Tardive dyskinesia prevalence in the period of second-generation antipsychotic use: A meta-analysis

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2017, Pages e264-e278

  Carbon, Maren ^a   Hsieh, Cheng Hsi ^b   Kane, John M ^a,c,d   Correll, Christoph U ^a,c,d  

^a ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b TAIPEI VETERANS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^d FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ASENAPINE; BLONANSERIN; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOSPIPRAMINE; CLOTIAPINE; CLOZAPINE; HALOPERIDOL; ILOPERIDONE; LOXAPINE; LURASIDONE; MESORIDAZINE; MOLINDONE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PEROSPIRONE; PERPHENAZINE; QUETIAPINE; REMOXIPRIDE; RISPERIDONE; SERTINDOLE; SULPIRIDE; THIORIDAZINE; TIAPRIDE; TIOTIXENE; TRIFLUOPERAZINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE;

ARTICLE; ASIA; CASE STUDY; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EUROPE; HUMAN; MASS SCREENING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; META ANALYSIS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA;

EID: 85016946440     PISSN: 01606689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.16r10832     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Aquino CC, Lang AE. Tardive dyskinesia syndromes: current concepts. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(suppl 1):S113-S117. PubMed doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(13)7028-2
2. Chong SA, Remington G, Mahendran R, et al. Awareness of tardive dyskinesia in Asian patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(2):235-237. PubMed doi:10.1097/04714-201040-017
3. Browne S, Roe M, Lane A, et al. Quality of life in schizophrenia: relationship to sociodemographic factors, symptomatology and tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94(2):118-124. PubMed doi:10.1/j.160-047.196.tb09835.x
4. Yassa R. Functional impairment in tardive dyskinesia: medical and psychosocial dimensions. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989;80(1):64-67. PubMed doi:10.1/j.160-047.1989.tb01301.x
5. Waln O, Jankovic J. An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2013;3:tre- 03-161-4138-1. PubMed
6. Glazer WM, Morgenstern H, Doucette JT. Predicting the long-term risk of tardive dyskinesia in outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medications. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54(4):133-139. PubMed
7. Rascol O, Fabre N. Dyskinesia: L-dopa-induced and tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(6):313-323. PubMed doi:10.1097/02826-2010-02
8. Remington G. Tardive dyskinesia: eliminated, forgotten, or overshadowed? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(2):131-137. PubMed doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f6b1
9. Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951-962. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)6073-3
10. Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with secondgeneration antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):414-425. PubMed doi:10.176/api.ajp.161.3.414
11. Chan HY, Chiang SC, Chang CJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of risperidone and olanzapine for schizophrenic patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(9):1226-1233. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.09m0515yel
12. Correll CU, Schenk EM. Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21(2):151-156. PubMed doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f53132
13. Woods SW, Morgenstern H, Saksa JR, et al. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with atypical versus conventional antipsychotic medications: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(4):463-474. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.07m03890yel
14. Peluso MJ, Lewis SW, Barnes TR, et al. Extrapyramidal motor side-effects of first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(5):387-392. PubMed doi:10.192/bjp.bp.1.101485
15. Miller DD, Caroff SN, Davis SM, et al; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics in a randomised trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(4):279-288. PubMed doi:10.192/bjp.bp.108.0508
16. Hugenholtz GW, Heerdink ER, Stolker JJ, et al. Haloperidol dose when used as active comparator in randomized controlled trials with atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia: comparison with officially recommended doses. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(6):897-903. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v67n0606
17. Parabiaghi A, Tettamanti M, D'Avanzo B, et al; GiSAS study group. Metabolic syndrome and drug discontinuation in schizophrenia: a randomized trial comparing aripiprazole olanzapine and haloperidol. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(1):63-75. PubMed doi:10.1/acps.12468
18. Campbell M. Risperidone-induced tardive dyskinesia in first-episode psychotic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(3):276-277. PubMed doi:10.1097/04714-19060-016
19. Addington DE, Toews JA, Addington JM. Risperidone and tardive dyskinesia: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(10):484-485. PubMed
20. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177-188. PubMed doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)9046-2
21. Achalia RM, Chaturvedi SK, Desai G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with tardive dyskinesia among Indian patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014;9:31-35. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2013.12.010
22. Adam UU, Husain N, Haddad PM, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in a South Asian population with first episode psychosis treated with antipsychotics. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1953-1959. PubMed
23. Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries D, et al. Tardive dyskinesia and the 3-year course of schizophrenia: results from a large, prospective, naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(10):1580-1588. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v69n108
24. Bakker PR, de Groot IW, van Os J, et al. Longstay psychiatric patients: a prospective study revealing persistent antipsychotic-induced movement disorder. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25588. PubMed doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258
25. Bhatia T, Sabeeha MR, Shriharsh V, et al. Clinical and familial correlates of tardive dyskinesia in India and Israel. J Postgrad Med. 2004;50(3):167-172, discussion 172. PubMed
26. Boke O, Gunes S, Kara N, et al. Association of serotonin 2A receptor and lack of association of CYP1A2 gene polymorphism with tardive dyskinesia in a Turkish population. DNA Cell Biol. 2007;26(8):527-531. PubMed doi:10.1089/dna.207.0605
27. Brar JS, Parepally H, Chalasani L, et al. The impact of olanzapine on tardive dyskinetic symptoms in a state hospital population. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20(3):139-144. PubMed doi:10.1080/10401230802175
28. Brousse G, Meary A, Mouret J, et al. Tardive dyskinesia and glucid metabolism. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(6):373-380. PubMed doi:10.102/hup.860
29. Chong SA, Mahendran R, Machin D, et al. Tardive dyskinesia among Chinese and Malay patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(1):26-30. PubMed doi:10.1097/04714-202020-05
30. Covell NH, McEvoy JP, Schooler NR, et al; Schizophrenia Trials Network. Effectiveness of switching from long-acting injectable fluphenazine or haloperidol decanoate to long-acting injectable risperidone microspheres: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(5):669-675. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.1m07074
31. de Leon J. The effect of atypical versus typical antipsychotics on tardive dyskinesia: a naturalistic study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257(3):169-172. PubMed doi:10.107/s0406-06-0705-z
32. Eberhard J, Lindström E, Levander S. Tardive dyskinesia and antipsychotics: a 5-year longitudinal study of frequency, correlates and course. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(1):35-42. PubMed doi:10.1097/01.yic.0182120.51672.7d
33. Ellingrod VL, Schultz SK, Arndt S. Abnormal movements and tardive dyskinesia in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(11):1416-1419. PubMed doi:10.1592/phco.2.16.1416.370
34. Fodstad JC, Bamburg JW, Matson JL, et al. Tardive dyskinesia and intellectual disability: an examination of demographics and topography in adults with dual diagnosis and atypical antipsychotic use. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(3):750-759. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.rid.2010.01.017
35. Gebhardt S, Härtling F, Hanke M, et al. Prevalence of movement disorders in adolescent patients with schizophrenia and in relationship to predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(7):371-382. PubMed doi:10.107/s0787-06-054-5
36. Gharabawi GM, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, et al. An assessment of emergent tardive dyskinesia and existing dyskinesia in patients receiving longacting, injectable risperidone: results from a long-term study. Schizophr Res. 2005;77(2-3):129-139. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.schres.205.03.015
37. Güzey C, Scordo MG, Spina E, et al. Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: associations with dopamine and serotonin receptor and transporter polymorphisms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(3):233-241. PubMed doi:10.107/s028-06-0234-8
38. Halliday J, Farrington S, Macdonald S, et al. Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 23: movement disorders: 20-year review. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181(5):422-427. PubMed doi:10.192/bjp.181.5.42
39. Hansen LK, Nausheen B, Hart D, et al. Movement disorders in patients with schizophrenia and a history of substance abuse. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(2):192-197. PubMed doi:10.102/hup.2305
40. Hitzeroth A, Niehaus DJ, Koen L, et al. Association between the MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism and development of schizophrenia and abnormal involuntary movements in the Xhosa population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(3):664-672. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.206.12.019
41. Hsieh CJ, Chen YC, Lai MS, et al. Genetic variability in serotonin receptor and transporter genes may influence risk for tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188(1):175-176. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.06
42. Jaanson P, Marandi T, Kiivet RA, et al. Maintenance therapy with zuclopenthixol decanoate: associations between plasma concentrations, neurological side effects and CYP2D6 genotype. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;162(1):67-73. PubMed doi:10.107/s0213-02-1059-5
43. Janno S, Holi M, Tuisku K, et al. Prevalence of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in chronic schizophrenia inpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(1):160-163. PubMed doi:10.176/api.ajp.161.1.160
44. Kim JH, Byun HJ. Prevalence and characteristics of subjective akathisia, objective akathisia, and mixed akathisia in chronic schizophrenic subjects. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2003;26(6):312-316. PubMed doi:10.1097/02826-20310-010
45. Koola MM, Tsapakis EM, Wright P, et al. Association of tardive dyskinesia with variation in CYP2D6: is there a role for active metabolites? J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(7):665-670. PubMed doi:10.17/0269814523861
46. Lee J, Jiang J, Sim K, et al. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in Chinese Singaporean patients with schizophrenia: revisited. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(3):333-335. PubMed doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181dcf1d7
47. Lee JY, Kim SW, Lee YH, et al. Factors associated with self-rated sexual function in Korean patients with schizophrenia receiving risperidone monotherapy. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(6):416-424. PubMed doi:10.102/hup.2489
48. Leung SK, Ungvari GS, Ng FS, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in Chinese inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27(6):1029-1035. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(03)0171-4
49. Li CR, Chung YC, Park TW, et al. Clozapineinduced tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients taking clozapine as a first-line antipsychotic drug. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 pt 3):919-924. PubMed doi:10.1080/1562970802481895
50. Miller DD, McEvoy JP, Davis SM, et al. Clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: baseline data from the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Schizophr Res. 2005;80(1):33-43. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.schres.205.07.034
51. Modestin J, Stephan PL, Erni T, et al. Prevalence of extrapyramidal syndromes in psychiatric inpatients and the relationship of clozapine treatment to tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res. 2000;42(3):223-230. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0920-964(9)013-4
52. Patterson BD, Swingler D, Willows S. Prevalence of and risk factors for tardive dyskinesia in a Xhosa population in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Schizophr Res. 2005;76(1):89-97. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.schres.204.10.09
53. Ross DE, Thomas M, Booth M, et al. Rate of tardive dyskinesia in hospitalized patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(4):816. PubMed doi:10.176/api.ajp.162.4.816
54. Ryu S, Yoo JH, Kim JH, et al. Tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia with second-generation antipsychotics in non-elderly schizophrenic patients unexposed to first-generation antipsychotics: a cross-sectional and retrospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(1):13-21. PubMed doi:10.1097/JCP.0250
55. Sejil I, Oumaya A, Bouguerra C, et al. Tardive dyskinesia induced by classical antipsychotic drugs: a Tunisian sample of schizophrenics [in French]. Encephale. 2013;39(suppl 1):S36-S41. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.encep.2012.08.04
56. Souza RP, de Luca V, Remington G, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (GFRA2) gene is associated with tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;210(3):347-354. PubMed doi:10.107/s0213-010-1829-4
57. Sun H, Wang F, Fan H, et al. The interaction of polymorphisms of IL10 and DBH was associated with general symptoms of PANSS with TD in Chinese Han schizophrenic patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70963. PubMed doi:10.1371/journal.pone.070963
58. Sundram S, Lambert T, Piskulic D. Acculturation is associated with the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia in community-treated patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008;117(6):474-478. PubMed doi:10.1/j.160-047.208.0183.x
59. Wonodi I, Reeves G, Carmichael D, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in children treated with atypical antipsychotic medications. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1777-1782. PubMed doi:10.102/mds.21618
60. Yoon JY, Oh DY, Choi JH. Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in inpatients using antipsychotics. Korean J Psychopharmacol. 2004;15(3):305-311.
61. Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, et al. Incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(7):1031-1035. PubMed doi:10.17/02698109106306
62. Kane JM, Smith JM. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(4):473-481. PubMed doi:10.101/archpsyc.1982.042904069010
63. Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O'Donnell H, et al. International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):686-693. PubMed doi:10.176/api.ajp.209.09060802
64. Simpson GM, Angus JW. A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand suppl. 1970;212:11-19. PubMed doi:10.1/j.160-047.1970.tb0206.x
65. Morgenstern H, Glazer WM, Niedzwiecki D, et al. The impact of neuroleptic medication on tardive dyskinesia: a meta-analysis of published studies. Am J Public Health. 1987;77(6):717-724. PubMed doi:10.2105/AJPH.7.6.717
66. Chakos MH, Alvir JM, Woerner MG, et al. Incidence and correlates of tardive dyskinesia in first episode of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(4):313-319. PubMed doi:10.101/archpsyc.196.01830404909
67. Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, et al. Evidence that early extrapyramidal symptoms predict later tardive dyskinesia: a prospective analysis of 10, 000 patients in the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(8):1438-1440. PubMed doi:10.176/ajp.206.163.8.1438
68. Rosenheck RA. Evaluating the costeffectiveness of reduced tardive dyskinesia with second-generation antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191(3):238-245. PubMed doi:10.192/bjp.bp.106.035063
69. Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Saltz BL, et al. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: rates and risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(11):1521-1528. PubMed doi:10.176/ajp.15.1.1521
70. Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, et al; SOHO Study Group. Effects of antipsychotic treatment on tardive dyskinesia: a 6-month evaluation of patients from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(9):1130-1133. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v6n0907
71. Bai YM, Yu SC, Lin CC. Risperidone for severe tardive dyskinesia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(11):1342-1348. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v64n10
72. Emsley R, Turner HJ, Schronen J, et al. A singleblind, randomized trial comparing quetiapine and haloperidol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(5):696-701. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v65n0516
73. Jeste DV, Okamoto A, Napolitano J, et al. Low incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients with dementia treated with risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(7):1150-1155. PubMed doi:10.176/api.ajp.157.7.150
74. Miller DD, Eudicone JM, Pikalov A, et al. Comparative assessment of the incidence and severity of tardive dyskinesia in patients receiving aripiprazole or haloperidol for the treatment of schizophrenia: a post hoc analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1901-1906. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v68n1210
75. Kovacs N, Balas I, Janszky J, et al. Status dystonicus in tardive dystonia successfully treated by bilateral deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113(9):808-809. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.201.08.03
76. Lazarus AL, Toglia JU. Fatal myoglobinuric renal failure in a patient with tardive dyskinesia. Neurology. 1985;35(7):1055-1057. PubMed doi:10.1212/WNL.35.7.105
77. Stübner S, Rustenbeck E, Grohmann R, et al. Severe and uncommon involuntary movement disorders due to psychotropic drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37(suppl 1): S54-S64. PubMed doi:10.105/s-204-8151
78. Spivak B, Mester R, Abesgaus J, et al. Clozapine treatment for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and chronic akathisia in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(7):318-322. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v58n0706
79. Correll CU. Real-life dosing with secondgeneration antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(12):1610-1611. PubMed doi:10.408/JCP.v6n1218
80. Woerner MG, Correll CU, Alvir JM, et al. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone or olanzapine in the elderly: results from a 2-year, prospective study in antipsychotic-naïve patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(8):1738-1746. PubMed doi:10.1038/np.201.5
81. Margolese HC, Chouinard G, Kolivakis TT, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in the era of typical and atypical antipsychotics, part 1: pathophysiology and mechanisms of induction. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(9):541-547. PubMed
82. Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20(1):15-27. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.204.1.03
83. Correll CU. From receptor pharmacology to improved outcomes: individualising the selection, dosing, and switching of antipsychotics. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25(suppl 2):S12-S21. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0924-938(10)71701-6
84. Gassó P, Mas S, Molina O, et al. Neurotoxic/ neuroprotective activity of haloperidol, risperidone and paliperidone in neuroblastoma cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;36(1):71-77. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.201.08.010
85. Marchese G, Casu MA, Bartholini F, et al. Subchronic treatment with classical but not atypical antipsychotics produces morphological changes in rat nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons directly related to "early onset" vacuous chewing. Eur J Neurosci. 2002;15(7):1187-1196. PubMed doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.202.0194.x
86. Tan QR, Wang XZ, Wang CY, et al. Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(12):768-773. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.207.03.03
87. Cerasa A, Fasano A, Morgante F, et al. Maladaptive plasticity in levodopa-induced dyskinesias and tardive dyskinesias: old and new insights on the effects of dopamine receptor pharmacology. Front Neurol. 2014;5:49. PubMed doi:10.389/fneur.2014.049
88. Rylander D, Parent M, O'Sullivan SS, et al. Maladaptive plasticity of serotonin axon terminals in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(5):619-628. PubMed doi:10.102/ana.2097
89. Brandl EJ, Kennedy JL, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(2):76-88. PubMed
90. Pandurangi AK, Aderibigbe YA. Tardive dyskinesia in non-western countries: a review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;246(1):47-52. PubMed doi:10.107/BF02191814
91. Miura I, Zhang JP, Nitta M, et al. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia occurrence and severity: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2014;152(2-3):365-372. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.01
92. Tenback DE, van Harten PN, van Os J. Nontherapeutic risk factors for onset of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2009;24(16):2309-2315. PubMed doi:10.102/mds.2707
93. Ormerod S, McDowell SE, Coleman JJ, et al. Ethnic differences in the risks of adverse reactions to drugs used in the treatment of psychoses and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2008;31(7):597-607. PubMed doi:10.2165/02018-20831070-05
94. Gaebel W, Weinmann S, Sartorius N, et al. Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international survey and comparison. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187(3):248-255. PubMed doi:10.192/bjp.187.3.248
95. Chong MY, Tan CH, Fujii S, et al. Antipsychotic drug prescription for schizophrenia in East Asia: rationale for change. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58(1):61-67. PubMed doi:10.1/j.140-1819.204.0194.x
96. Sim K, Su A, Leong JY, et al. High dose antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: findings of the REAP (Research on East Asia Psychotropic Prescriptions) study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;37(4):175-179. PubMed doi:10.105/s-204-827174
97. Patel MX, Arista IA, Taylor M, et al. How to compare doses of different antipsychotics: a systematic review of methods. Schizophr Res. 2013;149(1-3):141-148. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.030
98. Broekema WJ, de Groot IW, van Harten PN. Simultaneous prescribing of atypical antipsychotics, conventional antipsychotics and anticholinergics: a European study. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(3):126-130. PubMed doi:10.107/s1096-06-9063-1
99. Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and extrapyramidal side effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(1): 167-177. PubMed doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq042
100. Gallego JA, Nielsen J, De Hert M, et al. Safety and tolerability of antipsychotic polypharmacy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012;11(4):527-542. PubMed doi:10.1517/1474038.2012.683523
101. Vandewalle W, Boon E, Sienaert P. Movement disorders due to modern antidepressants and mood stabilizers [in Dutch]. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2015;57(2):132-137. PubMed
102. Zutshi D, Cloud LJ, Factor SA. Tardive syndromes are rarely reversible after discontinuing dopamine receptor blocking agents: experience from a university-based movement disorder clinic. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2014;4:266. PubMed
103. Schooler NR, Kane JM. Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(4):486-487. PubMed doi:10.101/archpsyc.1982.04290408014