Use of lumpfish for sea-lice control in salmon farming: challenges and opportunities

Reviews in Aquaculture

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 683-702

  Powell, Adam ^a,e   Treasurer, Jim W ^b   Pooley, Craig L ^a   Keay, Alex J ^a   Lloyd, Richard ^a   Imsland, Albert K ^c,d   Garcia de Leaniz, Carlos ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b FAI Aquaculture Ardtoe   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^d AKVAPLAN NIVA ICELAND OFFICE   (Iceland)

^e GÖTEBORG UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

biological pest control; cleaner fish; salmon farming; sea lice; sustainable aquaculture

Indexed keywords

EID: 85015420878     PISSN: 17535123     EISSN: 17535131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/raq.12194     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Adams MB, Crosbie PBB, Nowak BF (2012) Preliminary success using hydrogen peroxide to treat Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected with experimentally induced amoebic gill disease (AGD). Journal of Fish Diseases 35: 839–848
2. Alarcón M, Gulla S, Røsæg MV, Rønneseth A, Wergeland H, Poppe TT et al. (2016) Pasteurellosis in lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus, farmed in Norway. Journal of Fish Diseases 39: 489–495
3. Albert OT, Torstensen E, Bertelsen B, Jonsson ST, Pettersen IH, Holst JC (2002) Age-reading of lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) otoliths: dissection, interpretation and comparison with length frequencies. Fisheries Research 55: 239–252
4. Anon (2003) Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Emerging Species Profile Sheets. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland
5. Anon (2013a) MSC Assessment for Icelandic Gillnet Lumpfish Fishery. The Fish Site and 5M Publishing
6. Anon (2013b) Cleaner Fish Position Paper (mcsuk.org). Marine Conservation Society, 7 pp. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.mcsuk.org/downloads/fisheries/Cleaner_Fish_Position_Paper.pdf
7. Anon (2014a) Increasing Production of Farmed Cleaner Fish. The Fish Site and 5M Publishing. 04 June 2014. [Cited 24 Jan 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/23319/increasing-production-of-farmed-cleaner-fish/
8. Anon (2014b) Technology readiness levels (TRL). Horizon 2020 – Work programme 2014–2015. General Annexes. Commission Decision C(2014)4995. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014_2015/annexes/h2020-wp1415-annex-g-trl_en.pdf
9. Anon (2015a) Lumpfish Identified as Possible Reservoir for IPN. The Fish Site, 06 January 2015. 5M Publishing. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/24865/lumpfishidentifiedaspossiblereservoirforipn/
10. Anon (2015b) Ardtoe Reports First Spawning of Captive Reared Lumpsuckers. The Fish Site and 15 May 2015. 5M Publishing. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/25678/ardtoereportsfirstspawningofcaptiverearedlumpsuckers/
11. Badil S, Elliott DG, Kurobe T, Hedrick RP, Clemens K, Blair M et al. (2011) Comparative evaluation of molecular diagnostic tests for Nucleospora salmonis and prevalence in migrating juvenile salmonids from the Snake River, USA. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 23: 19–29
12. Bañón R, Garazo A, Fernández A (2008) Note about the presence of the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Teleostei, Cyclopteridae) in Galician waters (NW Spain). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24: 108–109
13. Bellas J, Hilvarsson A, Granmo Å (2005) Sublethal effects of a new antifouling candidate on lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae. Biofouling 21: 207–216
14. Belova I (2015) Nutritional programming in lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus – a transcriptomic approach. MSc in Aquaculture University of Nordland, 46 pages
15. Benfey TJ, Methven DA (1986) Pilot-scale rearing of larval and juvenile lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.), with some notes on early development. Aquaculture 56: 301–306
16. ®) against bacteria cultured from eggs of halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus and cod, Gadus morhua. Aquaculture 254: 125–128
17. Bjordal Å (1991) Wrasse as cleaner-fish for farmed salmon. Progress in Underwater Science 16: 17–28
18. Blacker RW (1983) Pelagic records of the lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus L. Journal of Fish Biology 23: 405–417
19. Bornø G, Lie LM (2015) Fish Health Report 2014. The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Harstad
20. Bornø G, Alarcón M, Linaker M, Colquhoun D, Nilsen H, Gu J et al. (2016) Akutt dødelighet hos rognkjeks (Cyclopterus lumpus) i 2015 [in Norwegian]. Veterinærinstituttets Rapportserie, The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo
21. Boxshall G (1974) Infections with parasitic copepods in North Sea marine fishes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 355–372
22. Breck O (2015) An update from Norway. Proceedings of the Cleanerfish Workshop. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation, Inverness, 1st December 2015
23. Breiland MSW, Mikalsen H, Johansen L-H (2014) Susceptibility of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to Vibrio ordalii and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). In: European Aquaculture Society Conference. Abstracts. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: https://www.was.org/easonline/AbstractDetail.aspx?i=3343
24. Brown JA (1986) The development of feeding behaviour in the lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L. Journal of Fish Biology 29: 171–178
25. Brown JA, Somerton DC, Methven DA, Watkins JR (1992) Recent advances in lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus and ocean pout Macrozoarces americanus larviculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 23: 271–276
26. Brown JA, Wiseman D, Kean P (1997) The use of behavioural observations in the larviculture of cold-water marine fish. Aquaculture 155: 297–306
27. Cavin JM, Donahoe SL, Frasca S, Innis CJ, Kinsel MJ, Kurobe T et al. (2012) Myxobolus albi infection in cartilage of captive lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24: 516–524
28. CEFAS (2016) Aquatic animal health news and consultations. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/changes-to-formaldehyde-formalin-rules
29. Chilvers H (2013) Lumpfish: the Latest Weapon in the Battle Against Sea Lice? The Fish Site and 2 December 2013, 5M Publishing. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/1787/lumpfish-the-latest-weapon-in-the-battle-against-sea-lice/
30. Clague GE, Cheney KL, Goldizen AW, McCormick MI, Waldie PA, Grutter AS (2011) Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish. Biology Letters 7: 863–865
31. Clarke A, Johnston NM (1999) Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish. Journal of Animal Ecology 68: 893–905
32. Cockerill D, Wallis T (2015) Health challenges with cleanerfish. Proceedings of the Cleanerfish Workshop. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation, Inverness, 1st December 2015
33. Collins MAJ (1976) The lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) in Newfoundland waters. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 90: 64–67
34. Consuegra S, García de Leániz C (2007) Fluctuating sex ratios, but no sex-biased dispersal, in a promiscuous fish. Evolutionary Ecology 21: 229–245
35. Consuegra S, Pooley C, Powell A, Keay A, Galloway G, Cockerill D et al. (2015) A traceability and genetic screening programme for sustainable breeding of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) for sea lice control in salmon farming. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Europe 2015, Rotterdam, 2015. European Aquaculture Society City, pp. 167
36. Costello MJ (2009) The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry. Journal of Fish Diseases 32: 115–118
37. Daborn GR, Gregory RS (1983) Occurrence, distribution, and feeding habits of juvenile lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L. in the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 797–801
38. Darwall WRT, Costello MJ, Donnelly R, Lysaght S (1992) Implications of life-history strategies for a new wrasse fishery. Journal of Fish Biology 41: 111–123
39. Davenport J (1983) Oxygen and the developing eggs and larvae of the lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 63: 633–640
40. Davenport J (1985) Synopsis of Biological Data on the Lumpsucker, Cyclopterus lumpus (Linnaeus, 1758), Vol. 147. Food & Agriculture Organization, Rome
41. Davenport J, Bradshaw C (1995) Observations on skin colour changes in juvenile lumpsuckers. Journal of Fish Biology 47: 143–154
42. Davenport J, Kjørsvik E (1986) Buoyancy in the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 66: 159–174
43. Davenport J, Lonning S (1983) On the structure and function of the urogenital system of the female lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus L. (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 218: 201–210
44. Davenport J, Rees EIS (1993) Observations on neuston and floating weed patches in the Irish Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 36: 395–411
45. Dawit BG (2015) Adaptive Humoral Immune Response in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L. Master of Aquaculture Biology, University of Bergen, 111 pages
46. Deady S, Varian SJ, Fives JM (1995) The use of cleaner-fish to control sea lice on two Irish salmon (Salmo salar) farms with particular reference to wrasse behaviour in salmon cages. Aquaculture 131: 73–90
47. Deevey ES Jr (1947) Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 22: 283–314
48. Dulčić J, Golani D (2006) First record of Cyclopterus lumpus L., 1758 (Osteichthyes: Cyclopteridae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Fish Biology 69: 300–303
49. Elliott JM (1989) Mechanisms responsible for population regulation in young migratory trout, Salmo trutta. I. The critical time for survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 58: 987–1001
50. Farm Animal Welfare Committee (2014) Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Fish, 40 pp. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, UK. [Cited 24 Jan 2016.] Available from URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/farm-animal-welfare-committee-fawc
51. Freeman MA, Kristmundsson Á (2013) Ultrastructure of Nucleospora cyclopteri, an intranuclear microsporidian infecting the Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 33: 194–198
52. Freeman MA, Kasper JM, Kristmundsson Á (2013) Nucleospora cyclopteri n. sp., an intranuclear microsporidian infecting wild lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L., in Icelandic waters. Parasites & Vectors 6: 1–13
53. Froese R, Pauly D (2014) FishBase. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: www.fishbase.org, version (11/2014) edn. World Wide Web electronic publication
54. Garcia de Leaniz C, Fleming IA, Einum S, Verspoor E, Jordan WC, Consuegra S et al. (2007) A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation. Biological Reviews (Cambridge) 82: 173–211
55. Garcia de Leaniz C, Keay A, Frazao-Pires A, Powell A, Pooley CL, Lloyd R et al. (2015) Swansea Lumpfish Project. Optimisation of captive breeding of lumpfish for sea lice control in salmon farming. Proceedings of the Cleanerfish Workshop. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation, Inverness, 1st December 2015
56. Gibson S, Sayer MD, Joyce JA (2015) A Report on the background and economic potential of Lumpsucker Culture: Diversification using existing infrastructure (MAFF). Working Paper. 59 pp. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/14401
57. Goulet D, Green JM, Shears TH (1986) Courtship, spawning, and parental care behavior of the lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L., in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1320–1325
58. Grant B, Picchi N, Davie A, Leclercq E, Migaud H (2016) Removal of the adhesive gum layer surrounding naturally fertilised ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) eggs. Aquaculture 456: 44–49
59. Grutter AS (1995) Relationship between cleaning rates and ectoparasite loads in coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 118: 51–58
60. Gulla S, Sørum H, Vågnes Ø, Colquhoun DJ (2015) Phylogenetic analysis and serotyping of Vibrio splendidus-related bacteria isolated from salmon farm cleaner fish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 117: 121–131
61. Gulla S, Duodu S, Nilsen A, Fossen I, Colquhoun DJ (2016) Aeromonas salmonicida infection levels in pre- and post-stocked cleaner fish assessed by culture and an amended qPCR assay. Journal of Fish Diseases 39: 867–877
62. Haugland GT, Rønneseth A, Eggestøl HØ, Lunde HS, Wergeland HI (2016a) Immune responses in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) leukocytes upon bacteria challenge. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 53: 123
63. Haugland GT, Olsen A-B, Rønneseth A, Andersen L (2016b) Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) develop amoebic gill disease (AGD) after experimental challenge with Paramoeba perurans and can transfer amoebae to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.04.001
64. Hedeholm R, Blicher ME, Grønkjær P (2014) First estimates of age and production of lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) in Greenland. Fisheries Research 149: 1–4
65. Helland S, Dahle SW, Hough C, Borthen J (2014) Production of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Science and Practice. The Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF), p. 136
66. Heuch PA, Øines Ø, Knutsen JA, Schram TA (2007) Infection of wild fishes by the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus on the south east coast of Norway. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77: 149–158
67. Higgins M, Kent M, Moran J, Weiss L, Dawe S (1998) Efficacy of the fumagillin analog TNP-470 for Nucleospora salmonis and Loma salmonae infections in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34: 45–49
68. Hjeltnes B (2014) Farmed Fish Health Report 2013. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.].] Available from URL: http://www.vetinst.no/eng/Publications/Fish-Health-Report
69. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Hangstad TA, Foss A, Vikingstad E et al. (2014a) The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) infestations in intensively farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 424–425: 18–23
70. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Hangstad TA, Nytrø AV, Foss A et al. (2014b) Assessment of growth and sea lice infection levels in Atlantic salmon stocked in small-scale cages with lumpfish. Aquaculture 433: 137–142
71. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Hangstad TA, Nytrø AV, Foss A et al. (2014c) Notes on the behaviour of lumpfish in sea pens with and without Atlantic salmon present. Journal of Ethology 32: 117–122
72. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Hangstad TA, Nytrø AV, Foss A et al. (2015a) Assessment of suitable substrates for lumpfish in sea pens. Aquaculture International 23: 639–645
73. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Hangstad TA, Nytrø AV, Foss A et al. (2015b) Feeding preferences of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) maintained in open net-pens with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 436: 47–51
74. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Eliassen G, Mortensen A, Hansen ØJ, Puvanendran V et al. (2016a) Is cleaning behaviour in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) parentally controlled? Aquaculture 459: 156–165
75. Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Elissen G, Hangstad TA, Jónsdóttir ÓDB, Elvegård TA et al. (2016b). Investigation of behavioural interactions between lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) under controlled conditions. Aquaculture International 24: 1509–1521
76. Ingólfsson A (2000) Colonization of floating seaweed by pelagic and subtidal benthic animals in southwestern Iceland. Hydrobiologia 440: 181–189
77. Ingólfsson A, Kristjánsson BK (2002) Diet of juvenile lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Cyclopteridae) in floating seaweed: effects of ontogeny and prey availability. Copeia 2: 472–476
78. Iversen A, Hermansen Ø, Andreassen O, Brandvik RK, Marthinussen A, Nystøyl R (2015) Kostnadsdrivere i lakseoppdrett (Cost Drivers in Salmon Farming). No. 41/2015, 1–43. Nofima [in Norwegian]
79. Jacobsen J, Gaard E (1997) Open-ocean infestation by salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis): comparison of wild and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 54: 1113–1119
80. Johannesson J (2006) Lumpfish Caviar: From Vessel to Consumer, Vol. 485. Food & Agriculture Organization, Rome
81. Johansen R (2013) Farmed Fish Health Report 2012. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.vetinst.no/eng/Publications/Fish-Health-Report
82. Jones PG, Hammell KL, Gettinby G, Revie CW (2013) Detection of emamectin benzoate tolerance emergence in different life stages of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 36: 209–220
83. Jones AC, Mead A, Kaiser MJ, Austen MC, Adrian AW, Auchterlonie NA et al. (2015) Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective. Fish and Fisheries 16: 668–683
84. Kasper JM, Bertelsen B, Ólafsson HG, Holst JC, Sturlaugsson J, Jónsson SP (2014) Observations of growth and postspawning survival of lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus from mark-recapture studies. Journal of Fish Biology 84: 1958–1963
85. Kelly NI, Alzaid A, Nash GW, Gamperl AK (2014) Metabolic depression in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is influenced by ontogeny, and enhances thermal tolerance. PLoS ONE 9: e114765
86. Kennedy J, Jónsson S, Kasper JM, Ólafsson HG (2014) Movements of female lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) around Iceland. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 72: 880–889
87. Khan R, Lee E, Barker D (1990) Lernaeocera branchialis: a potential pathogen to cod ranching. Journal of Parasitology 76: 913–917
88. Killen SS, Brown JA, Gamperl A (2007a) The effect of prey density on foraging mode selection in juvenile lumpfish: balancing food intake with the metabolic cost of foraging. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 814–825
89. Killen SS, Costa I, Brown JA, Gamperl AK (2007b) Little left in the tank: metabolic scaling in marine teleosts and its implications for aerobic scope. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 274: 431–438
90. Kristmundsson Á, Freeman MA (2014) Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3: 135–146
91. Kyûshin K (1975) The embryonic and larval development, growth, survival and changes in body form, and the effect of temperature on these characteristics of the smooth Lumpsucker, Aptocyclus ventricosus (Pallas). Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 26: 49–72
92. Lassen H, Lockwood S, Cappell R, Pedersen GM (2015) Full Assessment Report. Public Certification Report – Initial Assessment of the Greenland Lumpfish Fishery. Sustainable Fisheries Greenland. Report no.: 2014-018, rev. 5. Certificate no.: f-dnv-165369, 35 pp. [Cited 24 Jan 2016.] Available from URL: https://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/fisheries-in-the-program/fisheries-by-species/fisheries-by-species#lumpfish
93. Leclercq E, Grant B, Davie A, Migaud H (2014) Gender distribution, sexual size dimorphism and morphometric sexing in ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta. Journal of Fish Biology 84: 1842–1862
94. Leclercq E, Zerafa B, Graham P, Migaud H. (2015) Development of best practices for the maintenance of cleaner fish in commercial Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) net-pens: supplementary feeding and 3D behavioural study. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Europe 2015, Rotterdam, 2015. European Aquaculture Society City, pp. 455–456
95. Lees F, Baillie M, Gettinby G, Revie CW (2008) Factors associated with changing efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Scottish salmon farms. Journal of Fish Diseases 31: 947–951
96. Levsen A, Maage A (2016) Absence of parasitic nematodes in farmed, harvest quality Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway – results from a large scale survey. Food Control 68: 25–29
97. Liu Y, vanhauwaer Bjelland H (2014) Estimating costs of sea lice control strategy in Norway. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 117: 469–477
98. Lorance P, Cook R, Herrera J, de Sola L, Florin A, Papaconstantinou C (2015) Cyclopterus lumpus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18237406A45078284. [Cited 22 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18237406/1
99. Marcos-López M, Donald K, Stagg H, McCarthy U (2013) Clinical Vibrio anguillarum infection in lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus in Scotland. Veterinary Record 173: 319–319
100. Marine Harvest (2015) Salmon Farming Industry Handbook 2015. 89 pp. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://hugin.info/209/R/1934071/696335.pdf
101. Marine Stewardship Council (2014) Fisheries by Species. [Cited 24 Jan 2016.] Available from URL: https://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/fisheries-in-the-program/fisheries-by-species/fisheries-by-species#lumpfish
102. Martin-Robichaud DJ, Peterson RH, Benfey TJ, Crim LW (1994) Direct feminization of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) using 17β-oestradiol-enriched Artemia as food. Aquaculture 123: 137–151
103. McVicar AH (2004) Management actions in relation to the controversy about salmon lice infections in fish farms as a hazard to wild salmonid populations. Aquaculture Research 35: 751–758
104. Mikkelsen N, Pedersen T (2012) Invasive red king crab affects lumpsucker recruitment by egg consumption. Marine Ecology Progress Series 469: 87–99
105. Mitamura H, Thorstad EB, Uglem I, Bjørn PA, Økland F, Næsje TF et al. (2007) Movements of female lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus in a Norwegian fjord during the spawning period. NINA Rapport 288: 20 pp. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA), Trondheim. 288
106. Mitamura H, Thorstad EB, Uglem I, Bjørn PA, Økland F, Næsje TF et al. (2012) Movements of lumpsucker females in a northern Norwegian fjord during the spawning season. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 475–481
107. Moran J, Kent M, Whitaker D (1999a) Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections in pen-reared Atlantic salmon in the northeast Pacific Ocean with a survey of potential nonsalmonid reservoir hosts. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 11: 101–109
108. Moran J, Whitaker D, Kent M (1999b) Natural and laboratory transmission of the marine myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites to Atlantic salmon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 11: 110–115
109. Moring JR (2001) Intertidal growth of larval and juvenile lumpfish in Maine: a 20-year assessment. Northeastern Naturalist 8: 347–354
110. Mullins JE, Powell M, Speare DJ, Cawthorn RJ (1994) An intranuclear microsporidian in lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 20: 7–13
111. Murray AG (2016) A modelling framework for assessing the risk of emerging diseases associated with the use of cleaner fish to control parasitic sea lice on salmon farms. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 63: e270–e277
112. Murray AG, Peeler EJ (2005) A framework for understanding the potential for emerging diseases in aquaculture. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 67: 223–235
113. NERC (2015) Sustainable Aquaculture Industry Workshop Report. BBSRC-NERC, Edinburgh, 15 pp. [Cited 24 Jan 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/innovation/activities/sustainablefood/aquaculture/aquaculture-workshop-report-2015/
114. Nodland E (2016) Erlend Waatevik, EWA Consulting. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://ilaks.no/godt-over-ti-millioner-rognkjeks-produsert-i-2015/. Ilaks [in Norwegian]
115. Norðberg G, Johannesen A, Arge R (2015) Cryopreservation of lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus (Linnaeus, 1758) milt. PeerJ 3: e1003
116. Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries (2015) Sale of farmed cleaner fish 2012–2015. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.fiskeridir.no/English/Aquaculture/Statistics/Other-marine-fish-species
117. Nytrø AV (2013) The effect of temperature and fish size on growth of juvenile lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). Master's Degree Thesis in Fisheries Science, University of Tromsø, 80 pages
118. Nytrø AV, Vikingstad E, Foss A, Hangstad TA, Reynolds P, Eliassen G et al. (2014) The effect of temperature and fish size on growth of juvenile lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). Aquaculture 434: 296–302
119. Øines Ø, Heuch PA (2005) Identification of sea louse species of the genus Caligus using mtDNA. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85: 73–79
120. Øines Ø, Heuch PA (2007) Caligus elongatus Nordmann genotypes on wild and farmed fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 30: 81–91
121. Øines Ø, Simonsen JH, Knutsen JA, Heuch PA (2007) Host preference of adult Caligus elongatus Nordmann in the laboratory and its implications for Atlantic cod aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases 29: 167–174
122. Pampoulie C, Skirnisdottir S, Olafsdottir G, Helyar SJ, Thorsteinsson V, Jónsson SÞ et al. (2014) Genetic structure of the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus across the North Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 71: 2390–2397
123. Perry B, Treasurer JW (2015) An overview of cleanerfish production at Ardtoe. Proceedings of the Cleanerfish Workshop, Inverness, 1st December 2015. Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation
124. Perry AL, Low PJ, Ellis JR, Reynolds JD (2005) Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 308: 1912–1915
125. Picón-Camacho SM, Holzer AS, Freeman MA, Morris DJ, Shinn AP (2009) Myxobolus albi n. sp. (Myxozoa) from the gills of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps Krøyer (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 56: 421–427
126. Pike AW, Wadsworth SL (1999) Sealice on salmonids: their biology and control. Advances in Parasitology 44: 233–337
127. Pooley C, Consuegra S, Gray C, Tew I, Garcia de Leaniz C (2015) Genetic screening of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) for the control of sea lice in salmon farming. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Europe 2015 (Poster) Rotterdam, 2015. European Aquaculture Society, City
128. Poppe TT, Taksdal T, Skjelstad H, Svieland C, Vagnes Ø, Colquhoun DJ (2012) Nye arter – nye diagnostiske utfordringer (New species – New diagnostic challenges). Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift 124: 19–21 [In Norwegian]
129. Poppe TT, Colquhoun DJ, Taksdal T, Nilsen H, Alarcón M (2013) Rognkjeks i oppdrett-diagnostiske og dyrevelferdsmessige utfordringer (Farmed lumpsucker-diagnostic and welfare challenges). Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift 125: 556–558
130. Powell A, Keay A, Pooley C, Galloway G, Scolamacchia M, Frazao-Pires A et al. (2015a) Optimization of captive breeding of the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) for sea lice control in salmon farming. Proceedings of the Aquaculture Europe 2015, Rotterdam, 2015a. European Aquaculture Society, pp. 647
131. Powell MD, Reynolds P, Kristensen T (2015b) Freshwater treatment of amoebic gill disease and sea-lice in seawater salmon production: considerations of water chemistry and fish welfare in Norway. Aquaculture 448: 18–28
132. Quignard JP, Pras A (1986) Labridae. In: Whitehead PJP, Bauchor M-L, Hureau J-C, Nielsen J, Tortonese E (eds) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Vol. II, pp. 919–942. UNESCO, Paris
133. Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Suárez-Medina MD, Guil-Guerrero JL (2009) Fatty acid composition of selected roes from some marine species. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 111: 920–925
134. Rolbiecki L, Rokicki J (2008) Helminths of the lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) from the Gulf of Gdańsk and Vistula Lagoon (Poland). Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 37: 53–59
135. Rønneseth A, Ghebretnsae DB, Wergeland HI, Haugland GT (2015) Functional characterization of IgM+ B cells and adaptive immunity in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). Developmental & Comparative Immunology 52: 132–143
136. Rønneseth A, Haugland GT, Brudal E, Colquhoun D, Wergeland HI (2016) Vaccination and adaptive immune response of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 53: 122
137. Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AA, Dkhil M, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S (2014) Development of a novel in vitro method for drug development for fish; application to test efficacy of antimicrosporidian compounds. Veterinary Record 175: 561–561
138. Sayer MDJ, Davenport J (1996) Hypometabolism in torpid goldsinny wrasse subjected to rapid reductions in seawater temperature. Journal of Fish Biology 49: 64–75
139. Sayer MDJ, Reader JP (1996) Exposure of goldsinny, rock cook and corkwing wrasse to low temperature and low salinity: survival, blood physiology and seasonal variation. Journal of Fish Biology 49: 41–63
140. Sayer MDJ, Gibson RN, Atkinson RJA (1996) Seasonal, sexual and geographical variation in the biology of goldsinny, corkwing and rock cook on the west coast of Scotland. In: Sayer MDJ, Treasurer JW, Costello MJ (eds) Wrasse: Biology and Use in Aquaculture. Blackwell Science, Oxford
141. Scyborska TA (1948) The parasitofauna of Cyclopterus lumpus in the White Sea. Raboty Morsk biologii Stat Karelo-Finsk University 1: 145–151
142. Skiftesvik AB, Bjelland RM, Durif CMF, Johansen IS, Browman HI (2013) Delousing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by cultured vs. wild ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta). Aquaculture 402: 113–118
143. Skiftesvik AB, Blom G, Agnalt A-L, Durif CM, Browman HI, Bjelland RM et al. (2014) Wrasse (Labridae) as cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture – the Hardangerfjord as a case study. Marine Biology Research 10: 289–300
144. Skirnisdottir S, Olafsdottir G, Olafsson K, Jendrossek T, ap Dafydd Lloyd H, Helyar S et al. (2013) Twenty-two novel microsatellite loci for lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Conservation Genetics Resources 5: 177–179
145. Skretting (2016) Lumpsucker. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available URL: http://www.skretting.com/en-GB/species/lumpsucker/
146. Småge SB, Frisch K, Brevik ØJ, Watanabe K, Nylund A (2016) First isolation, identification and characterisation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Norway, isolated from diseased farmed sea lice cleaner fish Cyclopterus lumpus L. Aquaculture 464: 178–184
147. Stevenson SC, Baird BJ (1988) The fishery for lumpfish [Cyclopterus lumpus] in Newfoundland waters. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. C/639.805 C35/1595, 26 p
148. Templeman W, Hodder VM, Fleming AM (1976) Infection of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) with larvae and of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with adults of the copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, in and adjacent to the Newfoundland area, and inferences therefrom on inshore-offshore migrations of cod. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada 33: 711–731
149. Thordarson G (2013) Markets for lumpfish. Coastal Fisheries Reports. Coastal Fisheries in the North Atlantic. [Cited 18 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.coastalfisheries.net/, http://www.coastalfisheries.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Export-value-of-lumpfishproducts-from-Iceland-increase-around-300-million-IKR.pdf
150. Towers L (2015) Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Reported for First Time in Icelandic Fish. The Fish Site and 5M Publishing. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/26621/viral-hemorrhagic-septicemia-reported-for-first-time-in-icelandic-fish/
151. Treasurer JW (2002) A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control. Pest Management Science 58: 546–558
152. Treasurer JW (2013) Use of wrasse in sea lice control. Report to the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF), Sarf068, 33 pp. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available from URL: http://www.sarf.org.uk/cms-assets/documents/124859-172398.sarf068.pdf
153. Vandendriessche S, Messiaen M, O'Flynn S, Vincx M, Degraer S (2007) Hiding and feeding in floating seaweed: floating seaweed clumps as possible refuges or feeding grounds for fishes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71: 691–703
154. Vandeputte M, Baroiller JF, Haffray P, Quillet E (2009) Genetic improvement of fish: achievements and challenges for tomorrow. Cahiers Agricultures 18: 262–269
155. Vasconcelos P, Monteiro CC, Santos MN, Gaspar MB (2004) First record of the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus, 1758) off the Algarve coast (southern Portugal): southward extension of the species distributional range. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20: 159–160
156. Vestvik N (2013) Lumpsuckers on the rise! Campbeltown: Aqua Kompetanse. 7770 Flatanger. [Cited 16 Oct 2016.] Available URL: www.aqua-kompetanse.no