Transcriptional classification and functional characterization of human airway macrophage and dendritic cell subsets

Journal of Immunology

Volumn 198, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 1183-1201

  Patel, Vineet I ^a   Booth, J Leland ^a   Duggan, Elizabeth S ^a   Cate, Steven ^a   White, Vicky L ^b   Hutchings, David ^c   Kovats, Susan ^a,d   Burian, Dennis M ^b   Dozmorov, Mikhail ^e   Metcalf, Jordan P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CIVIL AEROSPACE MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Cherokee Healthcare Services   (United States)

^d OKLAHOMA MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BDCA1 PROTEIN; CD1 ANTIGEN; CD135 ANTIGEN; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD83 ANTIGEN; CD86 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR6; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CX3CR1; HLA DR ANTIGEN; LANGERIN; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CD1C PROTEIN, HUMAN; GLYCOPROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN;

ADULT; AGED; AIRWAY; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; CCR6 GENE; CD1 GENE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL SUBPOPULATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; CX3CR1 GENE; DENDRITIC CELL; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEMALE; FLT3 GENE; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INTERNALIZATION; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; MALE; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; UPREGULATION; CLASSIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; IMMUNOLOGY; LUNG; MACROPHAGE; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; AGED; ANTIGENS, CD; ANTIGENS, CD1; ANTIGENS, CD14; ANTIGENS, CD86; DENDRITIC CELLS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GLYCOPROTEINS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; LUNG; MACROPHAGES; MACROPHAGES, ALVEOLAR; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 85014709776     PISSN: 00221767     EISSN: 15506606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600777     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (92)

1. Krombach, F., J. T. Gerlach, C. Padovan, A. Burges, J. Behr, T. Beinert, and C. Vogelmeier. 1996. Characterization and quantification of alveolar monocytelike cells in human chronic inflammatory lung disease. Eur. Respir. J. 9: 984-991.
2. Sertl, K., T. Takemura, E. Tschachler, V. J. Ferrans, M. A. Kaliner, and E. M. Shevach. 1986. Dendritic cells with antigen-presenting capability reside in airway epithelium, lung parenchyma, and visceral pleura. J. Exp. Med. 163: 436-451.
3. Demedts, I. K., K. R. Bracke, T. Maes, G. F. Joos, and G. G. Brusselle. 2006. Different roles for human lung dendritic cell subsets in pulmonary immune defense mechanisms. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 35: 387-393.
4. Gant, V. A., and A. S. Hamblin. 1985. Human bronchoalveolar macrophage heterogeneity demonstrated by histochemistry, surface markers and phagocytosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 60: 539-545.
5. Cabrera-Rubio, R., M. Garcia-Núñez, L. Setó, J. M. Antó, A. Moya, E. Monsó, and A. Mira. 2012. Microbiome diversity in the bronchial tracts of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50: 3562-3568.
6. Charlson, E. S., K. Bittinger, A. R. Haas, A. S. Fitzgerald, I. Frank, A. Yadav, F. D. Bushman, and R. G. Collman. 2011. Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184: 957-963.
7. Charlson, E. S., K. Bittinger, J. Chen, J. M. Diamond, H. Li, R. G. Collman, and F. D. Bushman. 2012. Assessing bacterial populations in the lung by replicate analysis of samples from the upper and lower respiratory tracts. PLoS One 7: e42786.
8. Dickson, R. P., J. R. Erb-Downward, H. C. Prescott, F. J. Martinez, J. L. Curtis, V. N. Lama, and G. B. Huffnagle. 2014. Analysis of culturedependent versus culture-independent techniques for identification of bacteria in clinically obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52: 3605-3613.
9. Dickson, R. P., J. R. Erb-Downward, C. M. Freeman, L. McCloskey, J. M. Beck, G. B. Huffnagle, and J. L. Curtis. 2015. Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted island model of lung biogeography. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 12: 821-830.
10. Erb-Downward, J. R., D. L. Thompson, M. K. Han, C. M. Freeman, L. McCloskey, L. A. Schmidt, V. B. Young, G. B. Toews, J. L. Curtis, B. Sundaram, et al. 2011. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD. PLoS One 6: e16384.
11. Morris, A., J. M. Beck, P. D. Schloss, T. B. Campbell, K. Crothers, J. L. Curtis, S. C. Flores, A. P. Fontenot, E. Ghedin, L. Huang, et al; Lung HIV Microbiome Project. 2013. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 187: 1067-1075.
12. Hilty, M., C. Burke, H. Pedro, P. Cardenas, A. Bush, C. Bossley, J. Davies, A. Ervine, L. Poulter, L. Pachter, et al. 2010. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PLoS One 5: e8578.
13. Adami, A. J., and J. L. Cervantes. 2015. The microbiome at the pulmonary alveolar niche and its role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 95: 651-658.
14. Bonfield, T. L., M. W. Konstan, P. Burfeind, J. R. Panuska, J. B. Hilliard, and M. Berger. 1995. Normal bronchial epithelial cells constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, which is downregulated in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13: 257-261.
15. Mayer, A. K., H. Bartz, F. Fey, L. M. Schmidt, and A. H. Dalpke. 2008. Airway epithelial cells modify immune responses by inducing an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Eur. J. Immunol. 38: 1689-1699.
16. Cochand, L., P. Isler, F. Songeon, and L. P. Nicod. 1999. Human lung dendritic cells have an immature phenotype with efficient mannose receptors. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 21: 547-554.
17. Nicod, L. P., M. F. Lipscomb, J. C. Weissler, and G. B. Toews. 1989. Mononuclear cells from human lung parenchyma support antigen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 45: 336-344.
18. Demedts, I. K., G. G. Brusselle, K. Y. Vermaelen, and R. A. Pauwels. 2005. Identification and characterization of human pulmonary dendritic cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 32: 177-184.
19. Masten, B. J., G. K. Olson, C. A. Tarleton, C. Rund, M. Schuyler, R. Mehran, T. Archibeque, and M. F. Lipscomb. 2006. Characterization of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in human lung. J. Immunol. 177: 7784-7793.
20. Todate, A., K. Chida, T. Suda, S. Imokawa, J. Sato, K. Ide, T. Tsuchiya, N. Inui, Y. Nakamura, K. Asada, et al. 2000. Increased numbers of dendritic cells in the bronchiolar tissues of diffuse panbronchiolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162: 148-153.
21. Veres, T. Z., S. Rochlitzer, M. Shevchenko, B. Fuchs, F. Prenzler, C. Nassenstein, A. Fischer, L. Welker, O. Holz, M. Müller, et al. 2007. Spatial interactions between dendritic cells and sensory nerves in allergic airway inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 37: 553-561.
22. Bratke, K., M. Lommatzsch, P. Julius, M. Kuepper, H.-D. Kleine, W. Luttmann, and J. Christian Virchow. 2007. Dendritic cell subsets in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen challenge. Thorax 62: 168-175.
23. Ten Berge, B., F. Muskens, A. Kleinjan, H. Hammad, H. C. Hoogsteden, B. N. Lambrecht, and B. Van den Blink. 2009. A novel method for isolating dendritic cells from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Immunol. Methods 351: 13-23.
24. Tsoumakidou, M., N. Tzanakis, H. A. Papadaki, H. Koutala, and N. M. Siafakas. 2006. Isolation of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunol. Cell Biol. 84: 267-273.
25. van Haarst, J. M., H. C. Hoogsteden, H. J. de Wit, G. T. Verhoeven, C. E. Havenith, and H. A. Drexhage. 1994. Dendritic cells and their precursors isolated from human bronchoalveolar lavage: immunocytologic and functional properties. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11: 344-350.
26. Dzionek, A., A. Fuchs, P. Schmidt, S. Cremer, M. Zysk, S. Miltenyi, D. W. Buck, and J. Schmitz. 2000. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immunol. 165: 6037-6046.
27. Desch, A. N., S. L. Gibbings, R. Goyal, R. Kolde, J. Bednarek, T. Bruno, J. E. Slansky, J. Jacobelli, R. Mason, Y. Ito, et al. 2016. Flow cytometric analysis of mononuclear phagocytes in nondiseased human lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 193: 614-626.
28. + dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 97: 627-634.
29. + counterparts. Int. Immunol. 19: 1271-1279.
30. + antigen-presenting cells in human dermis respond rapidly to CCR7 ligands. J. Immunol. 176: 5730-5734.
31. Haniffa, M., F. Ginhoux, X.-N. Wang, V. Bigley, M. Abel, I. Dimmick, S. Bullock, M. Grisotto, T. Booth, P. Taub, et al. 2009. Differential rates of replacement of human dermal dendritic cells and macrophages during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J. Exp. Med. 206: 371-385.
32. + dermal dendritic cells. Immunity 29: 497-510.
33. + cells are a transient population of monocyte-derived macrophages. [Published erratum appears in 2015 Immunity 42: 391.] Immunity 41: 465-477.
34. Baharom, F., S. Thomas, G. Rankin, R. Lepzien, J. Pourazar, A. F. Behndig, C. Ahlm, A. Blomberg, and A. Smed-Sörensen. 2016. Dendritic cells and monocytes with distinct inflammatory responses reside in lung mucosa of healthy humans. J. Immunol. 196: 4498-4509.
35. Jakubzick, C., E. L. Gautier, S. L. Gibbings, D. K. Sojka, A. Schlitzer, T. E. Johnson, S. Ivanov, Q. Duan, S. Bala, T. Condon, et al. 2013. Minimal differentiation of classical monocytes as they survey steady-state tissues and transport antigen to lymph nodes. Immunity 39: 599-610.
36. Lewalle, P., R. Rouas, F. Lehmann, and P. Martiat. 2000. Freezing of dendritic cells, generated from cryopreserved leukaphereses, does not influence their ability to induce antigen-specific immune responses or functionally react to maturation stimuli. J. Immunol. Methods 240: 69-78.
37. Lanteri, M. C., Z. Kaidarova, T. Peterson, S. Cate, B. Custer, S. Wu, M. Agapova, J. P. Law, T. Bielawny, F. Plummer, et al. 2011. Association between HLA class I and class II alleles and the outcome of West Nile virus infection: an exploratory study. PLoS One 6: e22948.
38. Chakrabarty, K., W. Wu, J. L. Booth, E. S. Duggan, N. N. Nagle, K. M. Coggeshall, and J. P. Metcalf. 2007. Human lung innate immune response to Bacillus anthracis spore infection. Infect. Immun. 75: 3729-3738.
39. Johar, A. S., C. Mastronardi, A. Rojas-Villarraga, H. R. Patel, A. Chuah, K. Peng, A. Higgins, P. Milburn, S. Palmer, M. F. Silva-Lara, et al. 2015. Novel and rare functional genomic variants in multiple autoimmune syndrome and Sjögren's syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 13: 173.
40. Long, A. E., K. M. Gillespie, R. J. Aitken, J. C. Goode, P. J. Bingley, and A. J. K. Williams. 2013. Humoral responses to islet antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8 are attenuated in patients carrying HLA-A24 alleles at the onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 62: 2067-2071.
41. O'Hanlon, T. P., D. M. Carrick, I. N. Targoff, F. C. Arnett, J. D. Reveille, M. Carrington, X. Gao, C. V. Oddis, P. A. Morel, J. D. Malley, et al. 2006. Immunogenetic risk and protective factors for the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: distinct HLA-A, -B, -Cw, -DRB1, and -DQA1 allelic profiles distinguish European American patients with different myositis autoantibodies. Medicine (Baltimore) 85: 111-127.
42. Sveinbjornsson, G., D. F. Gudbjartsson, B. V. Halldorsson, K. G. Kristinsson, M. Gottfredsson, J. C. Barrett, L. J. Gudmundsson, K. Blondal, A. Gylfason, S. A. Gudjonsson, et al. 2016. HLA class II sequence variants influence tuberculosis risk in populations of European ancestry. Nat. Genet. 48: 318-322.
43. + dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique myeloid DC subset that crosspresents necrotic cell antigens. J. Exp. Med. 207: 1247-1260.
44. + nonlymphoid dendritic cells. Immunity 37: 60-73.
45. + dendritic cells and a subset of monocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 16693-16701.
46. Sancho, D., O. P. Joffre, A. M. Keller, N. C. Rogers, D. Martínez, P. Hernanz-Falcón, I. Rosewell, and C. Reis e Sousa. 2009. Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity. Nature 458: 899-903.
47. MacDonald, K. P. A., D. J. Munster, G. J. Clark, A. Dzionek, J. Schmitz, and D. N. J. Hart. 2002. Characterization of human blood dendritic cell subsets. Blood 100: 4512-4520.
48. Tserel, L., T. Runnel, K. Kisand, M. Pihlap, L. Bakhoff, R. Kolde, H. Peterson, J. Vilo, P. Peterson, and A. Rebane. 2011. MicroRNA expression profiles of human blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages reveal miR-511 as putative positive regulator of Toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 286: 26487-26495.
49. + dendritic cells in human and mouse control mucosal IL-17 cytokine responses. Immunity 38: 970-983.
50. Waskow, C., K. Liu, G. Darrasse-Jèze, P. Guermonprez, F. Ginhoux, M. Merad, T. Shengelia, K. Yao, and M. Nussenzweig. 2008. The receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 is required for dendritic cell development in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Nat. Immunol. 9: 676-683.
51. Tomlinson, G. S., H. Booth, S. J. Petit, E. Potton, G. J. Towers, R. F. Miller, B. M. Chain, and M. Noursadeghi. 2012. Adherent human alveolar macrophages exhibit a transient pro-inflammatory profile that confounds responses to innate immune stimulation. PLoS One 7: e40348.
52. Nestle, F. O., X. G. Zheng, C. B. Thompson, L. A. Turka, and B. J. Nickoloff. 1993. Characterization of dermal dendritic cells obtained from normal human skin reveals phenotypic and functionally distinctive subsets. J. Immunol. 151: 6535-6545.
53. Lenz, A., M. Heine, G. Schuler, and N. Romani. 1993. Human and murine dermis contain dendritic cells. Isolation by means of a novel method and phenotypical and functional characterization. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 2587-2596.
54. + dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 207: 1283-1292.
55. + dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 207: 1273-1281.
56. Crozat, K., R. Guiton, M. Guilliams, S. Henri, T. Baranek, I. Schwartz-Cornil, B. Malissen, and M. Dalod. 2010. Comparative genomics as a tool to reveal functional equivalences between human and mouse dendritic cell subsets. Immunol. Rev. 234: 177-198.
57. Salem, S., D. Langlais, F. Lefebvre, G. Bourque, V. Bigley, M. Haniffa, J.-L. Casanova, D. Burk, A. Berghuis, K. M. Butler, et al. 2014. Functional characterization of the human dendritic cell immunodeficiency associated with the IRF8(K108E) mutation. Blood 124: 1894-1904.
58. Cox, K., M. North, M. Burke, H. Singhal, S. Renton, N. Aqel, S. Islam, and S. C. Knight. 2005. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are the major DC subset innately producing cytokines in human lymph nodes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78: 1142-1152.
59. Ten Berge, B., A. Kleinjan, F. Muskens, H. Hammad, H. C. Hoogsteden, R. W. Hendriks, B. N. Lambrecht, and B. Van den Blink. 2012. Evidence for local dendritic cell activation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir. Res. 13: 33.
60. Geissmann, F., S. Jung, and D. R. Littman. 2003. Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity 19: 71-82.
61. Segura, E., J. Valladeau-Guilemond, M.-H. Donnadieu, X. Sastre-Garau, V. Soumelis, and S. Amigorena. 2012. Characterization of resident and migratory dendritic cells in human lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 209: 653-660.
62. + myeloid dendritic cells secrete IL-10 and display an immunoregulatory phenotype and function in response to Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Immunol. 42: 1512-1522.
63. Jin, J.-O., W. Zhang, J.-Y. Du, and Q. Yu. 2014. BDCA1-positive dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique human myeloid DC subset that induces innate and adaptive immune responses to Staphylococcus aureus infection. Infect. Immun. 82: 4466-4476.
64. Brittingham, K. C., G. Ruthel, R. G. Panchal, C. L. Fuller, W. J. Ribot, T. A. Hoover, H. A. Young, A. O. Anderson, and S. Bavari. 2005. Dendritic cells endocytose Bacillus anthracis spores: implications for anthrax pathogenesis. J. Immunol. 174: 5545-5552.
65. Guidi-Rontani, C., M. Weber-Levy, E. Labruyère, and M. Mock. 1999. Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages. Mol. Microbiol. 31: 9-17.
66. Juarez, E., C. Nuñez, E. Sada, J. J. Ellner, S. K. Schwander, and M. Torres. 2010. Differential expression of Toll-like receptors on human alveolar macrophages and autologous peripheral monocytes. Respir. Res. 11: 2.
67. Hoebe, K., P. Georgel, S. Rutschmann, X. Du, S. Mudd, K. Crozat, S. Sovath, L. Shamel, T. Hartung, U. Zähringer, and B. Beutler. 2005. CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides. Nature 433: 523-527.
68. Takeuchi, O., K. Hoshino, and S. Akira. 2000. Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. J. Immunol. 165: 5392-5396.
69. Oliva, C. R., M. K. Swiecki, C. E. Griguer, M. W. Lisanby, D. C. Bullard, C. L. Turnbough, Jr., and J. F. Kearney. 2008. The integrin Mac-1 (CR3) mediates internalization and directs Bacillus anthracis spores into professional phagocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 1261-1266.
70. Oliva, C., C. L. Turnbough, Jr., and J. F. Kearney. 2009. CD14-Mac-1 interactions in Bacillus anthracis spore internalization by macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 13957-13962.
71. Gu, C., S. A. Jenkins, Q. Xue, and Y. Xu. 2012. Activation of the classical complement pathway by Bacillus anthracis is the primary mechanism for spore phagocytosis and involves the spore surface protein BclA. J. Immunol. 188: 4421-4431.
72. Neaga, A., J. Lefor, K. E. Lich, S. F. Liparoto, and Y. Q. Xiao. 2013. Development and validation of a flow cytometric method to evaluate phagocytosis of pHrodo™ BioParticles® by granulocytes in multiple species. J. Immunol. Methods 390: 9-17.
73. Lennon-Duménil, A.-M., A. H. Bakker, R. Maehr, E. Fiebiger, H. S. Overkleeft, M. Rosemblatt, H. L. Ploegh, and C. Lagaudrière-Gesbert. 2002. Analysis of protease activity in live antigen-presenting cells shows regulation of the phagosomal proteolytic contents during dendritic cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 196: 529-540.
74. Jancic, C., A. Savina, C. Wasmeier, T. Tolmachova, J. El-Benna, P. M.-C. Dang, S. Pascolo, M.-A. Gougerot-Pocidalo, G. Raposo, M. C. Seabra, and S. Amigorena. 2007. Rab27a regulates phagosomal pH and NADPH oxidase recruitment to dendritic cell phagosomes. Nat. Cell Biol. 9: 367-378.
75. Trombetta, E. S., M. Ebersold, W. Garrett, M. Pypaert, and I. Mellman. 2003. Activation of lysosomal function during dendritic cell maturation. Science 299: 1400-1403.
76. Lukacs, G. L., O. D. Rotstein, and S. Grinstein. 1991. Determinants of the phagosomal pH in macrophages. In situ assessment of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity, counterion conductance, and H+ "leak". J. Biol. Chem. 266: 24540-24548.
77. Lukacs, G. L., O. D. Rotstein, and S. Grinstein. 1990. Phagosomal acidification is mediated by a vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase in murine macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 21099-21107.
78. Kiama, S. G., L. Cochand, L. Karlsson, L. P. Nicod, and P. Gehr. 2001. Evaluation of phagocytic activity in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Aerosol Med. 14: 289-299.
79. MacLean, J. A., W. Xia, C. E. Pinto, L. Zhao, H. W. Liu, and R. L. Kradin. 1996. Sequestration of inhaled particulate antigens by lung phagocytes. A mechanism for the effective inhibition of pulmonary cell-mediated immunity. Am. J. Pathol. 148: 657-666.
80. Greaves, D. R., W. Wang, D. J. Dairaghi, M. C. Dieu, B. Saint-Vis, K. Franz-Bacon, D. Rossi, C. Caux, T. McClanahan, S. Gordon, et al. 1997. CCR6, a CC chemokine receptor that interacts with macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and is highly expressed in human dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 186: 837-844.
81. Robbins, S. H., T. Walzer, D. Dembélé, C. Thibault, A. Defays, G. Bessou, H. Xu, E. Vivier, M. Sellars, P. Pierre, et al. 2008. Novel insights into the relationships between dendritic cell subsets in human and mouse revealed by genome-wide expression profiling. Genome Biol. 9: R17.
82. Segura, E., M. Touzot, A. Bohineust, A. Cappuccio, G. Chiocchia, A. Hosmalin, M. Dalod, V. Soumelis, and S. Amigorena. 2013. Human inflammatory dendritic cells induce Th17 cell differentiation. Immunity 38: 336-348.
83. Asquith, D. L., L. E. Ballantine, J. S. Nijjar, M. K. Makdasy, S. Patel, P. B. Wright, J. H. Reilly, S. Kerr, M. Kurowska-Stolarska, J. A. Gracie, and I. B. McInnes. 2013. The liver X receptor pathway is highly upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages and potentiates TLR-driven cytokine release. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72: 2024-2031.
84. Bigley, V., M. Haniffa, S. Doulatov, X.-N. Wang, R. Dickinson, N. McGovern, L. Jardine, S. Pagan, I. Dimmick, I. Chua, et al. 2011. The human syndrome of dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphoid deficiency. J. Exp. Med. 208: 227-234.
85. Kanitakis, J., E. Morelon, P. Petruzzo, L. Badet, and J.-M. Dubernard. 2011. Self-renewal capacity of human epidermal Langerhans cells: observations made on a composite tissue allograft. Exp. Dermatol. 20: 145-146.
86. + myeloid dendritic cells by in vitro-activated proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int. 87: 1153-1163.
87. Delamarre, L., M. Pack, H. Chang, I. Mellman, and E. S. Trombetta. 2005. Differential lysosomal proteolysis in antigen-presenting cells determines antigen fate. Science 307: 1630-1634.
88. Hashimoto, D., A. Chow, C. Noizat, P. Teo, M. B. Beasley, M. Leboeuf, C. D. Becker, P. See, J. Price, D. Lucas, et al. 2013. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity 38: 792-804.
89. Yu, Y.-R. A., D. F. Hotten, Y. Malakhau, E. Volker, A. J. Ghio, P. W. Noble, M. Kraft, J. W. Hollingsworth, M. D. Gunn, and R. M. Tighe. 2016. Flow cytometric analysis of myeloid cells in human blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 54: 13-24.
90. Bharat, A., S. M. Bhorade, L. Morales-Nebreda, A. C. McQuattie-Pimentel, S. Soberanes, K. Ridge, M. M. DeCamp, K. K. Mestan, H. Perlman, G. R. S. Budinger, and A. V. Misharin. 2016. Flow cytometry reveals similarities between lung macrophages in humans and mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 54: 147-149.
91. Yamauchi, K., Y. Martinet, P. Basset, G. A. Fells, and R. G. Crystal. 1988. High levels of transforming growth factor-β are present in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal human lower respiratory tract. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 1360-1363.
92. Magnan, A., I. Frachon, B. Rain, M. Peuchmaur, G. Monti, B. Lenot, M. Fattal, G. Simonneau, P. Galanaud, and D. Emilie. 1994. Transforming growth factor beta in normal human lung: preferential location in bronchial epithelial cells. Thorax 49: 789-792.