Finite time thermodynamic optimization or entropy generation minimization of energy systems

Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 327-359

  Chen, Lingen ^a   Wu, Chih ^b   Sun, Fengrui ^a  

^a Naval Academy of Engineering   (China)

^b UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENTROPY; HEAT ENGINES; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; HEAT RESISTANCE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTIMIZATION; REFRIGERATORS;

ENTROPY GENERATION; FINITE TIME THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION;

THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 0033282840     PISSN: 03400204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/JNETDY.1999.020     Document Type: Article

References (410)

1. Carnot, S., Reflections on the motive power of fire. Bachelier, Paris, 1824.
2. 7+ Fraction Characterization. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1990.
3. Mansoori, G. A. Advances in Thermodynamics. Volume 2: Fluctuation Theory of Mixtures. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1990.
4. Sieniutycz, S., Salamon, P. Advances in Thermodynamics. Volume 3: Nonequilibrium Theory and Extremum Principles. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1990.
5. Sieniutycz, S., Salamon, P. Advances in Thermodynamics. Volume 4: Finite Time Thermodynamics and Thermoeconomics. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1990.
6. Hoffman, E. J., Advances in Thermodynamics. Volume 5: Analytic Thermodynamics. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1991.
7. Sieniutycz, S., Salamon, P. Advances in Thermodynamics. Volume 6: Flow, Diffusion, and Rate Processes. Taylor & Francis, New York, 1992.
8. Novikov, I. I., The efficiency of atomic power stations (A review). Atommaya Energiya, 11 (1957), 409.
9. Chambadal, P., Les Centrales Nucleaires pp. 41-58, Armand Colin, Paris, 1957.
10. Curzon, F. L., Ahlborn, B., Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output. Am. J. Phys., 43 (1975), 22-24.
11. Bejan, A., Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow. Wiley, New York, 1982.
12. Andresen, B., Finite-Time Thermodynamics. Physics Laboratory II, University of Copenhagen, 1983.
13. Tsirlin, A. M., Optimal Cycles and Cycle Regimes, Energomizdat, Moscaw, 1985 (in Russian).
14. Feidt, M., Thermodynamique et Optimisation Energetique des Systems et Procedes, Technique et Documentation, Lavoisier, Paris, 1987 (in French).
15. De Vos, A., Endoreversible Thermodynamics of Solar Energy Conversion, Oxford University, Oxford, 1992.
16. Radcenco, V., Generalized Thermodynamics, Editura Techica, Bucharest, 1994 (in English).
17. Bejan, A., Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 1996.
18. Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., Moran, M., Thermal Design & Optimization. Wiley, New York, 1996.
19. Chen, L., Sun, F., Finite Time Thermodynamics for Energy Systems, Naval Academy of Engineering Publisher, Wuhan, 1992 (in Chinese).
20. Bejan, A., Mamut, E. Thermodynamics and the Optimization of Complex Energy Systems. NATO Advanced Study Institute, Neptun, Romania, 1998.
21. Popescu, G., Contributions dans Latude de Ioptimisation des Systems Endo-Regenerative et Exio-Irreversible de Type Stirling sur la Base de la Thermodynamique en Temps Fini. These de Doctorat, Universite Politechica, Bucarest, 1993.
22. Vargas, J. V. C., Combined Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Problems with Applications in Refrigeration. Ph. D. Thesis, Duke University, 1994.
23. Geva, E., Finite Time Thermodynamics for Quantum Heat Engine and Heat Pump. Ph. D. Thesis, The Hebrew University, 1995.
24. Chen, L., Finite Time Thermodynamic Analysis of Irreversible Processes and Cycles. Ph. D. Thesis, Naval Academy of Engineering, 1997.
25. Wu, F., Study of Finite Time Thermodynamics on Stirling Machine. Ph. D. Thesis, Naval Academy of Engineering, 1998.
26. Ledezma, G. A., Geometric Optimization of Heat Transfer Devices. Ph. D. Thesis, Duke University, 1997.
27. Andresen B; Berry R. S; Ondrechen M. J; Salamon P., Thermodynamics for processes in finite time, Acc. Chem. Res., 17 (1984), 266-271.
28. Andresen, B., Salamon, P., Barry, R. S., Thermodynamics in finite time, Phys. Today, 64 (1984), 62-70.
29. Andresen, B., Finite-time thermodynamics and thermodynamic length, Rev. Gen. Therm, 35 (1996), 647-650.
30. Orlov, V. N., and Rudenko, A. V., Optimal control in problems of extremal of irreversible thermodynamic processes, Avtomatika Telemekhanika, 5 (1985), 7-41.
31. Wu, C., Power optimization of a finite-time Carnot heat engine. Energy, The Int. J., 13 (1988), 681-687.
32. Wu, C., Kiang, R. L., Lopardo, V. J., Karpouzian, G. N., Finite-time thermodynamics and endoreversible heat engines, Int. J. Mech. Engng. Edu., 21 (1993), 337-346.
33. Chen, L., Yan, Z., Finite time thermodynamics: An new branch of modern thermodynamics, Nature J., 10 (1987), 825-829 (in Chinese).
34. Andresen, B., Finite time thermodynamics and simulated annealing, in: Entropy and Entropy Generation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1996.
35. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite time thermodynamics for heat engines: theory and applications. J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 4 (1989), 7-14 (in Chinese).
36. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., New developments of finite time thermodynamics. Nature J., 15 (1992), 249-253(in Chinese).
37. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The present state and trend of finite time thermodynamics. Adv. Mech., 22 (1992), 479-488 (in Chinese).
38. Sieniutycz, S., Shiner, J. S., Thermodynamics of irreversible processes and its relation to chemical engineering: Second law analyses and finite time thermodynamics. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 19 (1994), 303-348.
39. Bejan, A., Power generation and refrigeration models with heat transfer irreversibilities. J. Heat Transfer Soc. Japan, 33 (1994), 68-75.
40. Bejan, A., Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes. J. Appl. Phys., 79 (1996), 1191-1218.
41. Bejan, A., Method of entropy generation minimization, or modeling and optimization based on combined heat transfer and thermodynamics. Rev. Gen. Therm, 35 (1996), 637-646.
42. Bejan, A., Notes on the history of the method of entropy generation minimization (finite time thermodynamics). J. Non-Equilib. thermodyn., 21 (1996), 239-242.
43. Bejan, A., Fundamental optima in thermal Science. Int. J. Mech. Engng. Edu., 25 (1997), 33-47.
44. Hoffmann, K. H., Burzler, J. M., Schubert, S., Endoreversible Thermodynamics. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 22 (1997), 311-355.
45. Andresen, B., Berry, R. S., Nitzan, A., Salamon, P., Thermodynamics in finite time: The step-Carnot cycle. Phys. Rev. A, 15, (1977), 2086-2093.
46. Grazzini, G., Work from irreversible heat engines. Energy, The Int. J., 16 (1991), 747-755.
47. Lu, P. C., Thermodynamics with finite heat-transfer area or finite surface thermodynamics. Thermodynamics and the Design, Analysis, and Improvement of Energy Systems, ASME Adv. Energy Sys. Div. Pub. AES. 35 (1995), 51-60.
48. Verhas, J., De Vos, A., How endoreversible thermodynamics relates to Onsager's nonequilibriuin thermodynamics. J. Appl. Phys., 82 (1997), 40-42.
49. Rubin, M. H., Optimal configuration of a class of irreversible heat engines I. Phys. Rev. A, 19 (1979), 1272-1276.
50. Salamon, P., Nitzan, A., Finite time optimizations of a Newton's law Carnot cycle. J. Chem. Phys., 74 (1981), 3546-3560.
51. Vukalovich, M. P., Novikov, I. I., Thermodynamics, Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1972 (in Russian).
52. Novikov, I. I., Voskresenskii, K. D., Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1977 (in Russian).
53. El-Wakill, M. M., Nuclear Power Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962.
54. Chambadal, P., Evolution et Applications du Concept d'Entropie, Dunod, Paris, 1963.
55. Bejan, A., Engineering advances on finite-time thermodynamics, Am. J. Phys., 62 (1994), 11-12.
56. Leff, H. S., Thermal efficiency at maximum work output: New results for old heat engines, Am. J. Phys., 55 (1987), 602-610.
57. Landsberg, P. T., Leff, H. S., Thermodynamic cycles with nearly universal maximum-work efficiencies, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 22 (1989), 4019-4026.
58. Callen, H. B., Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics, Wiley, New York, 1985.
59. Lund, K. O., Thermodynamics and Introduction to Thermostatics 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1985.
60. Bejan, A., Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics. Wiley, New York, 1988.
61. Zhu, M., Chen, H., Thermodynamic Analysis., Advanced Edu. Pub., Beijing, 1992 (in Chinese).
62. Sun, F., Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, Wuhan: Naval Academy of Engineering Publisher, Beijing, 1986 (in Chinese).
63. Bejan, A., Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997.
64. Winteroone, D. E., Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers. Arnold, London, 1997.
65. Ahlborn, B., Barnard, A. J., Efficiency reduction of heat engines due to power extraction, Am J. Phys., 58 (1980), 498-499.
66. Procaccia, D. J., Ross, J., On the efficiency of rate processes: Power and efficiency of heat engines, J. Chem. Phys., 69 (1978), 3898-3906.
67. Spence, R. D., Harrision, M. J., Speed dependence of the efficiency of heat engines, Am. J. Phys., 53 (1985), 890-893.
68. Rebhan, E., Ahlborn, B., Frequency-dependent performance of a nonideal Carnot engine, Am. J. Phys., 55 (1987), 423-428.
69. Gordon, J. M., Maximum power points characteristics of heat engines as a general thermodynamic problem, Am. J. Phys., 57 (1989), 1136-1142.
70. Yan, Z., The relation between optimal efficiency and power output of a Cannot engine, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 6 (1985), 1-6 (in Chinese).
71. Chen, J., Yan, Z., The relation between optimal efficiency and power output for a Cannot engine with finite compression ratio, J. Xiamen Univers., 28 (1989), 255-260 (in Chinese).
72. λ P, J. Xiamen Univers., 25 (1986), 279-286(in Chinese).
73. Sun, F., Lai, X., Finite time thermodynamic analysis of operating temperature of working fluid and cold reservoir, Proc. Sec. Conf. Univers., Res. Assoc. Engng. Thermophys., Beijing: Science Press, (1988), 91-96 (in Chinese).
74. Sun, F., Finite time thermodynamic analysis of heat engine with more than two heat reservoirs, Paper presented at Meeting of engineering thermodynamics, 1986 (in Chinese).
75. Sun, F., Lai, X., Holographic spectrum of power output and efficiency for heat engine, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 3 (1988), 1-9 (in Chinese).
76. Sun, F., Chen, L., Chen, W., Finite time thermodynamic analysis and evaluation for a heat engine with steady-state energy conversion between two heat reservoirs, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 4 (1989), 1-6 (in Chinese).
77. Chen, W., Sun, F., Chen, L., Area performance of a heat engine between heat reservoirs under stable energy transfer, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 11 (1990), 365-368 (in Chinese).
78. Wu, C., Specific power optimization of a closed-cycle OTEC plants, Ocean Engng., 17 (1990), 307-314.
79. Wu, C., Specific output power of a dry geothermal plant. Energy, The Int. J., 16 (1991), 757-761.
80. Wu, C., Specific power bound of real heat engines, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 32 (1991), 249-253.
81. Bejan, A., Power and refrigeration plants for minimum heat exchanger inventory, ASME Trans. J. Energy Resource Tech., 115 (1993), 148-150.
82. Wu, C., Heat transfer effect on the specific power availability of heat engines, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 34 (1993), 1239-1247.
83. Kiang, R. L., Wu, C., Clarification of finite-time thermodynamic cycle analysis, Int. J. Power and Energy Systems, 14 (1994), 68-71.
84. Wu, C., Schulden, W. H., Maximum obtainable specific power of high-temperature waste heat engines, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 15 (1995), 450-455.
85. Bejan, A., Theory of heat transfer-irreversible power plants. II. The optimal allocation of heat exchange equipment, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (1995) 433-444.
86. Wu, C., Lopardo, V. J. Lee, W. M., Power economics of renewable energy endoreversible heat engines, Int. J. Power & Energy Systems, 16 (1996), 24-28.
87. Agnew, B., Anderson, A., Frost, T. H., Optimization of a steady-flow Carnot cycle with external irreversibilities for maximum specific output, Apple. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 3-16.
88. Berry, R. S., Salamon, P., Heal G., On a relation between economic and thermodynamic optima, Resources and Energy, 1 (1978), 125-137.
89. Clark, J. A., Thermodynamic optimization: An interface with economic analysis, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 11 (1986), 85-122.
90. Tsatsarontis, G., Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of energy systems, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 19 (1993) 227-257.
91. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The relation between optimal efficiency and profit rate of a Cannot engine, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 6 (1991), 237-240 (in Chinese).
92. Sun, F., Chen, L., Chen, W., The efficiency and profit holographic spectrum of a two-heat-reservoir heat engine, Trans, Chinese Soc. Internal Combustion Engines, 9 (1991), 286-287 (in Chinese).
93. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite time exergoeconomic performance bound and optimization criteria for two-heat-reservoir heat engines, Chinese Science Bull., 36 (1991), 233-235 (in Chinese).
94. Ibrahim, O. M., Klein, S. A., Mitchell, J. W., Effects of irreversibility and economics on the performance of a heat engine, ASME Trans. J. Sol. Energy Engng., 114 (1992), 67-271.
95. De Vos, A., Endoreversible thermoeconomics, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 36 (1995), 1-5.
96. De Vos, A., Endoreversible economics, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 311-317.
97. Angulo-Brown, F., Ecological optimization criterion for finite-time heat engines, J. Apple. Phys., 69 (1991), 7465-7469.
98. Arias-Hernandez, L. A., Angulo-Brown, F., Thermodynamic optimization of endoreversible engines, Revista Mexicana de Fisica, 40 (1994), 866-877.
99. Arias-Hernandez, L. A., Angulo-Brown, F., A general property of endoreversible thermal engines, J. Appl. Phys., 81 (1997), 2973-2979.
100. Cheng, C. Y., Chen, C. K., The ecological optimization of an irreversible Carnot heat engine, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30 (1997), 1602-1609.
101. Cheng, C. Y., Chen, C. K., Ecological optimization of an endoreversible Brayton cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 33-44.
102. Angulo-Brown, F., Yepez, E., Zamorano-Ulloa, R., Finite-time thermodynamics approach to the superconducting transition, Phys. Lett. A, 183 (1993), 431-436.
103. Sahin, B., Kodal, A., Yavuz, H., Maximum power density analysis of an endoreversible Carnot heat engine, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 1219-1225.
104. Kosloff, R., A quantum mechanical open system as a model of a heat engine, J. Chem. Phys., 80 (1984), 1625-1631.
105. Geva, E., Kosloff, R., A quantum-mechanical heat engine operating in finite time. A model consisting of spin-1/2 systems as the working fluid, J. Chem. Phys., 96 (1992), 3054-3067.
106. Geva, E., Kosloff, R., On the classical limit of quantum thermodynamics in finite time, J. Chem. Phys., 97 (1992), 4396-4412.
107. Geva, E., Kosloff, R., Three-level quantum amplifier as a heat engine: A study in finite-time thermodynamics, Phys, Rev. E, 49 (1994), 3903-3918.
108. Geva, E., Kosloff, R., On the relaxation of a two-level system driven by a strong electromagnetic field, J. Chem. Phys., 102 (1995), 8541-8561.
109. Feldmann, T., Geva, E., Kosloff, R., Heat engines in finite time governed by master equations, Am. J. Phys., 64 (1996), 485-492.
110. Geva, E., Kosloff, R., The quantum heat engine and heat pump: An irreversible thermodynamic analysis of the three-level amplifier, J. Chem. Phys., 104 (1996), 7681-7699.
111. Wu, F., Sun, F., Chen, L., Optimum performance of a spin-1/2 irreversible quantum Carnot engine with the power in cooperation with the entropy production rate, J. Wuhan Institute Chem. Tech., 19 (1997), 88-91 (in Chinese).
112. Jin, X., Wu, F., Sun, F., Chen, L., Finite time thermodynamic performance bound of a quantum Carnot engine with ecological criteria, Pow. Sys. Engng., 12 (1996), 53-55 (in Chinese).
113. Rubin, M. H., Optimal configuration of an irreversible heat engine with fixed compression ratio, Phys. Rev. A, 22 (1980), 1741-1752.
114. Rozonoer, L. I., Tsirlin, A. M., Optimal control of thermodynamic processes. I, II and III, Avtomat. Telemekh, 1 (1983), 70-79.
115. Kuznetsov, A. G., Rudenko, A. V., Tsirlin, A. M., Optimal control in thermodynamic systems with sources of finite capacity, Autom. Remote Control, 6 (1986), 693-705.
116. Orlov, V. N., Optimal control of an irreversible Carnot engine. Avtomat. Telemekh., 4 (1989), 64-74.
117. Lampinen, M. J., Vuorisulo, J., Heat accumulation function and optimization of heat engines, J. Appl. Phys., 69 (1991), 597-605.
118. Serrin, J., New Perspectives in Thermodynamics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.
119. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Influence of heat transfer law on the performance of a Carnot engine, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 11 (1990), 241-243 (in Chinese).
120. De Vos, A., Efficiency of some heat engines at maximum power conditions, Am. J. Phys., 53 (1985), 570-573.
121. Chen, L., Yan, Z., The effect of heat transfer law on the performance of a two-heat-source endoreversible cycle, J. Chem. Phys., 90 (1989), 3740-3743.
122. Feidt, M., Philippi, L., Basis of a general approach for finite time thermodynamics applied to two heat reservoir machines, ECOS'92, 1992, 21-25.
123. Angulo-Brown, F., Paez-Hernandez, R., Endoreversible thermal cycle with a nonlinear heat transfer law, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993), 2216-2219.
124. Goktun, S., Ozkaynak, S., Yavuz, H., Design parameters of a radiative heat engine, Energy, the Int. J., 18 (1993), 651-655.
125. Chen, J., Wu, C., Kiang, R. L., Maximum specific power output of an irreversible radiant heat engine, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 37 (1996), 17-22.
126. Navarrete-Gonzalez, T. D., Rocha-Martinez, J. A., Angulo-Brown, F., A Muser-Curzon-Ahlborn engine model for photothermal conversion, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30 (1997), 2490-2596.
127. Chen, W., Sun, F., Cheng, S., Chen, L., Study on optimal performance and working temperature of endoreversible forward and reverse Carnot cycles, Int. J. Energy Res., 19 (1995), 751-759.
128. Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Effect of heat transfer law on finite-time exergoeconomic performance of heat engines, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 1127-1134.
129. -1), Nature J., 13 (1990), 698 (in Chinese).
130. Sun, F., Chen, W., Chen, L., The relation between optimal efficiency and power output of a Carnot engine in case of mixed heat transfer law, Nature J., 14(1991), 317(in Chinese).
131. -1), Gas Turbine Tech., 8 (1995), 16-18 (in Chinese).
132. Chen, L., Chen, S., Sun, F., Chen, W., The optimal configuration of endoreversible heat engines independent of the heat transfer law, Gas Turbine Tech., 6 (1993), 20-23 (in Chinese).
133. Orlov, V. N., Optimum irreversible Carnot cycle containing three isotherms, Sov. Phys. Dokl., 30 (1985), 506-508.
134. Andresen, B., Salamon, P., Berry, R. S., Thermodynamics in finite time: extremal for imperfect heat engines, J. Chem. Phys., 66 (1977), 1571-1577.
135. Fairen, V., Ross, J., On the efficiency of thermal engines with power output, J., Chem. Phys., 75 (1981), 5485-5496.
136. Richter, P. H., Ross, J., The efficiency of engines operating around a steady state at finite frequency, J. Chem. Phys., 69 (1978), 5521-5531.
137. Delgado, R. E. J., A thermal engine driven by a thermokinetic oscillator, J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996), 11144-11147.
138. Howe, J. P., The maximum power, heat demand and efficiency of a heat engine operating in steady state at less than Carnot efficiency, Energy, The Int. J., 7 (1982), 401-402.
139. Li, J., Relation between power and efficiency of an irreversible Carnot engine, Phys., 18 (1989), 89-93 (in Chinese).
140. λ P, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 4 (1989), 1-6 (in Chinese).
141. Yan, Z., Relation between optimal efficinecy and supplying heat of an irreversible Carnot engine, J. Xiamen Universe., 30 (1991), 25-28 (in Chinese).
142. Yan, Z., Chen, L., Irreversible Carnot cycle, College Phys., 11 (1992), 2-5 (in Chinese).
143. Lee, W. Y., Kim, S. S., Power optimization of an irreversible heat engine. Energy, The Int. J., 16 (1991), 1051-1058.
144. Ibrahim, O. M., Klein S. A., Mitchell, J. W., Optimum heat power cycles for specified boundary conditions, Trans. ASME J. Engng. Gas Turbine Power, 113 (1991), 514-521.
145. Wu, C., Kiang, R. L., Finite-time thermodynamic analysis of a Carnot engine with internal irreversibility, Energy, The Int. J., 17 (1992), 1173-1178.
146. Bejan, A., Theory of heat transfer-irreversible power plant, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 31 (1988), 1211-1219.
147. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The power vs. efficiency characteristics of an irreversible heat engine: Heat resistance and heat leak as an illustration, Chinese Science Bull., 38 (1993), 480 (in Chinese).
148. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite time thermodynamic performance of a class of irreversible two-heat-reservoir forward and reverse cycles, Sci. Tech. Bull., 11 (1995), 126 (in Chinese).
149. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., The influence of internal heat leak on the power vs. efficiency characteristics of heat engines, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 1501-1507.
150. Gordon, J. M., Huleihil, G., General performance characteristics of real heat engine, J. Appl. Phys., 72 (1992), 829-837.
151. Pathria, R. K., Nulton, J. D., Salamon, P., Carnot-like processes in finite-time: Applications to model cycles, Am. J. Phys., 61 (1993), 916-924.
152. Moukalled, F., Nuwayhid, R. Y., Noueihed, N., The efficiency of endoreversible heat engines with heat leak, Int. J. Energy Res., 19 (1995), 377-389.
153. Moukalled, F., Nuwayhid, R. Y., Fattal, S., A universal model for studying the performance of Carnot-like engine at maximum power conditions, Int. J. Energy Res., 20 (1996), 203-214.
154. Chen, L., Sun, F., The optimal performance of an irreversible Carnot engine, Sci. Tech. Bull., 11 (1995), 128 (in Chinese).
155. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., A Generalization of real heat engines and its performance, J. Institute Energy, 69 (1996), 214-222.
156. Chen, L., Cao, S., Sun, F., The performance of an irreversible heat engine with a universal heat transfer law, Exploration Nature, 16 (1997), 91 (in Chinese).
157. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Effect of heat transfer law on the performance of a generalized irreversible Carnot engine. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 32 (1999), 99-105.
158. Ondrechen, M. J., Andresen, B., Mozurkewich, M., Berry, R. S., Maximum work from a finite reservoir by sequential Carnot cycles, Am. J. Phys., 49 (1981), 681-685.
159. Yan, Z., Thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine at the maximum power output with finite thermal capacity heat reservoir, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 5 (1984), 125-131 (in Chinese).
160. Lee, W. Y., Kim, S. S., An analytical formula for the estimation a Rankine cycle heat engine efficiency at maximum power, Int. J. Energy Res., 15 (1991), 149-159.
161. Ondrechen, M. J., Rubin, M. H., Band, Y. B., The generalized Carnot cycles: A working fluid operating in finite-time between finite heat sources and sinks, J. Chem. Phys., 78 (1983), 4721-4727.
162. Yan, Z, Chen, L., Optimal performance of an endoreversible cycle operating between a heat source and sink of finite capacities, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 30 (1997), 8119-8127.
163. Yan, Z., Chen, J., Optimal performance of a generalized Carnot cycle for another linear heat transfer law, J. Chem. Phys., 92 (1990), 1994-1998.
164. Chen, L., Sun, F., Xu, M., Li, D., Effects of heat leak and finite thermal capacity heat reservoir on the optimal configuration of two-heat-reservoir heat engine, Gas Turbine Tech., 9 (1996), 4-10 (in Chinese).
165. Band, Y. B., Kafri, O., Salamon, P., Finite time thermodynamics: Optimal expansion of a heated working fluid, J. Appl. Phys., 53 (1982), 8-28.
166. Band, Y. B., Kafri, O., Salamon, P., Optimization of a model external combustion engine, J. Appl. Phys., 53 (1982), 29-33.
167. Salamon, P., Band, Y. B., Kafri, O., Maximum power from a cycling working fluid, J. Appl. Phys., 53 (1982), 197-202.
168. Aizenbud, B. M., Band, Y. B., Power considerations in the operation of a piston fitted inside a cylinder containing a dynamically heated working fluid, J. Appl. Phys., 52 (1981), 3742-3744.
169. Aizenbud, B. M., Band, Y. B., Kafri, O., Optimization of a model internal combustion engine, J. Appal. Phys., 53 (1982), 1277-1282.
170. Gorden, J. M., Huleihil, M., On optimizing maximum power heat engines, J. Appl. Phys., 69 (1991), 1-7.
171. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Optimal expansion of a heated working fluid with phenomenological heat transfer, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 149-156.
172. Rubin, M. H., Andresen, B., Optimal staging of endoreversible heat engines, J. Appal. Phys., 53 (1982), 1-7.
173. Wu, C., Power performance of a cascade endoreversible cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 30 (1990), 261-266.
174. Wu, C., Karpouzian, A. N., Kiang, R. L., The optimal power performance of an endoreversible combined cycle, J. Institute Energy, 65 (1992), 41-45.
175. Wu, C., Maximum obtainable power of a Carnot combiend power plant, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 15 (1995), 351-355.
176. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite-time thermodynamic optimal performance of combined power plants, Power Engng., 14 (1994), 9-12 (in Chinese).
177. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Specific power optimization for Carnot combined power plants, Int. J. Energy-Environment-Economics, 4 (1996), 9-16.
178. Chen, L., Cao, S., Wu, C., Sun, F., Combined power plant performance with heat leak, Proc. Int. Conf. on Energy and Environment, 12-14 Oct., 1997, Limassol, Cyprus.
179. Ozkaynak, S., The theoretical efficiency limits for a combined cycle under the condition of maximum power output , J. Phys. D: Appal. Phys., 28 (1995), 2024-2028.
180. Sahin, B., Kodal, A., Steady-state thermodynamic analysis of a combined Carnot cycle with internal irreversibility, Energy, The Int. J., 20 (1995), 1285-1289.
181. De Vos, A., Chen, J., Andresen, B., Analysis of combined systems of two endoreversible engines, Open Sys. & Information Dyn., 4 (1997), 3-13.
182. Chen, L., Sun, F., Ni, N., Performance optimization of an irreversible steady flow combined heat engine, Proc. Seventh Conf. Univers. Res. Assoc. Engng. Thermophys. (1998), Shanghai, 1998, 400-405 (in Chinese).
183. Chen, J., A universal model of an irreversible combined Carnot cycle system and its general performance characteristics, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 31 (1998), 3383-3394.
184. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Ni, N., A generalized model of a real combined power plant and its performance, Int. J. Energy, Environment, Economics, in press.
185. Mozurkewich, M., Berry, R. S., Optimal paths for thermodynamic systems. The ideal Otto cycle, J. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982), 34-42.
186. Hoffman, K. H., Berry R. S., Optimal paths for thermodynamic systems. The ideal Diesel cycle, J. Appl. Phys., 58 (1985), 2125-2134.
187. Angulo-Brown, F., Fernandez-Betanzos, J., Diaz-Pico, C. A., Compression ratio of an optimized air standard Otto-cycle model, Eur. J. Phys., 15 (1994), 38-42.
188. Angulo-Brown, F., Rocha-Martinez, J. A., Navarrete-Gonzalez, I. D., A non-endoreversible Otto cycle model: improving power output and efficiency, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 80-83.
189. Klein, S. A., An explanation for observed compression ratios in internal combustion engines, Trans. ASME J. Engng. Gas Turbine Pow., 113 (1991), 511-513.
190. Wu, C., Blank, D. A., The effect combustion on a work-optimized endoreversible Otto cycle, J. Instil. Energy, 65 (1992), 86-89.
191. Blank, D. A., Wu, C., Optimization of the endoreversible Otto cycle with respect to both power and mean effective pressure, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 34 (1993), 1255-1209.
192. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Cao, S., Heat transfer effect on the net work output vs. efficiency characteristics for an air standard Otto cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 643-648.
193. Bera, N. C., Bandyopadhyay, Y., Effect of combustion on the economic operation of endoreversible Otto and Joule-Brayton engine, Int. J. Energy Res., 22 (1998), 249-256.
194. Blank, D. A., Wu, C., The effects of combustion on a power optimized endoreversible Diesel cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 34 (1993), 493-498.
195. Chen, L., Zen, F., Sun, F., Wu, C., Heat transfer effect on net work and/or power as function of efficiency for air standard Diesel cycles, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 1201-1206.
196. Chen, L., Lin, J., Sun, F., Effect of friction on the power vs. efficiency characteristics of air-standard Diesel cycle, Chiness J. Engng. Thermophys., 18 (1997), 533-535 (in Chinese).
197. Orlov, V. N., Berry, R. S., Power and efficiency limits for internal combustion engines via methods of finite-time thermodynamics, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993), 4317-4322.
198. Blank, D. A., Wu, C., The effects of combustion on a power-optimized endoreversible Dual cycle, Int. J. Pow. Energy Systems, 14 (1994), 98-103.
199. Lin, J., Chen, L., Sun, F., Heat transfer effect on the performance of air-standard internal combustion engine. Pow. Sys. Engng., 12 (1996), 9-12 (in Chinese).
200. Lin, J., Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Finite time thermodynamic performance of a Dual cycle, Int. J. Energy Res., in press.
201. Chen, W., Sun, F., Chen, L., Finite time thermodynamic criteria for selecting working parameters of heat engines between heat reservoirs, Chinese Sci. Bull, 36 (1991), 763-768 (in English).
202. Sun, F., Guo, L., Wang, Z., Chen, L., Chen, W., Three methods of finite time thermodynamics for the performance analysis and optimization of nuclear power Rankine Cycles, Nuclear Pow. Engng., 17 (1996), 420-424 (in Chinese).
203. Ibrahim, O. M., Klein, S. A., High-power multi-stage Rankine cycles, ASME Trans. J. Energy Resources Tech, 117 (1995), 192-196.
204. Wu, C., Specific power bound of a finite-time closed Brayton cycle, Int. J. Ambient Energy, 11 (1990), 77-82.
205. Wu, C., Power optimization of an endoreversible Brayton gas turbine heat engine, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 31 (1991), 561-565.
206. Woodward, J. B., Optimal second-law efficiency for a Brayton cycle with an internal heat source, ASME Trans. J. Energy Res. Tech., 117 (1995), 343-348.
207. Cheng, C., Chen, C., Power optimization of an endoreversible regenerative Brayton cycle, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 241-247.
208. Cheng, C., Chen, C., Power optimization of an irreversible Brayton heat engine, Energy Sources, 19 (1997), 461-474.
209. Feidt, M., Optimization of Brayton cycle engine in contact with fluid thermal capacities, Rev. Gen. Therm., 35 (1996) 662-666.
210. Roco, J. M. M., Velasco, S., Medina, A. and Calvo Hernandez, A., Optimum performance of a regenerative Brayton thermal cycle, J. Appl. Phys., 82 (1997), 2735-2741.
211. Radcenco, V., Vargas, J. V. C., Bejan, A., Thermodynamic optimization of a gas turbine power plant with pressure drop irreversibilities. Trans. ASME J. Energy Res. Tech., 120 (1998), 233-240.
212. Sahin, B., Kodal, A., Yavuz, H., Efficiency of a Joule-Brayton engine at maximum power density, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 28 (1995), 1309-1313.
213. Median, A., Roco, J. M. M., Calvo Hernandez, A., Regenerative gas turbines at maximum power density conditions, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 2802-2805.
214. Hernandez, A. C., Medina, A., Roco, J. M. M., Power and efficiency in a regenerative gas turbine, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 28 (1995), 2020-2023.
215. Calvo Hernadez, A., Roco, J. M. M., Medina, A., Power and efficiency in a regenerative gas-turbine cycle with multiple reheating and intercooling stages, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 1462-1468.
216. Chen, L., Sun, F., Maximum power output from a closed gas turbine cycle, Ship Engng., 2 (1995), 31-33 (in Chinese).
217. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Performance analysis of an irreversible Brayton heat engine. J. Institu. Energy, 70 (1997), 2-8.
218. Chen, L., Sun, F., Yun, J., Effects of heat resistance on the performance of closed cycle regenerated gas turbine, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 16 (1995), 401-404 (in Chinese).
219. Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Performance of a regenerative Brayton heat engines, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 71-76.
220. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Kiang, R. L., Theoretical analysis of the performance of a regenerated closed Brayton cycle with internal irreversibilities, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 18 (1997), 871-877.
221. Chen, L., Ni, N., Cheng, G., Sun, F., FTT performance of a closed regenerated Brayton cycle coupled to variable-temperature heat reservoirs, Proc. Int. Conf. Marine Engng., 3.7.1-3.7.7, Nov. 4-8, 1996, Shanghai, China.
222. Chen, L., Ni, N., Sun, F., Effects of heat resistance and internal irreversibility on the performance of real closed-cycle regenerated gas turbine, Power Sys. Engng., 13 (1997), 5-8 (in Chinese).
223. Cole, G. H. A., Thermal Power Cycles, Edward Arnold Publ. Inc., London, 1991.
224. Frost, T. H., Agnew, B., Anderson, A., Optimization for Brayton-Joule gas turbine cycle, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., 206 (1992), 283-288.
225. Wu, F., Hu, Y., Effect of finite rate process on the performance of piston-type Stirling engine, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 6 (1991), 320-324 (in Chinese).
226. Blank, D. A., Davis, G. W., Wu. C., Power optimization of an endoreversible Stirling cycle with regeneration, Energy, The Int. J., 19 (1994), 125-133.
227. Blank, D. A., Wu, C., Power optimization of an extraterrestrial solar-radiant Stirling heat engine. Energy, The Int. J., 20 (1995), 523-530.
228. Radcenco, V., Popescu, G., Apostol, V., Fiedt, M., Thermodynamics with determined time applied to thermal motors-case studies. Vapor machine and Stirling motor, Rev. Gen. Therm., 32 (1993), 509-514.
229. Feidt, M., Costea, M., Relabbas, B., Influence of the regenerator on the optimal distribution of heat transfer surface conductance in a Stirling engine, ECOS'96, 179-186.
230. Popescu, G., Radcenco, V., Costea, M., Fiedt, M., FTT optimization of an endo-exoirreversible Stirling motor, Rev. Gen. Therm., 35 (1996), 656-661.
231. Erbay, L. B., Yavuz, H., Analysis of the Stirling heat engine at maximum power conditions, Energy, The Int. J., 22 (1997), 645-650.
232. Wu, F., Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Optimum performance of an irreversible Stirling engine with imperfect regeneration, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 727-732.
233. Wu, F., Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Zhu, Y., Performance and optimization criteria of forward and reverse quantum Stirling cycles, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 733-739.
234. Ladas, H. G., Ibrahim, O. M., Finite-time view of the Stirling engine, Energy, The Int., 19 (1994), 837-847.
235. Ibrahim, O. M., Ladas, H. G., Finite-time analysis of the Stirling
236. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Chen, L., Andersen, B., Efficiency bound of a solar-driven Stirling heat engine system, Int. J. Energy Res., 22 (1998), 805-812.
237. Blank, D. A., Wu, C., Power limit of an endoreversible Ericson cycle with regeneration. Energy Convers. Mgmt., 37 (1996), 59-66.
238. Wu, C., Analysis of an endoreversible Rallis cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 35 (1994), 79-85.
239. Chen, L., Lin, J., Sun, F., Wu, C., Efficiency of an Atkinson engine at maximum power density, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 337-341.
240. Sahin, B., Kodal, A., Ekmekci, I., Yilmaz, T., Exergy optimization for an endoreversible cogeneration cycle, Energy, The Int. J., 22 (1997), 551-557.
241. Ahlborn, B., Camire, J., Thermoacoustic heat pumps with maximum power transfer, Am. J. Phys., 63 (1995), 449-551.
242. Agrawal, D. C., Menon, V. J., The thermoelectric generator as an endoreversible Carnot engine, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30 (1997), 357-359.
243. Goktun, S., FTT optimization of a solar-driven heat engine, Sol Energy, 56 (1996), 617-620.
244. Conti, M., Charach, C. H., Thermodynamics of heat storage in a PCM shell-and-tube heat exchanger in parallel or in series with a heat engine, Sol. Energy, 57 (1996), 59-68.
245. Erbay, L. B., Yavuz, H., Design parameters of a thermionic energy converter, TAIES'97, Proc. Int. Conf., 20-24.
246. Sahin, B., Kodal, A., Yavuz, H., A performance analysis for MHD power cycles operating at maximum power density, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 1473-1475.
247. De Vos, A., Thermodynamics of photochemical solar energy conversion, Sol. Energy Materials Sol. Cells., 38 (1995), 11-27.
248. Barranco-Jimenez, M. A., Angulo-Brown, F., A nonendoreversible model for wind energy as a solar driven heat engine, J. Appl. Phys., 80 (1996), 4872-4876.
249. Tsirlin, A. M., Optimal control of irreversible thermal and mass-transfer processes, Sov. J. Comput. System. Sci., 30 (1992), 23-31.
250. De Vos, A., Van der Wel, P., The efficiency of the conversion of solar energy into wind energy by means of Hadley cells, Theor. App. Climatol., 46 (1993), 193-202.
251. Gordon, J., Rubinstein, M., Zarmi Y., On optimal heating and cooling strategies for melting and freezing, J. Appl. Phys., 67 (1990), 81-84.
252. Bartana, A., Kosloff, R., Laser cooling of internal degrees of freedom, J. Chem. Phys., 106 (1997), 1435-1448.
253. Watowich, S. J., Hoffamann, K. H., Berry, R. S., Optimal paths for a bimolocular, light-driven engine, Nuovo Cimento B, 104 (1989), 131-147.
254. Mironova, V. A., Tsirlin, A. M., Kazakov, V. A., Berry, R. S., Finite-time thermodynamics: Exergy and optimization of time-constrained processes, J. Appl. Phys., 76 (1994), 629-636.
255. Kazakov, V. A., Berry, R. S., Estimation of productivity, efficiency and entropy production for cyclic separation processes with distributed working fluid, Phys. Rev. E, 49 (1994), 2928-2934.
256. De Vos, A., Endoreversible thermodynamics and chemical reactions, J. Phys. Chem., 95 (1991), 4534-4540.
257. Gordon, J. M., Maximum work from isothermal chemical engines, J. Appl. Phys., 73 (1993), 8-11.
258. Gordon, J. M., Orlov, V. N., Performance characteristics of endoreversible chemical engines, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993), 5303-5309.
259. Schon, J. C., Andresen, B., Finite-time optimization of chemical reactions: nA ⇌ nB, J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996), 8843-8853.
260. Badescu, V., Andresen, B., Probabilistic finite time thermodynamics: A chemically driven engine, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 21 (1996), 291-306.
261. Angulo-Brown, F., Santillan, M., Calleja-Quevedo, E., Thermodynamic optimality in some biochemical reactions, Nuovo Cimento, D17 (1995), 87-90.
262. Angulo-Brown, F., Arias-Hernandez, L. A., Van't Hoff's equation for endoreversible chemical reactions, J. Phys. Chem., 100 (1996), 9193-9195.
263. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Yu, J., Performance characteristics of isothermal chemical engines, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 1884-1841.
264. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Gong, J., Maximum power of a combined-cycle isothermal chemical engine, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 629-637.
265. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Performance of chemical engines with mass leak, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31 (1998), 1595-1600.
266. Salamon, P., Andersen, B., Berry, R. S., Thermodynamic in finite time. Potentials for finite-time processes, Phys. Rev. A, 15 (1977), 2094-2102.
267. Angulo-Brown, F., Arias-Hernandez, L. A., Paez-Hernundez, R., On endoreversible thermodynamic potentials, Rev. Mex. Fis., 49 (1994), 44-54.
268. Andresen, B., Rubin, M. H., Berry, R. S., Availability for finite-time processes. General theory and a model, J. Chem. Phys., 87 (1983), 2704-2713.
269. Sieniutycz, S., Von Spakovsky, M. R., Finite time generalization of thermal exergy, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 1423-1447.
270. Sieniutycz, S., Generalized Carnot problem of maximum work in finite time via Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 1735-1743.
271. Sieniutycz, S., Nonlinear thermokinetics of maximum work in finite time, Int. J. Engng. Sci., 36 (1998), 577-597.
272. Sieniutycz, S., Nonequilibrium thermodynamics as an extension of classical thermodynamics, Open Sys. & Information Dyn., 4 (1997), 185-207.
273. Sieniutycz, S., Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory of dissipative thermal availability, Phys. Rev. E, 56 (1997), 5051-5064.
274. Salamon, P, Berry, R. S., Thermodynamic length and dissipated availability, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983), 1127-1130.
275. Ruppeiner, G., Riemannian geometry in thermodynamic fluctuation theory, Rev. Modern Phys., 67 (1995), 605-659.
276. Flick, J. D., Salamon, P., Andresen, B., Metric bounds on losses in adaptive coding. Inform. Sci., 42 (1987), 239-244.
277. Hoffmann, K. H., Andresen, B., Salamon, P., Measures of dissipation, Phys. Rev. A, 39 (1989), 3618-3621.
278. Tsirlin, A. M., Mironova, V. A., Amelkin, S. A., Finite time thermodynamics: Conditions of minimal dissipation for a thermodynamic process with given rate, Phys. Rev. E, 58 (1998), 215-223.
279. Diosi, L., Kulacsy, K., Lukacs, B., Racz, A., Thermodynamic length, time, speed, and optimum path to minimize entropy production, J. Chem. Phys., 105 (1996), 11220-11225.
280. Reinhardt, W. P, Hunterlll, J. E., Variational path optimization and upper and lower bounds to free energy changes via finite time minimization of external work, J. Chem. Phys., 97 (1992), 1599-1601.
281. Spiracle, W., Rise, H., Optimal finite-time endoreversible process, Phys. Rev. E, E52 (1995), 3485-3489.
282. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The maximum profits principle for thermodynamic cycles. Nature J., 14 (1991), 948-949 (in Chinese).
283. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., On the ecological figures of merit for thermodynamic cycles, J. Engng. Thermal Energy Pow., 9 (1994), 374-376 (in Chinese).
284. Santillan, M., Arias-Hernandez, L. A, Angulo-Brown, F., Some optimization criteria for biological systems in linear irreversible thermodynamics, Nuovo Cimento, 19D (1997), 99-109.
285. Santillan, M., Angulo-Brown, F., A thermodynamic aproach to the compromise between power and efficiency in muscle contraction, J. Theor. Biol., 1998, in press.
286. Bejan, A., Theory of organization in nature: pulsating physiological processes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 40 (1997), 2097-2104.
287. Bejan, A., How nature takes shape, Mech. Engng., 10 (1997), 90-92.
288. Bejan, A., Tondeur, D., Equipartition, optimal allocation, and the constructul approach to predicting organization in nature, Rev. Gen. Therm., 37 (1998), 165-180.
289. Bejan, A., Constructal tree network for fluid flow between a finite-size volume and one source or sink, Rev. Gen. Therm., 36 (1997), 593-602.
290. Nelson, R. A., Bejan, A., Constructal optimization of internal flow geometry in convection, Trans. ASME J. Heat Transfer, 120 (1998), 357-364.
291. Bejan, A., Ikegam, Y., Ledezma, G. A., Constructal theory of natural crack pattern formation for fastest cooling, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 41 (1998), 1945-1954.
292. Bejan, A., Errera, M. R., Deterministic tree networks for fluid flow: Geometry for minimal flow resistance between a volume and one point, Fractals, 94 (1997), 685-695.
293. Bejan, A., Ledezma, G. A., Streets tree networks and urban growth: optimal geometry for quickest access between a finite-size volume and one point, Physica A, 255 (1998), 211-217.
294. Bejan, A., Constructal theory: from thermodynamic and geometric optimization to predicting shape in nature, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 1705-1718.
295. Bejan, A., Maximum power from fluid flow. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 39 (1996), 1175-1181.
296. Chen, L., Chen, B., Sun, F., On maximum power and efficiency from fluid flow, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 19 (1998), 418-420 (in Chinese).
297. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Yu, J., Performance characteristics of fluid flow converters, J. Institute Energy, 71 (1998), 209-215.
298. Bejan, A., Dan, N., Maximum work from an electric battery model. Energy, The Int. J., 22 (1997), 93-102.
299. De Vos, A., Reversible and endoreversible computing, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 34 (1995), 2251-2266.
300. Leff, H. S., Teeter, W. D., EER, COP, and 2nd law efficiency for air-conditioners, Am. J. Phys., 46 (1978), 19-22.
301. Yan, Z., The optimal relation between COP and cooling load of a Carnot refrigerator, Physics. 13 (1984), 768-770 (in Chinese).
302. Goth, Y., Feidt, M., Optimum COP for endoreversible heat pump or refrigerating machine, C. R. Acad. Sc. Pairs, 303 (1986), 19-24.
303. Yan, Z., ε and R of a Carnot refrigerator at maximum ε R, Nature J., 7 (1984), 73-74 (in Chinese).
304. Sun, F., Chen, W., Chen, L., An analysis of the holographic spectrum and selection of the optimum parameters for reverse endoreversible Carnot cycle, J. Naval Acad. Engng., 2 (1990), 40-45 (in Chinese).
305. Chen, W., Sun, F., Chen, L., Finite time thermodynamic criteria for selecting parameters of refrigerating and heat pumping cycles between heat reservoirs, Chinese Sci. Bull., 35 (1990), 1670-1672 (in Chinese).
306. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite time exergoeconomic performance bound and optimization criteria for two-heat-reservoir refrigerators, Chinese Sci. Bull., 36 (1991), 156-157 (in Chinese).
307. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Ecological optimization criteria for a Carnot refrigerator, Nature J., 15 (1992) 633 (in Chinese).
308. Wu, F., Chen, L., Sun, F., Optimal performance of quantum Carnot refrigerators, J. Appl. Sci., 15 (1997), 223-228 (in Chinese).
309. Wu, F., Chen, L., Sun, F., Compromise optimization between cooling load and entropy generation rate for quantum Carnot refrigerators, Cryogenics, 1 (1996), 1-5 (in Chinese).
310. Klein, S. A., Design considerations for refrigeration cycles, Int. J. Refrig., 15 (1992), 181-185.
311. Wu, C., Maximum obtainable specific cooling load of a refrigerator, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 36 (1995), 7-10.
312. n, Cryogenics, 5 (1989), 29-33 (in Chinese).
313. n), Chinese Sci. Bullet., 35 (1990), 1837.
314. Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., General performance characteristics of a finite-speed Carnot refrigerator, Appl. Thermal Engng., 16 (1996), 299-303.
315. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Effect of heat transfer law on the finite time exergoeconomic optimal performance of Carnot refrigerators, Cryogenics. 3 (1990), 39-43 (in Chinese).
316. Yan, Z., Optimal performance of irreversible refrigerators, J. Refrig., 3 (1990), 11-14 (in Chinese).
317. Grazzini, G., Irreversible refrigerators with isothermal heat exchangers, Int. J. Refrig., 16 (1993), 101-106.
318. Ait-Ali, M. M., A class of internally irreversible refrigeration cycles, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 593-599.
319. Ait-Ali, M. M., The maximum coefficient of performance of internally irreversible refrigerators and heat pumps, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 975-980.
320. Bejan, A., Theory of heat transfer-irreversible refrigeration plants, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 32 (1989), 1631-1639.
321. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The influence of heat leak on the COP versus cooling load characteristics of refrigerators, Cryogenics Superconductor, 20 (1992), 7-14 (in Chinese).
322. Chen, L., Sun, F., The maximum COP bound of an irreversible Carnot refrigerator, Sci. Tech. Bull., 11 (1995), 128 (in Chinese).
323. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Kiang, R. L., A generalized model of a real refrigerator and its performance, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 401-412.
324. Chen, L. Sun, F., Wu, C., Effect of heat transfer law on the performance of a generalized irreversible Carnot refrigerator, Energy Convers. Mgmt., in press.
325. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Optimal performance of an endoreversible refrigerator with finite thermal capacity heat sources, Cryogenics, 4 (1987), 27-35 (in Chinese).
326. Chen, L., Sun, F., Ni, N., Wu, C., Optimal configuration of a class of two-heat-reservoir refrigeration cycles, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 767-773.
327. Ma, Y., Duang, R., Finite time thermodynamic analysis for refrigerating system coupled to variable-temperature heat reservoirs, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 14 (1993), 353-356 (in Chinese).
328. Chen, L., Sun, F., Gong, J., Chen, W., Lai, X., Optimization of steady flow refrigeration cycles for specified boundary conditions, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 15 (1994), 249-252 (in Chinese).
329. Agrawal, D. C., Menon, V. J., Finite-time Carnot refrigerators with wall gain and product loads, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993), 2153-2158.
330. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Optimal performance of an endoreversible-combined refrigeration cycle, J. Appl. Phys., 63 (1988), 4795-4799.
331. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Optimization of the specific rate of refrigeration in combined refrigeration cycles, Energy, The Int. J., 20 (1995), 1049-1053.
332. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Steady flow combined refrigeration cycle performance with heat leak, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 639-645.
333. Goktun, S., Coefficient of performance for an irreversible combined refrigeration cycle, Energy, The Int. J., 21 (1996), 721-724.
334. Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., A generalized model of combined refrigeration plant and its performance, Rev. Gen. Therm., in press.
335. Radcenco, V., Vargas, J. V. C., Bejan, A., Lim, J. S., Two design aspects of defrosting refrigerators, Int. J. Refrig., 18 (1995), 76-86.
336. Vasilescu, E., Radcenco, V., Popescu, G., Design optimization of vapour compression chillers based on FTT, ECOS'96, 153-156.
337. Kim, K. J., Feldman, K. T., Razani, A., Cooling and power efficiency diagrams for compressor-driven, metal-hydride slurry air conditioners, Energy, The Int. J., 22 (1997), 787-796.
338. Velasco, S., Roco, J. M. M., Medina, A., Calvo Hernandez, A., Irreversible refrigerators under per-unit-time coefficient of performance optimization, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71 (1997), 1130-1132.
339. Sun, F., Chen, L., Xu, M., Minimum heat transfer surface area optimization for marine vapour-compression air-conditioners, Ship Engng., 3 (1997), 33-34 (in Chinese).
340. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Yu, J., Optimum allocation of heat exchanger area and its application to naval shipboard refrigeration and air-conditioning plants, Int. J. Energy, Environment, Economics, in press.
341. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Cooling load versus COP characteristics for an irreversible air refrigeration cycle, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 117-126.
342. Chen, L., Ni, N., Cheng, G., Sun, F., Wu, C., Analysis of heat-transfer-irreversible regenerated Brayton refrigerator, Proc. Int. Conf. Thermodynamic Analysis and Improvement of Energy Systems (TAIE'S 97), 1997, Beijing, 8-15. Eds. Cai, R. and Moran M, J., World Publishing Cooperation.
343. Tie, X., Yan, Z., The cooling load and COP bounds for Stirling refrigerators, Sci. Tech. Bull., 12 (1996), 108-114 (in Chinese).
344. Chen, J., Yan, Z., The general performance characteristics of a Stirling refrigerator with regenerative losses, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996), 987-990.
345. Jin, X., Wu, F., Chen, L., Optimization of quantum Stirling refrigerators in the classical limit, Cryogenics, 1 (1998), 41-44 (in Chinese).
346. Lin, G., Yan, Z., Optimization analysis of magnetic Stirling refrigerators, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 15 (1994), 357-360 (in Chinese).
347. Chen, J., Yan Z., The effect of thermal resistance and regenerative losses on the performance characteristics of a magnetic Ericson refrigeration cycle, J. Appl. Phys., 84 (1998), 1791-1795.
348. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Optimal performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator, AIP Conf. Proc., 316 (1995), 199-202.
349. Goktun, S., Optimal performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator, Energy Sources, 18 (1996), 531-536.
350. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Heat transfer effect on the specific cooling load of refrigerators, Appl. Thermal Engng., 16 (1996), 989-997.
351. Yan, Z., Chen, S., Finite time thermodynamic performance bound of three-heat-reservoir refrigerators, Chinese Sci. Bull., 31 (1986), 718 (in Chinese)
352. Yan, Z., Chen, J., An optimal endoreversible three-heat-source refrigerator, J. Appl. Phys., 65 (1989), 1-4.
353. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The analysis of COP for three-heat-reservoir refrigerators, Vac. Cryogenics, 9 (1990), 27-30 (in Chinese).
354. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Wu, C., Optimal performance coefficient and cooling load relationship of three-heat-reservoir endoreversible refrigerator, Int. J. Power and Energy Systems, 17 (1997), 206-208.
355. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The ecological optimal performance for a three-heat-reservoir refrigerators. Cryogenics, 3 (1993), 38-40 (in Chinese).
356. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Maximum profit performance of an absorption refrigerator, Int. J. Energy, Environment, Economics, 4 (1996), 1-7.
357. Wu, C., Maximum cooling load of a heat-engine driven refrigerator, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 34 (1993), 691-696.
358. Bejan, A., Vargas, J. V. C., Optimal allocation of a heat exchanger inventory in heat driven refrigerators, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (1995), 2997-3004.
359. Wijeysundera, N. E., Performance of three-heat-reservoir absorption cycles with external and internal irreversibilities, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 1151-1161.
360. Chen, J., Wu, C., The R-ε characteristics of a three-heat-source refrigeration cycle, Appl. Thermal Engng., 16 (1996), 901-905.
361. Chen, J., Optimal performance analysis of irreversible cycles used as heat pumps and refrigerators, J Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30 (1997), 582-587.
362. Chen, J., Schouton, J. A., Optimum performance characteristics of an irreversible absorption refrigeration system, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 999-1007.
363. Pathria, R. K., Salamon, P., Nulton, D., Optimal operation of finite time tricycles with heat conduction losses, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 31 (1998), 3171-3183.
364. Pons, M., Second law analysis of adsorption cycles with thermal regeneration, Trans. ASME J. Energy Res. Tech., 118 (1996), 229-236.
365. Pons, M., Analysis of the adsorption cycles with thermal regeneration based on the entropic mean temperature, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 615-627.
366. Chua, H. T., Ng, K. C., Malek, A., Kashiwagi, T., Akisawa, A., Saha, B. B., Entropy generation analysis of two-bed, silica gel-water, non-regenerative adsorption chillers, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31 (1998), 1471-1477.
367. Ng, K. C., Bong, T. Y., Chua, H. T., Bao, H. L., Theoretical and experimental analysis of an absorption chiller, Int. J. Refrig., 17 (1994), 351-358.
368. Gordon, J. M., Ng, K. C., Thermodynamic modeling of reciprocating chillers, J. Appl. Phys., 75 (1994), 2769-2774.
369. Gordon, J. M., Ng, K. C., A general thermodynamic model for absorption chillers: Theory and experiment, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 15 (1995), 73-83.
370. Ng, K. C., Bong, T. Y., Chua, H. T., Performance evaluation of centrifugal chiller in a airconditioning plant with the building automation system (BAS), Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs., 208 (1994), 249-255.
371. Gordon, J. M., Ng, K. C., Chua, H. T., Centrifugal chillers: thermodynamic modeling and a diagnostic case study, Int. J. Refrig., 18 (1995), 253-257.
372. Gordon, J. M., Ng. K. C., Predictive and diagnostic aspects of a universal thermodynamic model for chillers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 38 (1995), 807-818.
373. Chua, H. T., Ng, K. C., Gordon, J. M., Experimental study of the fundamental properties of reciprocating chillers and their relation to thermodynamic modeling and chiller design, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 39 (1996), 2195-2204.
374. Chua, H. T., Ng, K. C., Gordon, J. M., Bong, T. Y., On the consistency of thermodymnamic models with actual chiller performance, ECOS'95, Istanbul, 1995, 339-346.
375. Ng, K. C., Chua, H. T., Ong, W., Lee, S. S., Gordon, J. M., Diagnostics and optimization of reciprocating chillers: theory and experiment, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 263-276.
376. Gordon, J. M., Ng, K. C., Chua, H. T., Optimizing chiller operation based on finite-time thermodynamics: universal modeling and experimental confirmation, Int. J. Refrig., 20 (1997), 191-200.
377. Chua, H. T., Han, Q., Ng, K. C., Gordon, J. M., Thermodynamic modeling and experimental evidence for the optimization and maximum-efficiency operation of absorption chillers, ECOS'96, Stockholm, 1996, 157-166.
378. Ng, K. C., Chua, H. T., Han, Q., On the modeling of absorption chillers with external and internal irreversibilities, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 413-425.
379. Chua, H. T., Gordon, J. M., Ng, K. C., Han, Q., Entropy production analysis and experimental confirmation of absorption systems, Int. J. Refrig., 20 (1997), 179-190.
380. Chen, L., Shen, L., Gong, J., Sun, F., Performance analysis and experimental confirmations for thermoelectric refrigerators, Paper presented at the meeting of engineering thermodynamics, 1998, paper No. 981012 (in Chinese).
381. Blanchard, C. H., Coefficient of performance for finite-speed heat pump, J. Appl. Phys., 51 (1980), 2471-2472.
382. Wu, C., Specific heating load of an endoreversible Carnot heat pump, Int. J. Ambient Energy, 14 (1993), 25-28.
383. Wu, F., Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Hua, P., Optimum performance parameters for a quantum Carnot heat pump with spin-1/2, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 1161-1167.
384. Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Optimization of steady flow heat pumps cycles, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 445-453.
385. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Heat Pump performance with internal heat leak, Int. J. Ambient Energy, 18 (1997), 129-134.
386. Sun, F., Chen, W., Chen, L., Wu, C., Optimal performance of an endoreversible Carnot heat pump, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 1439-1443.
387. Ni, N., Chen, L., Sun, F., Wu, C., Effect of heat transfer law on the performance of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump, J. Institute Energy, 72 (1999), 64-68.
388. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Optimization of the specific rate of heat pumping in combined heat pump cycles, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 39 (1998), 113-116.
389. Chen, J., Wu, C., Performance of a cascade combined heat pump system, J. Institute Energy, 68 (1995), 137-141.
390. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., Finite time thermodynamic analysis for combined heat pump cycles, Chinese J. Engng. Thermophys., 17 (1996), 13-15.
391. Chen, L., Sun, F., Effects of heat leak on the performance of steady flow combined heat pump cycles, Pow. Sys. Engng., 13 (1997), 1-4 (in Chinese).
392. Chen, L., Bi, Y., Wu, C., A generalized model of a combined heat pump cycle and its performance, Int. J. Energy, Environment, Economics, in press.
393. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Heat transfer effect on the specific heating load of heat pumps, Appl. Thermal Engng., 17 (1997), 103-110.
394. Chen, J., Andresen, B., The maximum coefficient of performance of thermoelectric heat pumps, Int. J. Pow. Energy Syst., 17 (1996), 22-26.
395. Chen, L., Ni, N., Sun, F., Wu. C., Performance of real regenerated air heat pumps, Proc. IASTED Int. Conf., Hihg Technology in the Power Industry, Oct. 27-30, 1997, Orlando, Florida, USA. 387-392.
396. Ni, N., Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Performance analysis for endoreversible closed regenerated Brayton heat pump cycles, Energy Convers. Mgmt., in press.
397. Chen, L., Ni, N., Sun, F., Effects of heat resistance and internal irreversibility on the performance of air heat pump, Acta Energine Solaris Sinica, 18 (1997), 494-498 (in Chinese).
398. Yan, Z., Chen, S., Finite time thermodynamic performance bound of three-heat-reservoir heat pumps, Chinese Sci. Bull., 31 (1986), 798-799 (in Chinese).
399. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Equivalent combined systems of three-heat-source heat pumps, J. Chem. Phys., 90 (1989), 4951-4955.
400. Chen, J., Yan, Z., Unified description of endoreversible cycles, Phys. Rev. A, 39 (1989), 4140-4147.
401. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The relation between optimal COP and heating load of an endoreversible three-heat-reservoir heat pump with nonlinear heat transfer, Acta Energine Solaris Sinica, 11 (1990), 319-323 (in Chinese).
402. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Optimal COP and heating load relationship of a three-heat-reservoir endoreversible heat pump, Energy Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 727-733.
403. Chen, J., Optimal heat-transfer areas for endoreversible heat pumps. Energy, The Int. J., 19 (1994), 1031-1036.
404. Dentice D'Accadia, M., Sasso, M. Sibilio, S., Optimum performance of heat engine-driven heat pumps: A finite-time approach, Energy. Convers. Mgmt., 38 (1997), 401-413.
405. Goktun, S., The effect of irreversibilities on the performance of a three-heat-source heat pump, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996) 2823-2825.
406. Wu, C., Chen, L., Sun, F., Cao, S., Optimum collector temperature for solar driven heat pumps, Energy Convers. Mgmt, 39 (1998), 143-146.
407. Chen, J., Yan, Z., An ecological optimization criteria for a class of irreversible absorption heat transformers, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 31 (1998), 1078-1082.
408. Chen, J., The influence of multi-irreversibilities on the performance of a heat transformer, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30 (1997), 2953-2957.
409. Chen, L., Wu, C., Sun, F., Cao, S., Maximum profit performance of a three-heat-reservoir heat pump, Int. J. Energy Res., in press.
410. Chen, L., Sun, F., Chen, W., The unified description of linear phenomenological law system endorevesible cycles, J. Energy Q., 1 (1992), 6-10 (in Chinese).