The convective transport of active species in the tropics (Contrast) experiment

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 106-128

  Pan, L L ^a   Atlas, E L ^b   Salawitch, R J ^c   Honomichl, S B ^a   Bresch, J F ^a   Randel, W J ^a   Apel, E C ^a   Hornbrook, R S ^a   Weinheimer, A J ^a   Anderson, D C ^c   Andrews, S J ^d   Baidar, S ^e   Beaton, S P ^a   Campos, T L ^a   Carpenter, L J ^d   Chen, D ^f   Dix, B ^e   Donets, V ^b   Hall, S R ^a   Hanisco, T F ^g   Homeyer, C R ^h   Huey, L G ^f   Jensen, J B ^a   Kaser, L ^a   Kinnison, D E ^a   Koenig, T K ^e   Lamarque, J F ^a   Liu, C ⁱ   Luo, J ^a,q   Luo, Z J ^j   Montzka, D D ^a   Nicely, J M ^c   Pierce, R B ^k   Riemer, D D ^b   Robinson, T ^l   Romashkin, P ^a   Saiz Lopez, A ^m   Schauffler, S ^a   Shieh, O ^l   Stell, M H ^a,n   Ullmann, K ^a   Vaughan, G ^o   Volkamer, R ^e   Wolfe, G ^g,p   more..

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^f GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^g NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

ⁱ TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY CORPUS CHRISTI   (United States)

^j CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^k NOAA's Satellite/Information Service   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^m INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA FÍSICA ROCASOLANO   (Spain)

ⁿ METROPOLITAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^p UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

^q LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS; OZONE; OZONE LAYER; TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR LOGIC CIRCUITS; TROPOSPHERE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

AIRBORNE OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION CAPACITY; CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT; IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS; TRACE GAS MEASUREMENT; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE LAYERS; TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS;

TROPICS;

EID: 85011636382     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00272.1     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anderson, D. C., and Coauthors, 2016: A pervasive role for biomass burning in tropical high ozone/low water structures. Nat. Commun., 7, 10267, doi:10.1038/ncomms10267.
2. Andrews, S. J., and Coauthors, 2016: A comparison of very short-lived halocarbon (VSLS) and DMS aircraft measurements in the Tropical West Pacific from CAST, ATTREX and CONTRAST. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5213-5225, doi:10.5194/amt-2016-94.
3. Apel, E. C., and Coauthors, 2015: Upper tropospheric ozone production from lightning NOx-impacted convection: Smoke ingestion case study from the DC3 campaign. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 2505-2523, doi:10.1002/2014JD022121.
4. Baidar, S., H. Oetjen, S. Coburn, B. Dix, I. Ortega, R. Sinreich, and R. Volkamer, 2013: The CU Airborne MAX-DOAS instrument: Vertical profiling of aerosol extinction and trace gases. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 719-739, doi:10.5194/amt-6-719-2013.
5. Bergman, J. W., E. J. Jensen, L. Pfister, and Q. Yang, 2012: Seasonal differences of vertical-transport efficiency in the tropical tropopause layer: On the interplay between tropical deep convection, large-scale vertical ascent, and horizontal circulations. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05302, doi:10.1029/2011JD016992.
6. Calvert, J., A. Mellouki, and J. Orlando, 2011: Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Oxygenates. Oxford University Press, 1634pp.
7. Carpenter, L. J., and Coauthors, 2010: Seasonal characteristics of tropical marine boundary layer air measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory. J. Atmos. Chem., 67, 87-140, doi:10.1007/s10874-011-9206-1.
8. -, S. M. MacDonald, M. D. Shaw, R. Kumar, R. W. Saunders, R. Parthipan, J. Wilson, and J. M. C. Plane, 2013: Atmospheric iodine levels influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine. Nat. Geosci., 6, 108-111, doi:10.1038/ngeo1687.
9. -, S. Reimann, J. B. Burkholder, C. Clerbaux, B. D. Hall, R. Hossaini, J. C. Laube, and S. A. Yvon-Lewis, 2014: Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and other gases of interest to the Montreal Protocol. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 55, World Meteorological Organization, 1.1-1.79. [Available online at www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone-2014/documents/Full-report-2014-Ozone-Assessment.pdf.]
10. 2 over the tropical west Pacific from 1 to 15 km during the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 12560-12578, doi:10.1002/2016JD025561.
11. Corti, T., B. P. Luo, T. Peter, H. Vömel, and Q. Fu, 2005: Mean radiative energy balance and vertical mass fluxes in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06802, doi:10.1029/2004GL021889.
12. Crawford, J. H., and Coauthors, 1997: Implications of large scale shifts in tropospheric NOx levels in the remote tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28447-28468, doi:10.1029/97JD00011.
13. Dima, I. M., and J. M. Wallace, 2007: Structure of annual-mean equatorial planetary waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2862-2880, doi:10.1175/JAS3985.1.
14. Dix, B., S. Baidar, J. F. Bresch, S. R. Hall, K. S. Schmidt, S. Wang, and R. Volkamer, 2013: Detection of iodine monoxide in the tropical free troposphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 2035-2040, doi:10.1073/pnas.1212386110.
15. Fernandez, R. P., R. J. Salawitch, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, and A. Saiz-Lopez, 2014: Bromine partitioning in the tropical tropopause layer: Implications for stratospheric injection. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 17857-17905, doi:10.5194/acpd-14-17857-2014.
16. Flemming, J., A. Inness, H. Flentje, V. Huijnen, P. Moinat, M. G. Schultz, and O. Stein, 2009: Coupling global chemistry transport models to ECMWF's integrated forecast system. Geosci. Model Dev., 2, 253-265, doi:10.5194/gmd-2-253-2009.
17. Frieler, K., and Coauthors, 2006: Toward a better quantitative understanding of polar stratospheric ozone loss. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10812, doi:10.1029/2005GL025466.
18. Fueglistaler, S., H. Wernli, and T. Peter, 2004: Tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004069.
19. -, A. E. Dessler, T. J. Dunkerton, I. Folkins, Q. Fu, and P. W. Mote, 2009: Tropical tropopause layer. Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267.
20. Gregory, G. L., and Coauthors, 1999: Chemical characteristics of Pacific tropospheric air in the region of the intertropical convergence zone and South Pacific convergence zone. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5677-5696, doi:10.1029/98JD01357.
21. Harris, N. R. P., and Coauthors 2017: Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST). Bull. Ame r. Me teor. Soc., 98, 145-162, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00290.1.
22. Hayashi, H., K. Kita, and S. Taguchi, 2008: Ozoneenhanced layers in the troposphere over the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the influence of transport of midlatitude UT/LS air. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2609-2621, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2609-2008.
23. Hoell, J. M., and Coauthors, 1999: Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-Tropics A, August-September 1996. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5567-5583, doi:10.1029/1998JD100074.
24. Holton, J. R., and A. Gettelman, 2001: Horizontal transport and the dehydration of the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2799-2802, doi:10.1029/2001GL013148.
25. Huey, L. G., 2007: Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 166-184, doi:10.1002/mas.20118.
26. Jacob, D. J., and Coauthors, 2003: The Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 9000, doi:10.1029/20 02JD0 03276.
27. Jensen, E. J., and Coauthors, 2017: The NASA Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX): High-altitude aircraft measurements in the tropical western Pacific. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 129-143, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00263.1.
28. Kley, D., P. J. Crutzen, H. G. J. Smit, H. Vömel, S. J. Oltmans, H. Grassl, and V. Ramanathan, 1996: Observations of near-zero ozone concentrations over the convective Pacific: Effects on air chemistry. Science, 274, 230-233, doi:10.1126/science.274.5285.230.
29. Ko, M. K. W., N.-D. Sze, C. J. Scott, and D. K. Weisenstein, 1997: On the relation between stratospheric chlorine/bromine loading and short-lived tropospheric source gases. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25507-25517, doi:10.1029/97JD02431.
30. Kondo, Y., and Coauthors, 2002: Effects of biomass burning, lightning, and convection on O3, CO, and NOy over the tropical Pacific and Australia in August-October 1998 and 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8402, doi:10.1029/2001JD000820.
31. Krüger, K., S. Tegtmeier, and M. Rex, 2008: Longterm climatology of air mass transport through the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during NH winter. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 813-823, doi:10.5194/acp-8-813-2008.
32. Lamarque, J.-F., and Coauthors, 2012: CAM-chem: Description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model. Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369-411, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012.
33. Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, 1991: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-264, doi:10.1007/BF00058134.
34. Liu, C., and E. J. Zipser, 2015: The global distribution of largest, deepest, and most intense precipitation systems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3591-3595, doi:10.1002/2015GL063776.
35. Millet, D. B., and Coauthors, 2010: Global atmospheric budget of acetaldehyde: 3-D model analysis and constraints from in-situ and satellite observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3405-3425, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3405-2010.
36. Newell, R. E., and S. Gould-Stewart, 1981: A stratospheric fountain? J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2789-2796, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1981)0382789:ASF2.0.CO;2.
37. Newton, R., G. Vaughan, H. M. A. Ricketts, L. L. Pan, A. J. Weinheimer, and C. Chemel, 2016: Ozonesonde profiles from the West Pacific Warm Pool: Measurements and validation. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 619-634, doi:10.5194/acp-16-619-2016.
38. Nicely, J. M., and Coauthors, 2016: An observationally constrained evaluation of the oxidative capacity in the tropical western Pacific troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 7461-7488, doi:10.1002/2016JD025067.
39. Pan, L. L., and L. A. Munchak, 2011: Relationship of cloud top to the tropopause and jet structure from CALIPSO data. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12201, doi:10.1029/2010JD015462.
40. -, and Coauthors, 2015: Bimodal distribution of free tropospheric ozone over the tropical western Pacific revealed by airborne observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7844-7851, doi:10.1002/2015 GL065562.
41. Pierce, R. B., and Coauthors, 2007: Chemical data assimilation estimates of continental U.S. ozone and nitrogen budgets during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S21, doi:10.1029/2006JD007722.
42. Randel, W. J., and E. J. Jensen, 2013: Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nat. Geosci., 6, 169-176, doi:10.1038/ngeo1733.
43. Randel, W. J., L. Rivoire, L. L. Pan, and S. B. Honomichl, 2016: Dry layers in the tropical troposphere observed during CONTRAST and global behavior from GFS analyses. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, doi:10.1002/2016JD025841.
44. Rex, M., and Coauthors, 2014: A tropical West Pacific OH minimum and implications for stratospheric composition. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827-4841, doi:10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014.
45. Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wan, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)0151609:AIISAS2.0.CO;2.
46. Ridley, B. A., F. E. Grahek, and J. G. Walega, 1992: A small, high-sensitivity, medium-response ozone detector for measurements from light aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 142-148, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1992)0090142:ASHSMR2.0.CO;2.
47. Saiz-Lopez, A., and R. von Glasow, 2012: Reactive halogen chemistry in the troposphere. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6448-6472, doi:10.1039/c2cs35208g.
48. -, and Coauthors, 2012: Estimating the climate significance of halogen-driven ozone loss in the tropical marine troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3939-3949, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012.
49. -, R. P. Fernandez, C. Ordóñez, D. E. Kinnison, J. C. Gómez Martín, J. F. Lamarque, and S. Tilmes, 2014: Iodine chemistry in the troposphere and its effect on ozone. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13119-13143, doi:10.5194/acp-14-13119-2014.
50. -, A., and Coauthors, 2015: Injection of iodine to the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6852-6859, doi:10.1002/2015GL064796.
51. Salawitch, R. J., D. K. Weisenstein, L. J. Kovalenko, C. E. Sioris, P. O. Wennberg, K. Chance, M. K. W. Ko, and C. A. McLinden, 2005: Sensitivity of ozone to bromine in the lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05811, doi:10.1029/2004GL021504.
52. Schoeberl, M. R., and A. E. Dessler, 2011: Dehydration of the stratosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8433-8446, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8433-2011.
53. Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 113 pp., doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.
54. Stephens, G. L., and Coauthors, 2008: CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after the first year of operation. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A18, doi:10.1029/2008JD009982.
55. Takahashi, H., and Z. Luo, 2012: Where is the level of neutral buoyancy for deep convection? Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15809, doi:10.1029/2012GL052638.
56. Thompson, A. M., S. J. Oltmans, D. W. Tarasick, P. von der Gathen, H. G. J. Smit, and J. C. Witte, 2011: Strategic ozone sounding networks: Review of design and accomplishments. Atmos. Environ., 45, 2145-2163, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.002.
57. Thouret, V., J. Y. N. Cho, M. J. Evans, R. E. Newell, M. A. Avery, J. D. W. Barrick, G. W. Sachse, and G. L. Gregory, 2001: Tropospheric ozone layers observed during PEM-Tropics B. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32527-32538, doi:10.1029/2001JD900011.
58. Volkamer, R., and Coauthors, 2015: Aircraft measurements of BrO, IO, glyoxal, NO2, H2O, O2-O2 and aerosol extinction profiles in the tropics: Comparison with aircraft-/ship-based in situ and lidar measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2121-2148, doi:10.5194/amt-8-2121-2015.
59. Vömel, H., and K. Diaz, 2010: Ozone sonde cell current measurements and implications for observations of near-zero ozone concentrations in the tropical upper troposphere. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 495-505, doi:10.5194/amt-3-495-2010.
60. Wang, S.-Y., and Coauthors, 2015: Active and widespread halogen chemistry in the tropical and subtropical free troposphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 9281-9286, doi:10.1073/pnas.1505142112.
61. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377-1416, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1992)0731377:TCTCOR2.0.CO;2.
62. Wyrtki, K., 1989: Some thoughts about the West Pacific Warm Pool. Proc. Western Pacific Int. Meeting and Workshop on TOGA COARE, Nouméa, New Caledonia, ORSTOM, 99-109.
63. Yang, Q., Q. Fu, and Y. Hu, 2010: Radiative impacts of clouds in the tropical tropopause layer. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H12, doi:10.1029/2009JD012393.
64. Yoneyama, K., and D. B. Parsons, 1999: A mechanism for the intrusion of dry air into the tropical western Pacific region. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1524-1546, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)0561524:APMFTi2.0.CO;2.