz, and T. K. Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
140. K. S. Pitzer, The volumetric and thermodynamic properties of fluids, I: Theoretical basis and virial coefficients, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 77, 1955, pp. 3427-3433.
141. K. S. Pitzer, D. Z. Lippmann, R. F. Curl, Jr., C. M. Huggins, and D. E.Petersen, The volumetric and thermodynamic properties of fluids, II: Compressibility factor, vapor pressure and entropy of vaporization, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 77, 1955, pp. 3433-3440.
142. B. I. Lee and M. G. Kesler, A generalized thermodynamic correlation based on three-parameter corresponding states, AJChE J., Vol. 21, 1975, pp. 510-527.
143. J. S. Hsieh, Four-parameter generalized compressibility charts for nonpolar fluids, J. Eng. Ind., Vol. 88, 1966, pp. 263-273.
144. L. Riedel, Eine neue universelle Dampfdruckformel-Untersuchungen über eine Erweiterung des Theorems der übereinstimmenden Zustãnde, Teil 1, Chem.- Ing.-Tech., Vol. 26, 1954, p. 83.
145. J. S. Hsieh, Principles of Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975, pp.490-491.
146. O. Redlich and J. N. S. Kwong, On the thermodynamics of solutions, V: An equation of state-Fugacities of gaseous solutions, Chem. Rev., Vol. 44, 1949, pp. 233-244.
147. R. Clausius, Ueber das Verhalten der Kohlensäure in Bezug auf Druck, Volumen und Temperatur, Wiedemanns Ann., Vol. 9, 1880, pp. 337-357.
148. H. A. Lorentz, Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes vom Virial in der Kinetischen Theorie der Gase, Wiedemanns Ann., Vol. 12, 1881, pp. 127-146; also Wiedemanns Ann., Suppl., pp. 660-661.
149. C. Dieterici, Ueber den Kritischen, Wiedemanns Ann., Vol. 69, 1899, pp. 685- 705; also Die Berechnung der Isothermen, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1901, pp. 51-88.
150. A. W. Porter, On the inversion-points for a fluid passing through a porous plug and their use in testing proposed equations of state, Philos. Mag., Ser. 6, Vol. 11, Apr.1906, pp. 554-568.
151. A. W. Porter, On the inversion-points for a fluid passing through a porous plug and their use in testing proposed equations of state, II: An examination of experimental data, Philos. Mag., Ser. 6, Vol. 19, No. 114, June 1910, pp. 888-897.
152. D. G. Miller, Joule-Thomson inversion curve, corresponding states, and simpler equations of state, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., Vol. 9, 1970, pp. 585-589.
153. J. J. Martin, Equations of state, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 59, No. 12, 1967, pp. 34-52.
154. F. G. Keyes and R. S. Taylor, The adequacy of the assumption of molecular aggregation in accounting for certain of the physical properties of gaseous nitrogen, J. Am.Chem. Soc., Vol. 49, 1927, pp. 896-911.
155. H. Kamerlingh-Onnes and W. H. Keesom, Die Zustandgleichung, Commun. Phys.Lab. Univ. Leiden, Vol. 11, Suppl. 23, 1912.
156. J. A. Beattie and O. C. Bridgeman, A new equation of state for fluids, Proc. Am.Acad. Arts Sci., Vol. 63, 1928, pp. 229-308.
157. E. G. Cravalho and J. L. Smith, Jr., Engineering Thermodynamics, Pitman, Boston, 1981, p. 316.
158. M. Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, An empirical equation for thermodynamic properties of light hydrocarbons, I: Methane, ethane, propane and n-butane, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 8, 1940, pp. 334-345.
159. M. Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, An empirical equation for thermodynamic properties of light hydrocarbons and their mixtures, II: Mixtures of methane, ethane, propane and n-butane, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 10, 1942, pp. 747-758.
160. M. Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, An empirical equation for thermodynamic properties of light hydrocarbons and their mixtures. Constants for twelve hydrocarbons, Chem. Eng. Prog., Vol. 47, No. 8, 1951, pp. 419-422.
161. W.-G. Dong and J. H. Lienhard, Corresponding states correlation of saturated and metastable properties, Can. J. Chem. Eng., Vol. 64, 1986, pp. 158-161.
162. K. M.Watson, Thermodynamics of the liquid state, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 35, No. 4, 1943, pp. 398-406.
163. J. H. Lienhard, N. Shamsundar, and P. O. Biney, Spinodal lines and equations of state: A review, Nucl. Eng. Des., Vol. 95, 1986, pp. 297-314.
164. P. S. Beloff, Transient natural convection in a large-diameter horizontal cylinder, M.S. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 1986.
165. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, B. S. Yilbas, and A. Z. Sahin, Why solidification has an S-shaped history, Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, No. 1711, 2013.
166. A. Karimi and J. H. Lienbard, Toward a fundamental equation for water in the metastable states, High Temp.-High Pressures, Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 511-517.
167. H. M. Paynter, Simple veridical state equations for thermofluid simulation: Generalization and improvements upon van derWaals, J. Dyn. Syst.Meas. Control,Vol. 107, 1985, pp. 233-234.
168. I. Prigogine and R. Defay, Chemical Thermodynamics, translated by D. H. Everett, Longmans, Green, London, 1954.
169. Th. De Donder, L'affinité, applications aux gaz parfaits, Bull. Cl. Sci. Acad. R. Belg., Vol. 7, No. 5, 1922, pp. 197-205.
170. E. A. Guggenheim, Thermodynamics, 7th ed., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1985, p. 241.
171. H. Le Chatelier, Sur un énoncé général des lois des équilibres chimiques, C. R. Hebd.Seances Acad. Sci., Vol. 99, 1884, pp. 786-789; Vol. 104, 1887, p. 679.
172. F. Braun, Z. Phys. Chem., Vol. 1, 1887, p. 259.
173. F. Braun, Ueber einen allgemeinen qualitativen Satz für Zustandsänderugen nebst einigen sich schliessenden Bemerkungen, insbesondere über nicht eindeutige Systeme, Ann. Phys. Chem., Vol. 33, 1888, pp. 337-353.
174. D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, project directors, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., NSRDS-NBS 37, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1971.
175. W. R. Dunbar and N. Lior, Understanding combustion irreversibility, AES Vol. 25/HTD Vol. 191, Second Law Analysis: Industrial and Environmental Applications, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1991, pp. 81-90.
176. G. N. Lewis, The free energy of chemical substances, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 35, No. 1, 1913, pp. 1-30 (see p. 15).
177. A. Bejan, Blending geometry with numerical computation: Charts for enthalpy, absolute entropy and flow exergy of twelve gases at low pressures, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, Vol. 9, 1988, pp. 251-253.
178. P. Chambadal, Les centrales nucleaires, Armand Cohn, Paris, 1957, pp. 41-58.
179. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, pp. 227-229, 243, 244.
180. A. Bejan, Models of power plants that generate minimum entropy while operating at maximum power, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 64, 1996, pp. 1054-1059.
181. A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 79, 1996, pp. 1191-1218.
182. A. Bejan, The equivalence of maximum power and minimum entropy generation rate in the optimization of power plants, J. Energy Resources Technol., Vol. 118, 1196, pp. 98-101.
183. A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, andM.Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization,Wiley, New York, 1996.
184. M. J. Moran, Availability Analysis: A Guide to Efficient Energy Use, ASME Press, New York, 1989.
185. F. D. Rossini, D. D.Wagman,W. H. Evans, S. Levine, and I. Jaffe, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Cir. 500, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1952.
186. R. L. Loftness, Energy Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984, p. 121.
187. R. W. Haywood, Analysis of Engineering Cycles, Pergamon, Oxford, 1967, p. 261.
188. G. P. Beretta, World energy consumption and resources: An outlook for the rest of the century, paper presented at the 22nd National Congress on Heat Transfer, Italian Union of Thermo-Fluido-Dynamics, Genova, Italy, 2004.
189. A. Bejan and J. P. Zane, Design in Nature, How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organization, Doubleday, New York, 2012.
190. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982.
191. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
192. A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite size devices and finite-time processes, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 79, No. 3, 1996, pp.1191-1218.
193. I. I. Novikov, The efficiency of atomic power stations, J. Nucl. Energy II, Vol. 7, 1958, pp. 125-128; translated from At. Energ., Vol. 3, No. 11, 1957, p. 409.
194. F. L. Curzon and B. Ahlborn, Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 43, 1975, pp. 22-24.
195. Y. Ikegami and A. Bejan, On the thermodynamic optimization of power plants with heat transfer and fluid flow irreversibilities, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 120, 1998, pp. 139-144.
196. E. P. Gyftopoulos, Infinite time (reversible) versus finite time (irreversible) thermodynamics: A misconceived distinction, Energy, Vol. 24, 1999, pp. 1035-1039.
197. E. P. Gyftopoulos, On the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency and its lack of connection to power producing processes, Energy Convers. Manag., Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 609-615.
198. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, B. S. Yilbas and A. Z. Sahin, The effect of size on efficiency: Power plants and vascular designs, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, 2011, pp. 1475-1481.
199. A. Bejan and M. R. Errera, Maximum power from a hot stream, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 41, 1998, pp. 2025-2036.
200. A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimizational alternatives: Minimization of physical size subject to fixed power, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 23, 1999, pp. 1111-1121.
201. J. V. C. Vargas, J. C. Ordonez, and A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimization of power extraction from a hot stream in the presence of phase change, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 43, 2000, pp. 191-201.
202. J. V. C. Vargas and A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimization of the match between two streams with phase change, Energy, Vol. 25, 2000, pp. 15-33.
203. A. Bejan andA.Alebrahim, The extraction of power from a hot stream, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 25, 2001, pp. 507-518.
204. A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, andM.Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization,Wiley, New York, 1996.
205. W. J. M. Rankine, On the geometrical representation of the expansive action of heat, and the theory of thermo-dynamic engines, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Vol. 144, 1854, pp. 115-175.
206. J. K. Salisbury, The steam-turbine regenerative cycle: An analytical approach, Trans.ASME, Vol. 64, 1942, pp. 231-245.
207. C. D. Weir, Optimization of heater enthalpy rises in feed-heating trains, Proc. Inst.Mech. Eng., Vol. 174, 1960, pp. 769-783.
208. R. W. Haywood, Communications, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Vol. 174, 1960, pp. 784-787.
209. R. L. Reynolds, Reheating in steam turbines, Trans. ASME, Vol. 71, 1949, pp. 701-706.
210. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the thermodynamics of flow systems with configuration, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 3203-3214.
211. R. E. Allen and J. E. Sidenstick, Aircraft gas turbine blades: Present and future technology, Mech. Eng., Vol. 104, Apr. 1982, pp. 58-63.
212. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982, Chap. 11.
213. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, Chap. 9.
214. R. Siegel and J. R. Howell, Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, pp. 405-409.
215. M. Planck, The Theory of Heat Radiation, 2nd ed., translated by M. Masius, Dover, New York, 1959, p. 176 (original: Waermestrahlung, 1913); also, M. Planck, Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges., Vol. 2, 1900, pp. 202-204.
216. D. C. Spanner, Introduction to Thermodynamics, Academic, London, 1964, p. 218.
217. J. Stefan, über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. 79, 1879, pp. 391-428.
218. L. Boltzmann, Ableitung des Stefan'schen Gesetzes, betreffend die Abhängigkeit der Warmestrahlung von der Temperatur aus der electromagnetischen Lichtteorie, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), Ser. 3, Vol. 22, 1884, pp. 291-294.
219. H. B. Callen, Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1985, p. 412.
220. J. R. Howell, R. B. Bannerot, and G. C. Vliet, Solar-Thermal Energy Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 5.
221. A. De Vos and H. Pauwels, Comment on a thermodynamic paradox presented by P. Würfel, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., Vol. 16, 1983, pp. 6897-6909.
222. G. Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, Germany, 1882, p. 574.
223. R. Petela, Exergy of heat radiation, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 86, 1964, pp. 187-192.
224. S. J. Jeter, Maximum conversion efficiency for the utilization of direct solar radiation, Sol. Energy, Vol. 26, 1981, pp. 231-236.
225. A. Bejan, Unification of three different theories concerning the ideal conversion of enclosed radiation, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 109, 1987, pp. 46-51.
226. H. Müser, Thermodynamische Behandlung von Electronenprozessen in Halbleiter- Randschichten, Z. Phys., Vol. 148, 1957, pp. 380-390.
227. M. Castans, Bases fisicas del aprovechamiento de la energia solar, Rev. Geofis., Vol. 35, 1976, pp. 227-239.
228. A. De Vos and H. Pauwels, On the thermodynamic limit of photovoltaic energy conversion, Appl. Phys., Vol. 25, 1981, pp. 119-125.
229. A. Bejan, Models of power plants that generate minimum entropy while operating at maximum power, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 64, 1996, pp. 1054-1059.
230. A. Bejan, The equivalence of maximum power and minimum entropy generation rate in the optimization of power plants, J. Energy Resources Technol., Vol. 118, 1996, pp. 98-101.
231. Y. Ikegami and A. Bejan, On the thermodynamic optimization of power plants with heat transfer and fluid flow irreversibilities, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 120, 1998, pp. 139-144.
232. A. De Vos, Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 13, 1980, pp. 839-846.
233. A. F. Haught, Physics considerations of solar energy conversion, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 106, 1984, pp. 3-15.
234. A. De Vos, C. Grosjean, and H. Pauwels, On the formula for the upper limit of photovoltaic solar energy conversion efficiency, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 15, 1982, pp. 2003-2015.
235. A. Bejan, D. W. Kearney, and F. Kreith, Second law analysis and synthesis of solar collector systems, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 103, 1981, pp. 23-30.
236. F. Kreith, D. Kearney, and A. Bejan, End-use matching of solar energy systems, Energy, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 875-890.
237. J. R. Howell and R. B. Bannerot, Optimum solar collector operation for maximizing cycle work output, Sol. Energy, Vol. 19, 1977, pp. 149-153.
238. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
239. A. Bejan and A. H. Reis, Thermodynamic optimization of global circulation and climate, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 29, 2005, pp. 303-316.
240. A. H. Reis and A. Bejan, Constructal theory of global circulation and climate, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 49, 2006, pp. 1857-1875.
241. M. Clause, F.Meunier, A. H. Reis, and A. Bejan, Climate change, in the framework of the constructal law, Int. J. Global Warming, Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 242-260.
242. R. Swenson, Emergent attractors and a law of maximum entropy production: Foundations to a theory of general evolution, Syst. Res., Vol. 6, 1989, pp. 187-197.
243. W. V. R. Malkus, The heat transport and spectrum of turbulence, Proc. R. Soc.Ser. A, Vol. 225, 1954, pp. 196-212.
244. E. N. Lorenz, Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation, Tellus, Vol. 7, 1955, pp. 157-167.
245. G. W. Paltridge, Global dynamics and climate: A system of minimum entropy exchange, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., Vol. 101, 1975, pp. 475-484.
246. G. R. North, Energy balance climate models, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., Vol. 19, 1981, pp. 91-121.
247. R. A. Nelson, Jr., and A. Bejan, Constructal optimization of internal flow geometry in convection, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 120, 1998, pp. 357-364.
248. A. Bejan, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York, 1988, pp. 520-522.
249. A. De Vos and G. Flater, The maximum efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into wind energy, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 59, 1991, pp. 751-754.
250. A. De Vos, Endoreversible Thermodynamics of Solar Energy Conversion, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, pp. 53-67.
251. A. De Vos and P. Van der Wel, The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into wind energy by means of Hadley cells, Theor. Appl. Climatol., Vol. 46, 1993, pp. 193-202.
252. R. D. Lorenz, J. I. Lunine, C. P. McKay, and P. G. Withers, Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy production by latitudinal heat transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 25, 2001, pp. 415-418.
253. S. P. Arya, Introduction to Micrometeorology, Academic, London, 1988.
254. W. Brutsaert, Evaporation into the Atmosphere, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991.
255. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, J. Lee, and Y. Kim, Constructal design of gas-cooled electric power generators, self-pumping and atmospheric circulation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 91, 2015, 647-655.
256. A. Bejan, A general variational principle for thermal insulation system design, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, 1979, pp. 219-228.
257. S. C. Collins and R. L. Cannaday, Expansion Machines for Low Temperature Processes, Oxford University Press, London and New York, 1958.
258. J. Gorrie, Apparatus for the artificial production of ice, in tropical climates, U.S.patent 8080, 1851.
259. C. W. Siemens, Improvements in refrigerating and producing ice, and in apparatus or machinery for that purpose, British patent 2064, 1857.
260. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982, pp. 138-141.
261. T. R. Strobridge, Refrigeration, in R. H. Kropschot, B. W. Birmingham, and D. B.Mann, eds., Technology of LiquidHelium,Monograph 111, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 1968, Chap. 4.
262. G. Claude, Sur la liquéfaction de l'air par détente avec travail extérieur récupérable, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Vol. 134, 1902, pp. 1568-1571.
263. C. W. P. Heylandt, Expansion-engine for producing low temperature, U.S.patent 1,019,791, 1912.
264. A. Bejan, The concept of irreversibility in heat exchanger design: Counterflow heat exchangers for gas-to-gas applications, J. Heat Transfer,Vol. 99, 1977, pp. 374-380.
265. M. Thirumaleshwar, Exergy method of analysis and its application to a helium cryorefrigerator, Cryogenics, Vol. 19, 1979, pp. 355-361.
266. A. Bejan and J. L. Smith, Jr., Thermodynamic optimization of mechanical supports for cryogenic apparatus, Cryogenics, Vol. 14, 1974, pp. 158-163.
267. S. Weinbaum and L. M. Jiji, A new simplified bioheat equation for the effect of blood flow on local average tissue temperature, J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 107, 1985, pp. 131-139.
268. A. Bejan, Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
269. A. Bejan, The tree of convective streams: Its thermal insulation function and the predicted 3/4-relation between body heat loss and body size, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 44, 2001, pp. 699-704.
270. A. Bejan, The constructal law of organization in nature: Tree-shaped flows and body size, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 208, 2005, pp. 1677-1686.
271. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
272. A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 79, 1996, pp. 1191-1218.
273. A. Bejan, Discrete cooling of low heat leak supports to 4.2 K, Cryogenics, Vol. 15, 1975, pp. 290-292.
274. W. Schultz andA. Bejan, Exergy conservation in parallel thermal insulation systems, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 26, 1983, pp. 335-340.
275. J. C. Chato and J. M. Khodadadi, Optimization of cooled shields in insulations, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 106, 1984, pp. 871-875.
276. A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1993, p. 14.
277. A. Bejan and E. M. Cluss, Jr., Criterion for burn-up conditions in gas-cooled cryogenic current leads, Cryogenics, Vol. 16, 1976, pp. 515-518.
278. A. Bejan, Improved thermal design of the cryogenic cooling system for the rotor of a superconducting generator, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1974.
279. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the thermodynamics of flow systems with configuration, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 3203-3214.
280. T. R. Strobridge, Cryogenic refrigerators: An updated survey, NBS Tech. Note (U.S.), No. 655, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, June 1974.
281. A. Bejan, J. V. C. Vargas, and J. S. Lim, When to defrost a refrigerator, and when to remove the scale from the heat exchanger of a power plant, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, 1994, pp. 523-532.
282. V. Radcenco, J. V. C. Vargas, A. Bejan, and J. S. Lim, Two design aspects of defrosting refrigerators, Int. J. Refrig., Vol. 18, 1995, pp. 76-86.
283. J. V. C. Vargas, A. Bejan, and A. Dobrovicescu, The melting of an ice shell on a heated horizontal cylinder, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 116, 1994, pp. 702-708.
284. J. V. C. Vargas and A. Bejan, Fundamentals of ice making by convection cooling followed by contact melting, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 38, 1995, pp. 2833-2841.
285. A. Bejan, Theory of organization in Nature: Pulsating physiological processes, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, 1997, pp. 2097-2104, issue published Feb. 4, 1997.
286. J. Bonjour and A. Bejan, Optimal distribution of cooling during gas compression, Energy, Vol. 31, 2005, pp. 409-424.
287. A. J. Organ, Stirling and Pulse-Tube Cryo-coolers,Wiley, Chichester,West Sussex, England, 2005.
288. J. Lewins and A. Bejan, Vortex tube optimization theory, Energy, Vol. 24, 1999, pp. 931-934.
289. P. Debye, Einige Bemerkungen zur Magnetisierung bei tiefer Temperatur, Ann.Phys. (Leipzig), Ser. 4, Vol. 81, 1926, pp. 1154-1160.
290. W. F. Giauque, A thermodynamic treatment of certain magnetic effects: A proposed method of producing temperatures considerably below 1° absolute, J. Am. Chem.Soc., Vol. 49, 1927, pp. 1864-1870, 1870-1877.
291. J. A. Barclay and W. A. Steyert, Materials for magnetic refrigeration between 2 K and 20 K, Cryogenics, Vol. 22, 1982, pp. 73-79.
292. W. F. Giauque and D. P.MacDougall, Attainment of temperatures below 1° absolute by demagnetization of Gd2(SO4)3 8H2O, Phys. Rev., Vol. 43, 1933, p. 768.
293. W. F. Giauque and D. P. MacDougall, The heat capacity of gadolinium sulfate octahydrate below 1° absolute, Phys. Rev., Vol. 44, 1933, pp. 235-236.
294. A. C. Rose-Innes, Low Temperature Techniques, English Universities Press, London, 1964.
295. W. J. de Haas, E. C. Wiersma, and H. A. Kramers, Temperature below 0.27°K reached in Holland, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 131, 1933, p. 719.
296. N. Kürti and F. Simon, Production of very lowtemperatures by themagnetic method: Supraconductivity of cadmium, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 133, 1934, pp. 907-908.
297. G. J. Ehnholm, J. P. Ekström, J. F. Jacquinot,M. T. Laponen, O. V. Lounasmaa, and J. K. Soini, NMR studies on nuclear ordering in metallic copper below 1 μK, J. Low Temp. Phys., Vol. 39, 1980, pp. 417-450.
298. O.V. Lounasmaa, Lowtemperature laboratory at Helsinki University of Technology, Cryogenics, Vol. 22, 1982, pp. 213-223.
299. R. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim, Statistical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, London and New York, 1939, p. 224.
300. F. Simon, Fünfundzwanzig Jahre Nernstscher Wärmesatz, Ergeb. Exakten Naturwiss., Vol. 9, 1930, pp. 222-274.
301. W. Nernst, The New Heat Theorem, 2nd ed., translated by G. Barr, E.P. Dutton, New York, 1926 (Nernst's idea first appeared in Nacht. Ges.Wiss. Goettingen, Math.Phys. Kl., Vol. 1, 1906, and in Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad.Wiss., Vol. 20, Dec. 1906).
302. M. Planck, Treatise on Thermodynamics, 3rd English ed., translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green, London, 1927, pp. 272-292.
303. H. B. Callen, Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1985, p. 281.
304. A. Bejan and G. Ledezma, Thermodynamic optimization of cooling techniques for electronic packages, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 1213-1221.
305. A. Bejan, J. V. C. Vargas, and M. Sokolov, Optimal allocation of heat exchanger inventory in heat driven refrigerators, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 38, 1995, pp.2997-3004.
306. J. V. C. Vargas, M. Sokolov, and A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimization of solardriven refrigerators, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 118, 1996, pp. 130-135.
307. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982.
308. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
309. A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 79, 1996, pp. 1191-1218.
310. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Thermodynamic optimization of flowgeometry in mechanical and civil engineering, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., Vol. 26, 2001, pp. 305-354.
311. G. F. Naterer and J. A. Camberos, Entropy-Based Design and Analysis of Fluids Engineering Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008.
312. A. Bejan, General criterion for rating heat-exchanger performance, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, 1978, pp. 655-658.
313. S. Paoletti, F. Rispoli, and E. Sciubba, Calculation of exergetic losses in compact heat exchanger passages, ASME AES, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1989, pp. 21-29.
314. P. Benedetti and E. Sciubba,Numerical calculation of the local rate of entropy generation in the flowaround a heated finned tube, ASME HTD,Vol. 266, 1993, pp. 81-91.
315. S. Bhattacharjee and W. L. Grosshandler, The formation of a wall jet near a high temperature wall under microgravity environment, ASME HTD, Vol. 96, 1988, pp. 711-716.
316. S. Petrescu, Comments on the optimal spacing of parallel plates cooled by forced convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, 1994, p. 1283.
317. A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1993, p. 490.
318. A. Bejan and P. A. Pfister, Jr., Evaluation of heat transfer augmentation techniques based on their impact on entropy generation, Lett. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, 1980, pp. 97-106.
319. D. Poulikakos and A. Bejan, Fin geometry for minimum entropy generation in forced convection, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 104, 1982, pp. 616-623.
320. A. J. Fowler and A. Bejan, Correlation of optimal sizes of bodies with external forced convection heat transfer, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, 1994, pp. 17-27.
321. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
322. A. Bejan, A study of entropy generation in fundamental convective heat transfer, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 101, 1979, pp. 718-725.
323. A. Bejan, The concept of irreversibility in heat exchanger design: Counterflow heat exchangers for gas-to-gas applications, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 99, 1977, pp.374-380.
324. A. Bejan, Solutions Manual for Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1984, Prob. 7.2, pp. 36-37.
325. A. Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, andM.Moran, Thermal Design and Optimization,Wiley, New York, 1996.
326. A. Bejan, Two thermodynamic optima in the design of sensible heat units for energy storage, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 100, 1978, pp. 708-712.
327. R. J. Krane, A second law analysis of the optimum design and operation of thermal energy storage systems, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 30, 1987, pp. 43-57.
328. M. J. Taylor, Second law optimization of a sensible heat thermal energy storage system with a distributed storage element, M.S. thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, June 1986.
329. E. S. Geskin, Second law analysis of fuel consumption in furnaces, Energy, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 949-954.
330. A. Bejan andW. Schultz,Optimum flowrate history for cooldown and energy storage processes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 25, 1982, pp. 1087-1092.
331. J. S. Lim, A. Bejan, and J. H. Kim, Thermodynamic optimization of phase-change energy storage using two or more materials, J. Energy Resources Technol., Vol. 114, 1992, pp. 84-90.
332. H. Bjurstrom and B. Carlsson, An exergy analysis of sensible heat and latent heat storage, Heat Recovery Syst., Vol. 5, 1985, pp. 233-250.
333. G. Adebiyi and L. D. Russell,Asecond lawanalysis of phase-change thermal energy storage systems, ASME HTD, Vol. 80, 1987, pp. 9-20.
334. M. De Lucia and A. Bejan, Thermodynamics of energy storage by melting due to conduction or natural convection, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 112, 1990, pp. 110-116.
335. M. De Lucia and A. Bejan, Thermodynamics of phase-change energy storage: The effects of liquid superheating during melting, and irreversibility during solidification, J. Sol. Energy Eng., Vol. 113, 1991, pp. 2-10.
336. A. Bejan, Theory of heat transfer-irreversible power plants, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 31, 1988, pp. 1211-1219.
337. A. Bejan, Models of power plants that generate minimum entropy while operating at maximum power, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 64, 1996, pp. 1054-1059.
338. A. Bejan, The equivalence of maximum power and minimum entropy generation rate in the optimization of power plants, J. Energy Resources Technol., Vol. 118, 1996, pp. 98-101.
339. P. Chambadal, Les centrales nucleaires, Armand Colin, Paris, 1957, pp. 41-58.
340. I. I. Novikov, The efficiency of atomic power stations, At. Energ., Vol. 3, No. 11, 1957, p. 409; English translation in J. Nucl. Energy II, Vol. 7, 1958, pp. 125-128.
341. M. M. El-Wakil, Nuclear Power Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962, pp. 162-165.
342. P. Penfield, Jr., Available power from a nonideal thermal source, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 32, No. 9, l961, pp. 1793-1794.
343. F. L. Curzon and B. Ahlborn, Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 43, 1975, pp. 22-24.
344. P. Salamon, A. Nitzan, B. Andresen, and R. S. Berry, Minimum entropy production and the optimization of heat engines, Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 21, 1980, pp. 2115-2129.
345. H. S. Leff, Thermal efficiency at maximum work output: New results for old heat engines, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 55, 1987, pp. 602-610.
346. A. Bejan, Maximum power from fluid flow, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 1175-1181.
347. A. Bejan, Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
348. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Design with Constructal Theory, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
349. A. Bejan and N. Dan, Analogy between electrical machines and heat transferirreversible heat engines, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 3659-3666.
350. A. Bejan and M. R. Errera, Maximum power from a hot stream, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 41, 1998, pp. 2025-2035.
351. A. Bejan, Improved thermal design of the cryogenic cooling system for the rotor of a superconducting generator, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, December 1974.
352. A. Bejan, Street network theory of organization in nature, J. Adv. Transp., Vol. 30, 1996, pp. 85-107.
353. A. Bejan, Constructal-theory network of conducting paths for cooling a heat generating volume, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, 1997, pp. 799-816, published Nov. 1, 1996.
354. A. Bejan, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1997, Chap. 13.
355. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the thermodynamics of flow systems with configuration, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 3203-3214.
356. A. Bejan, Maxwell's demons everywhere: Evolving design as the arrow of time, Nature Sci. Reps., Vol. 4, No. 4017, February 10, 2014.
357. A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimization alternatives: Minimization of physical size subject to fixed power, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 23, 1999, pp. 1111-1121.
358. L. Chen, C. Wu, and F. Sun, Finite time thermodynamic optimization or entropy generation minimization of energy systems, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., Vol. 24, 1999, pp. 327-359.
359. M. M. Awad, A review of entropy generation in microchannels, Adv. Mech. Eng., Vol. 7, No. 6, 2015, pp. 1-32.
360. R. K. Shah and T. Skiepko, Entropy generation extrema and their relationship with heat exchanger effectiveness-number of heat transfer unit behavior for complex flow arrangements, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 126, 2004, pp. 994-1002.
361. X. T. Cheng, Q. Chen, and X. G. Liang, Comments on "Second law thermodynamic study of heat exchangers: A review," Renew. Sustain. Ener. Rev., Vol. 40, 2014, pp. 348-374.
362. A. Bejan, Letter to the editor of renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Renew.Sustain. Ener. Rev., Vol. 53, 2016, pp. 1636-1637.
363. S. Lorente and A. Bejan, Svelteness, freedom to morph, and constructal multiscale flow structures, Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol. 44, 2005, pp. 1123-1130.
364. A. Bejan, Dendritic constructal heat exchanger with small-scale crossflows and larger-scales counter-flows, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 45, 2002, pp.4607-4620.
365. A. K. da Silva, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, Constructal multi-scale tree-shaped heat exchangers, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 96, 2004, pp. 1709-1718.
366. A. Bejan, I. Dincer, S. Lorente, A. F. Miguel, and A. H. Reis, Porous and Complex Flow Structures in Modern Technologies, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2004.
367. A. Bejan and Y. Fautrelle, Constructal multi-scale structure for maximal heat transfer density, Acta Mech., Vol. 163, 2003, pp. 39-49.
368. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Thermodynamic optimization of flow architecture: dendritic structures and optimal sizes of components,ASMEPaper IMECE2002-33158, presented at the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, New Orleans, LA, Nov. 17-22, 2002.
369. J. C. Ordonez and A. Bejan, System-level optimization of the sizes of organs for heat and fluid flow systems, Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol. 42, 2003, pp. 335-342.
370. J. C. Ordonez and A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization in parallel-plates counterflow heat exchangers, Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 24, 2000, pp. 843-864.
371. J. V. C. Vargas, A. Bejan, and D. L. Siems, Integrative thermodynamic optimization of the crossflow heat exchanger for an aircraft environmental control system, J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 123, 2001, pp. 760-769.
372. T. Shiba and A. Bejan, Thermodynamic optimization of geometric structure in the counterflow heat exchanger for an environmental control system, Energy, Vol. 26, 2001, pp. 493-511.
373. A. Bejan, Constructal theory: Tree-shaped flows and energy systems for aircraft, AIAA J. Aircr., Vol. 40, 2003, pp. 43-48.
374. A. Bejan and G. Ledezma, Thermodynamic optimization of cooling techniques for electronic packages, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, 1996, pp. 1213-1221.
375. L. Onsager, Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes, I and II, Phys. Rev., Vol. 37, 1931, pp. 405-426; Vol. 38, 1931, pp. 2265-2279.
376. Y. Demirel, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical and Biological Systems, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2002.
377. S. Kjelstrup and D. Bedeaux, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems, World Scientific, Singapore, 2008.
378. A. Fick, On liquid diffusion, J. Membr. Sci., Vol. 100, 1995, pp. 33-38.
379. W. Thomson, Thermo-electric currents, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 21, Pt. I, 1854; also Mathematical and Physical Papers, Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, London and New York, 1882, pp. 232-291.
380. G. G. Stokes, On the conduction of heat in crystals, Cambridge Dublin Math.Vol. 6, 1851, pp. 215-238; also Mathematical and Physical Papers, Vol. III, Cambridge University Press, London and New York, 1901, pp. 203-227.
381. D. G. Miller, Thermodynamics of irreversible processes: The experimental verification of the Onsager reciprocal relations, Chem. Rev., Vol. 60, 1960, pp. 15-37.
382. B. Sherman, R. R. Heikes, and R. W. Ure, Jr., Calculation of efficiency of thermoelectric devices, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 31, No. 1, 1960, pp. 1-16.
383. K. Landecker, Some recent developments in the thermoelectric junctions for refrigeration and power production, in K. R. Rao, ed., Thermoelectric Energy Conversion, IEEE Press, New York, 1976, pp. 150-154.
384. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London and New York, 1959, p. 38.
385. A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1993.
386. W. M. Rohsenow and H. Y. Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961, Chap. 19.
387. C. Soret, Sur l'étude expérimentale des coefficients rotationnels de conductibilité thermique, Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve Arch., Vol. 29, 1893, pp. 355-357.
388. J. M. C. Duhamel, J. école Polytech., Paris, Vol. 13, Cahier 21, 1832, p. 356 (first presented in 1828); also Vol. 19, Cahier 32, 1848, p. 155.
389. K. G. Denbigh, The Thermodynamics of the Steady State, Methuen, London, 1951, p. 73.
390. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 2004.
391. C. Soret, Sur l'état d'équilibre que prend, au point de vue de sa concentration, une dissolution saline primitivement homogène dont deux parties sont portées a des températures différentes, Ann. Chim. Phys., Ser. 5, Vol. 22, 1881, pp. 293-297.
392. E. D. Eastman, Theory of the Soret effect, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 50, 1928, pp. 283-291.
393. L. Dufour, Abbreviated communication, Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat., Ser. 5, Vol. 45, 1872, pp. 9-12.
394. L. Dufour, Ueber die Diffusion der Gase durch poröse Wälnde und die sie begleitenden Temperaturveränderungen, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), Ser. 2, Vol. 28, 1873, pp. 490-492.
395. S. Lorente and J. P. Ollivier, Electrodiffusion of ionic species through porous media: A scale analysis, J. Porous Media, Vol. 9, 2006, No. 4.
396. P. Bégué and S. Lorente, Migration vs. diffusion through porous media: Timedependent scale analysis, J. Porous Media, Vol. 9, 2006, No. 7.
397. A. Bejan, Maxwell's demons everywhere: Evolving design and the arrow of time, Nat. Sci. Rep., Vol. 4, 2014, No. 4017.
398. A. Bejan, Street network theory of organization in nature, J. Adv. Trans., Vol. 30, No. 2, 1996, pp. 85-107.
399. A. Bejan, Constructal-theory network of conducting paths for cooling a heat generating volume, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, 1997, pp. 799-816, published Nov. 1, 1996.
400. A. Bejan, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1997.
401. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the evolution of design in nature, Phys. Life Rev., Vol. 8, 2011, pp. 209-240.
402. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Constructal law of design and evolution: Physics, biology, technology, and society, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 113, 2013, No. 151301.
403. A. Bejan and J. P. Zane, Design in Nature. How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology and Social Organization, Doubleday, New York, 2012.
404. A. Bejan, Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
405. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law and the thermodynamics of flow systems with configuration, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, 2004, pp. 3203-3214.
406. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Constructal theory of generation of configuration in nature and engineering, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 100, 2006, No. 041301.
407. A. H. Reis, Constructal theory: From engineering to physics, and how flow systems develop shape and structure, Appl. Mech. Rev., Vol. 59, 2006, pp. 269-282.
408. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law of design and evolution in nature, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, Vol. 365, 2010, pp. 1335-1347.
409. L. Chen, Progress in study on constructal theory and its applications, Sci. China Tech.l Sci., Vol. 55, No. 3, 2012, pp. 802-820.
410. A. Bejan and G. W. Merkx, Eds, Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics, Springer, New York, 2007.
411. P. Kalason, Le Grimoire des Rois, Théorie Constructale du Changement, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007.
412. P. Kalason, épistémologie Constructale du Lien Cultuel, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007.
413. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Design with Constructal Theory, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
414. D. Queiros-Conde and M. Feidt, eds., Constructal Theory and Multi-Scale Geometries: Theory and Applications in Energetics, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Les Presses de L'ENSTA, Paris, 2009.
415. L. Rocha, Convection in Channels and Porous Media. Analysis, Optimization, and Constructal Design, VDM Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2009.
416. A. Bejan, S. Lorente,A. F. Miguel, andA.H. Reis, eds., ConstructalHuman Dynamics, Security and Sustainability, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2009.
417. G. Lorenzini, S. Moretti, and A. Conti, Fin Shape Optimization Using Bejan's Constructal Theory, Morgan & Claypool, San Francisco, 2011.
418. A. Bachta, J. Dhombres, and A. Kremer-Marietti, Trois études sur la Loi Constructale d'Adrian Bejan, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008.
419. N. Acuña, Mindshare: Igniting Creativity and Innovation through Design Intelligence, Motion, Henderson, Nevada, 2012.
420. L. A. O. Rocha, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, Constructal Law and the Unifying Principle of Design, Springer, New York, 2012.
421. S. Lorente and A. Bejan, Svelteness, freedom to morph, and constructal multi-scale flow structures, Int. J. Therm. Sci., Vol. 44, 2005, pp. 1123-1130.
422. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The constructal law origin of the logistics S curve, J. Appl.Phys., Vol. 110, 2011, No. 024901, pp. 1-4.
423. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, The physics of spreading ideas, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 55, 2012, pp. 802-807.
424. L. Gosselin and A. Bejan, Emergence of asymmetry in constructal tree flow networks, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 98, 2005, No. 104903.
425. C. R. Carrigan and J. C. Eichelberger, Zoning of magmas by viscosity in volcanic conduits, Nat. (Lond.), Vol. 343, 1990, pp. 248-251.
426. A. Bejan, S. Ziaei, and S. Lorente, Evolution: Why all plumes and jets evolve to round cross sections, Nat. Sci. Rep., Vol. 4, 2014, 4730, doi:10.1038/srep04730.
427. A. Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
428. G. A. Ledezma, A. Bejan, and M. R. Errera, Constructal tree networks for heat transfer, J. Appl.Phys., Vol. 82, No. 1, July 1, 1997, pp. 89-100.
429. M. R. Errera and A. Bejan, Deterministic tree networks for river drainage basins, Fractals, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1998, pp. 245-261.
430. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, A. F. Miguel, and A. H. Reis, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2006, Sec. 13.5.
431. A. Bejan, Y. Ikegami, and G. A. Ledezma, Constructal theory of natural crack pattern formation for fastest cooling, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 41, 1998, pp. 1945-1954.
432. A. Bejan and D. Gobin, Constructal theory of droplet impact geometry, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 49, 2006, pp. 2412-2419.
433. A. Bejan, Advanced Engineering Thermdynamics, 2nd ed.,Wiley, New York, 1997, Sec. 13.3.8.
434. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, B. S. Yilbas, and A. Z. Sahin, Why solidification has an S-shaped history, Nat. Sci. Rep., Vol. 3, 2013, p. 1711, doi:10.1038/srep01711.
435. W. V. R. Malkus, The heat transport and spectrum of turbulence, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, Vol. 225, 1954, pp. 196-212.
436. A. Bejan and A. H. Reis, Thermodynamic optimization of global circulation and climate, Int.l J. Energy Res., Vol. 29, 2005, pp. 303-316.
437. A. H. Reis and A. Bejan, Constructal theory of global circulation and climate, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 49, 2006, pp. 1857-1875.
438. M. Clausse, F.Meunier, A. H. Reis, and A. Bejan, Climate change, in the framework of the constructal law, Int. J. Global Warming, Vol. 4, Nos. 3/4, 2012, pp. 242-260.
439. A. H. Reis, A. F. Miguel, and M. Aydin, Constructal theory of flow architecture of the lungs, Med. Phys., Vol. 31, 2004, p. 1135, doi: 10.1118/1.1705443.
440. K. Schmidt-Nielsen, Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important?, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984.
441. E. R. Weibel, Symmorphosis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000.
442. B. K. Ahlborn, Zoological Physics, Springer, Berlin, 2004.
443. H. Hoppeler and E. R. Weibel, eds., Scaling functions to body size: Theories and facts, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 208, 2005, pp. 1573-1769.
444. J. A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003.
445. A. Bejan, The constructal law of organization in nature: Tree-shaped flows and body size, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 208, No. 9, 2005, pp. 1677-1686.
446. A. Bejan, The tree of convective heat streams: Its thermal insulation function and the predicted 3/4-power relation between body heat loss and body size, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 44, February 2001, pp. 699-704.
447. A. Bejan and J. H.Marden, Unifying constructal theory for scale effects in running, swimming and flying, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 209, 2006, pp. 238-248.
448. M. L. Roderick and B. Barnes, Self-thinning of plant populations from a dynamic viewpoint, Funct. Ecol., Vol. 18, 2004, pp. 197-203.
449. B. Barnes and M. L. Roderick, An ecological framework linking scales across space and time based on self-thinning, Theor. Popul. Biol., Vol. 66, 2004, pp. 113-128.
450. G. B. West, J. H. Brown, and B. J. Enquist, A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology, Science, Vol. 276, 1997, pp. 122-126.
451. A. Bejan, A general variational principle for thermal insulation system design, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 22, February 1979, pp. 219-228.
452. A. Bejan, A. M. Morega, G. B. West, and J. H. Brown, Constructing a theory for scaling and more, Phys. Today, Vol. 58, No. 7, 2005), p. 20.
453. A. Bejan, Theory of heat transfer from a surface covered with hair, J.f Heat Transfer, Vol. 112, 1990, pp. 662-667.
454. A. Bejan, Optimum hair strand diameter for minimum free-convection heat transfer from a surface covered with hair, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 33, 1990, pp. 206-209.
455. A. Bejan, Theory of organization in nature: Pulsating physiological processes, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 40, 1997, pp. 2097-2104, published Feb. 4, 1997.
456. H. Tennekes, The Simple Science of Flight, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
457. G. K. Taylor, R. L. Nudds, and A. L. R. Thomas, Flying and swimming animals cruise at a Strouhal number tuned for high power efficiency, Nature (Lond.), Vol. 425, 2003, pp. 707-711.
458. A. Bejan, Why the bigger live longer and travel farther: Animals, vehicles, rivers and the winds. Nat. Sci. Rep., Vol. 2, No. 594, 2012, doi: 10.1038/srep00594.
459. A. Bejan, The constructal-law origin of the wheel, size, and skeleton in animal design, Am. J. Phys., Vol. 78, No. 7, 2010, pp. 692-699.
460. J. D. Charles and A. Bejan, The evolution of speed, size and shape in modern athletics, J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 212, 2009, pp. 2419-2425.
461. J. D. Charles and A. Bejan, The evolution of long distance running and swimming, Int. J. Design Nature Ecodyn., Vol. 8, 2013, pp. 17-28.
462. A. Bejan, E. C. Jones, and J. D. Charles, The evolution of speed in athletics: Why the fastest runners are black and swimmers white, Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn., Vol. 5, No. 3, 2010, pp. 199-211.
463. A. Bejan and P. Haynsworth, The natural design of hierarchy: Basketball versus academics, Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn., Vol. 7, No. 1, 2012, pp. 14-25.
464. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, J. Royce, D. Faurie, T. Parran, M. Black, and B. Ash, The constructal evolution of sports with throwing motion: Baseball, golf, hockey and boxing, Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn., Vol. 8, 2013, pp. 1-16.
465. S. Lorente, E. Cetkin, T. Bello-Ochende, J. P.Meyer, and A. Bejan, The constructallaw physics of why swimmers must spread their fingers and toes, J. Theor. Biol., Vol. 308, 2012, pp. 141-146.
466. A. Bejan, S. Lorente, B. S. Yilbas, and A. Z. Sahin, The effect of size on efficiency: Power plants and vascular designs, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, 2011, pp. 1475-1481.
467. E. Cetkin, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, The steepest S curve of spreading and collecting: Discovering the invading tree, not assuming it, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 111, 2012, No. 114903.
468. C. H. Lui, N. K. Fong, S. Lorente, A. Bejan, and W. K. Chow, Constructal design for pedestrianmovement in living spaces: Evacuation configurations, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 111, 2012, No. 054903.
469. C. H. Lui, N. K. Fong, S. Lorente, A. Bejan, and W. K. Chow, Constructal design of pedestrian evacuation from an area, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 113, 2013, No. 034904.
470. C. H. Lui, N. K. Fong, S. Lorente, A. Bejan, and W. K. Chow, Constructal design of evacuation from a three-dimensional living space, Phys. A, Vol. 422, 2015, pp. 47-57.
471. W.Wechsatol, S. Lorente, andA. Bejan,Optimal tree-shaped networks for fluid flow in a disc-shaped body, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 45, 2002, pp. 4911-4924.
472. S. Lorente, W. Wechsatol, and A. Bejan, Tree-shaped flow structures designed by minimizing path lengths, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 45, 2002, pp. 3299-3312.
473. W.Wechsatol, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, Dendritic convection on a disc, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, 2003, pp. 4381-4391.
474. W. Wechsatol, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, Tree-shaped networks with loops, Int. J.Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 48, 2005, pp. 573-583.
475. W. Wechsatol, A. Bejan, and S. Lorente, Tree-shaped flow architectures: Strategies for increasing optimization speed and accuracy, Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, Vol. 48, 2005, pp. 731-744.
476. L. Gosselin and A. Bejan, Emergence of asymmetry in constructal tree flow networks, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 98, 2005, No. 104903.
477. B. Mauroy, M. Filoche, E. R. Weibel, and B. Sapoval, An optimal bronchial tree may be dangerous, Nature, Vol. 427, Feb. 12, 2004, pp. 633-636.
478. S. Kim, S. Lorente, A. Bejan, W. Miller, and J. Morse, The emergence of vascular design in three dimensions, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 103, 2008, No. 123511.
479. E. Cetkin, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan, Natural constructal emergence of vascular design with turbulent flow, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 107, 2010, No. 114901.
480. A. Bejan and S. Lorente, Thermodynamic optimization of flow geometry in mechanical and civil engineering, J. Non-Equil. Thermodyn., Vol. 26, No. 4, 2001, pp. 305-354.
481. A. Bejan, The Golden Ratio predicted: Vision, cognition and locomotion as a single design in nature, Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn., Vol. 4, No. 2, 2009, pp. 97-104.
482. A. Bejan and S. Périn, Constructal theory of Egyptian Pyramids and flow fossils in general, section 13.6 in A. Bejan, ed., Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 3rd ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2006.
483. A. Bejan, Why humans build fires shaped the same way, Nat. Sci. Rep., Vol. 5, No. 11270, 2015, doi:10.1038/srep11270.