Can biomass energy be an efficient policy tool for sustainable development?

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 71, Issue , 2017, Pages 830-845

  Bilgili, Faik ^a   Koçak, Emrah ^b   Bulut, Ümit ^b   Kuşkaya, Sevda ^a  

^a ERCIYES UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b AHI EVRAN UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Asymmetric causality; Biomass production; Policy implication; Sustainability; The US economy

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ECONOMICS; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; LAND USE; PLANNING; PUBLIC POLICY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

ASYMMETRIC CAUSALITY; BIO-MASS ENERGY; BIOMASS PRODUCTIONS; CO 2 EMISSION; ENERGY-CONSUMPTION; PER CAPITA; POLICY IMPLICATIONS; POLICY TOOLS; THE US ECONOMY;

ENERGY UTILIZATION;

EID: 85009288179     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.109     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. [1] Stern, D.I., Economic growth and energy. Encycl Energy 2 (2004), 35–78.
2. [2] Bilgili, F., Ozturk, I., Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: evidence from dynamic panel data. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49 (2015), 132–138.
3. [3] International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook, 〈http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/weo2012/〉 2012 [accessed 01.11.15].
4. [4] Ong, H.C., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 639–647.
5. [5] Qin, Z., Zhuang, Q., Chen, M., Impacts of land use change due to biofuel crops on carbon balance, bioenergy production, and agricultural yield, in the conterminous United States. GCB Bioenergy 4 (2012), 277–288.
6. [6] Müller-Steinhagen, H., Nitsch, J., The contribution of renewable energies to a sustainable energy economy. Process Saf Environ Prot 83 (2005), 285–297.
7. [7] Chapman, I., The end of Peak Oil? Why this topic is still relevant despite recent denials. Energy Policy 64 (2014), 93–101.
8. [8] Li, M., Peak oil, the rise of China and India, and the global energy crisis. J Contemp Asia 37 (2007), 449–471.
9. [9] Dincer, I., Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 4 (2000), 157–175.
10. [10] Ahmad, S., Tahar, R.M., Selection of renewable energy sources for sustainable development of electricity generation system using analytic hierarchy process: a case of Malaysia. Renew Energy 63 (2014), 458–466.
11. [11] Vivoda, V., Japan's energy security predicament post-Fukushima. Energy Policy 46 (2012), 135–143.
12. [12] Brown, S.P., Huntington, H.G., Energy security and climate change protection: complementarity or tradeoff?. Energy Policy 36 (2008), 3510–3513.
13. [13] Bang, G., Energy security and climate change concerns: triggers for energy policy change in the United States?. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 1645–1653.
14. [14] Gunningham, N., Managing the energy trilemma: the case of Indonesia. Energy Policy 54 (2013), 184–193.
15. [15] Ozturk I. Energy dependency and security: The role of efficiency and renewable energy sources. International Growth Centre, London School of Economics andPolitical Science, 〈http://igc.soapboxserver.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ozturk-2014-Working-Paper.pdf〉 [accessed 10.11.15]; 2014.
16. [16] Tingem, M., Rivington, M., Adaptation for crop agriculture to climate change in Cameroon: turning on the heat. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 14 (2009), 153–168.
17. [17] Wuebbles, D.J., Jain, A.K., Watts, R.G., Concerns aboutclimate change and global warming. Watts, R.G., (eds.) Innovative Energy Strategies for CO2Stabilization, 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1–26.
18. [18] Reay, D.S., Grace, J., Carbon dioxide: importance, sources and sinks. Raey, D., (eds.) Greenhouse Gas Sinks, 2007, CABI, London, 1–10.
19. [19] Lau, L.C., Lee, K.T., Mohamed, A.R., Global warming mitigation and renewable energy policy development from the Kyoto Protocol to the Copenhagen Accord—A comment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 5280–5284.
20. [20] Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J., Environmental degradation, economic growth and energy consumption: evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia. Energy Policy 60 (2013), 892–905.
21. [21] Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M.M., Gohari, M., Majid, M.Z.A., A global review of energy consumption, CO2emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2emitting countries). Renew Sustain Energy Rev 43 (2015), 843–862.
22. [22] Global Greengouse Gas Reference Network. 〈http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/〉 [accessed 29.10.15]; 2015.
23. [23] Maslin, M., Global warming: a very short introduction. 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
24. [24] Narayan, R., Rationale, drivers, standards and technology for biobased materials. Graziani, M., Fornasiero, P., (eds.) Renewable Resources and Renewable Energy: A Global Challenge, 2007, CRC Press-Taylor and Francis Group Boca Raton, Florida, 3–18.
25. [25] Swapnesh, A., Srivastava, V.C., Mall, I.D., Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Analysis of CO2Utilization Reactions. Chem Eng Technol 37 (2014), 1765–1777.
26. [26] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Working Group III, Climate change: formulation of response strategies. 1990, Island Press, Washington D.C.
27. [27] Schulze, E.D., Körner, C., Law, B.E., Haberl, H., Luyssaert, S., Large‐scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. GCB Bioenergy 4 (2012), 611–616.
28. [28] Mitchell, S.R., Harmon, M.E., O'Connell, K.E., Carbon debt and carbon sequestration parity in forest bioenergy production. GCB Bioenergy 4 (2012), 818–827.
29. [29] Schueler, V., Weddige, U., Beringer, T., Gamba, L., Lamers, P., Global biomass potentials under sustainability restrictions defined by the European Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC. GCB Bioenergy 5 (2013), 652–663.
30. [30] Van Zelm, R., Muchada, P.A., Velde, M., Kindermann, G., Obersteiner, M., Huijbregts, M.A., Impacts of biogenic CO2emissions on human health and terrestrial ecosystems: the case of increased wood extraction for bioenergy production on a global scale. GCB Bioenergy 7 (2014), 608–617.
31. [31] Creutzig, F., Ravindranath, N.H., Berndes, G., Bolwig, S., Bright, R., Cherubini, F., et al. Bioenergy andclimate change mitigation: an assessment. GCB Bioenergy 7 (2014), 916–944.
32. [32] Akorede, M.F., Hizam, H., Ab Kadir, M.Z.A., Aris, I., Buba, S.D., Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 2747–2761.
33. [33] Searle, S., Malins, C., A reassessment of global bioenergy potential in 2050. GCB Bioenergy 7 (2015), 328–336.
34. [34] Demirbas, A., Biofuels: green energy and technology. 2008, Springer, London.
35. [35] Wang, S., Hastings, A., Wang, S., Sunnenberg, G., Tallis, M.J., Casella, E., et al. The potential for bioenergy crops to contribute to meeting GB heat and electricity demands. GCB Bioenergy 6 (2014), 136–141.
36. [36] Bhattacharya, S.C., Salam, P.A., Pham, H.L., Ravindranath, N.H., Sustainable biomass production for energy in selected Asian countries. Biomass- Bioenergy 25 (2003), 471–482.
37. [37] Teske, S., Pregger, T., Simon, S., Naegler, T., Graus, W., Lins, C., Energy [R] evolution 2010—a sustainable world energy outlook. Energy Effic 4 (2011), 409–433.
38. [38] McCarl, B.A., Maung, T., Szulczyk, K.R., Could bioenergy be used to harvest the greenhouse: an economic investigation of bioenergy and climate change?. Khanna, M., Scheffra, J., Zilberman, D., (eds.) Handbook of bioenergy economics and policy, 2010, Springer, New York, 195–218.
39. [39] Van Loo, S., Koppejan, J., The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. 2008, Earthscan, London.
40. [40] Walter A Biofuels in developing countries and rapidly emerging economies–socio-economic and political aspects. Biofuels for transportation: Global potential and implications for sustainable agriculture and energy, May 16-17 2006, Berlin, Germany.
41. [41] Hoekman, S.K., Biofuels in the US–challenges and opportunities. Renew Energy 34 (2009), 14–22.
42. [42] Demirbas, M.F., Balat, M., Balat, H., Potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development. Energy Convers Manag 50 (2009), 1746–1760.
43. [43] Bildirici, M.E., Relationship between biomass energy and economic growth in transition countries: panel ARDL approach. GCB Bioenergy 6 (2014), 717–726.
44. [44] Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., Tiffany, D., Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006), 11206–11210.
45. [45] Georgescu, M., Lobell, D.B., Field, C.B., Direct climate effects of perennial bioenergy crops in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108 (2011), 4307–4312.
46. [46] Demirbas, M.F., Biofuels from algae for sustainable development. Appl Energy 88 (2011), 3473–3480.
47. [47] Rosillo-Calle, F., Overview of biomass energy. Rosillo-Calle, F., de Groot, P., Hemstock, S.L., Woods, J., (eds.) The biomass assessment handbook, 2007, Earthscan, London, 1–26.
48. [48] Oyedepo, S.O., Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward. Energy, Sustain Soc 2 (2012), 1–17.
49. [49] Hatemi, J.A., Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empir Econ 43 (2012), 447–456.
50. 2 emissions from fuel combustion-highlights, 〈http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/〉 [accessed 29.10.15]; 2014.
51. [51] Energy Information Administration (EIA). U.S. Energy Information Administration Data, 〈http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm〉 [accessed 01.10.15]; 2015.
52. [52] Sorda, G., Banse, M., Kemfert, C., An overview of biofuel policies across the world. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 6977–6988.
53. [53] European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Renewable Energy in Europe: Markets, Trends, and Technologies. Earthscan, 〈http://www.shirazedc.co.ir/DorsaPax/userfiles/file/Ebook/Renewable%20Energy%20in%20Europe%20-%20Markets,Trends%20and%20Technologies%20-%20EREC.pdf〉 [accessed 01.11.15]; 2010.
54. [54] International Energy Agency (IEA). Technology Roadmap–Biofuels for Transport, 〈http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/biofuels_roadmap_web.pdf〉 [accesses 01.11.15]; 2011.
55. [55] Piroli, G., Rajcaniova, M., Ciaian, P., From a rise in B to a fall in C? SVAR analysis of environmental impact of biofuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49 (2015), 921–930.
56. [56] Salim, R.A., Shafiei, S., Urbanization and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in OECD countries: an empirical analysis. Econ Model 38 (2014), 581–591.
57. [57] Solarin, S.A., Ozturk, I., On the causal dynamics between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in Latin America countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52 (2015), 1857–1868.
58. [58] Tiwari, A.K., The asymmetric Granger-causality analysis between energy consumption and income in the United States. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 36 (2014), 362–369.
59. [59] Breeze, P., The future of global biomass power generation: the technology, economics and impact of biomass power generation. 2004, Business Insights, London.
60. [60] Torregrosa, A.J., Broatch, A., Plá, B., Mónico, L.F., Impact of Fischer–Tropsch and biodiesel fuels on trade-offs between pollutant emissions and combustion noise in diesel engines. Biomass- Bioenergy 52 (2013), 22–33.
61. [61] Demirbas, A., Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: a review. Appl Energy 86 (2009), 108–117.
62. [62] Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R.A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., et al. Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Sci 319 (2008), 1238–1240.
63. [63] Pradhan, A., Mbohwa, C., Development of biofuels in South Africa: challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39 (2014), 1089–1100.
64. [64] Fontaras, G., Skoulou, V., Zanakis, G., Zabaniotou, A., Samaras, Z., Integrated environmental assessment of energy crops for biofuel and energy production in Greece. Renew Energy 43 (2012), 201–209.
65. [65] Repo, A., Tuovinen, J.P., Liski, J., Can we produce carbon and climate neutral forest bioenergy?. GCB Bioenergy 7 (2015), 253–262.
66. [66] Hall, D.O., House, J., Scrase, I., An overview of biomass energy. Rosillo-Calle, F., Bajay, S.V., Rothman, H., (eds.) Industrial uses of biomass energy: The example of Brazil, London, 2000, Taylor & Francis, 1–26.
67. [67] Popp, A., Krause, M., Dietrich, J.P., Lotze-Campen, H., Leimbach, M., Beringer, T., Bauer, N., Additional CO2emissions from land use change—forest conservation as a precondition for sustainable production of second generation bioenergy. Ecol Econ 74 (2012), 64–70.
68. [68] Havlík, P., Schneider, U.A., Schmid, E., Böttcher, H., Fritz, S., Skalský, R., et al. Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets. Energy Policy 39 (2011), 5690–5702.
69. [69] Rajcaniova, M., Kancs, D.A., Ciaian, P., Bioenergy and global land-use change. Appl Econ 46 (2014), 3163–3179.
70. [70] Drabik D, De Gorter H, Just DR. The implications of alternative biofuel policies on carbon leakage, 〈http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/102689/2/DrabikdeGorterJustAAEA_Pittsburgh.pdf〉 [accessed 01.11.15]; 2010.
71. [71] Drabik, D., De Gorter, H., Biofuel policies and carbon leakage. AgBioForum 14 (2011), 104–110.
72. [72] Grafton, R.Q., Kompas, T., Van Long, N., Substitution between biofuels and fossil fuels: is there a green paradox?. J Environ Econ Manag 64 (2012), 328–341.
73. [73] Grafton, R.Q., Kompas, T., Van Long, N., To, H., US biofuels subsidies and CO2emissions: an empirical test for a weak and a strong green paradox. Energy Policy 68 (2014), 550–555.
74. [74] Schwaiger, H., Schlamadinger, B., The potential of fuelwood to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Biomass- Bioenergy 15 (1998), 369–377.
75. [75] Wahlund, B., Yan, J., Westermark, M., Increasing biomass utilisation in energy systems: a comparative study of CO2reduction and cost for different bioenergy processing options. Biomass- Bioenergy 26 (2004), 531–544.
76. [76] Gustavsson, L., Holmberg, J., Dornburg, V., Sathre, R., Eggers, T., Mahapatra, K., Marland, G., Using biomass for climate change mitigation and oil use reduction. Energy Policy 35 (2007), 5671–5691.
77. [77] Utlu, Z., Evaluation of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste cooking oil. Energy Sour, Part A 29 (2007), 1295–1304.
78. [78] Senatore, A., Cardone, M., Buono, D., Rocco, V., Combustion study of a common rail diesel engine optimized to be fueled with biodiesel. Energy Fuels 22 (2008), 1405–1410.
79. [79] Panwar, N.L., Shrirame, H.Y., Bamniya, B.R., CO2mitigation potential from biodiesel of castor seed oil in Indian context. Clean Technol Environ Policy 12 (2010), 579–582.
80. [80] Khanna, M., Önal, H., Dhungana, B., Wander, M., Economics of herbaceous bioenergy crops for electricity generation: implications for greenhouse gas mitigation. Biomass- Bioenergy 35 (2011), 1474–1484.
81. [81] Bento AM, Klotz R, Landry J. Are there carbon savings from US biofuel policies? The critical importance of accounting for leakage in land and fuel markets, 〈http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?Abstract_id=2219503〉 [accessed 01.11.15]; 2010.
82. [82] Fangsuwannarak, K., Triratanasirichai, K., Effect of metalloid compound and bio-solution additives on biodiesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. Am J Appl Sci 10 (2013), 1201–1213.
83. [83] Suttles, S.A., Tyner, W.E., Shively, G., Sands, R.D., Sohngen, B., Economic effects of bioenergy policy in the United States and Europe: a general equilibrium approach focusing on forest biomass. Renew Energy 69 (2014), 428–436.
84. [84] Bilgili, F., The impact of biomass consumption on CO2emissions: cointegration analyses with regime shifts. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 5349–5354.
85. [85] Katircioglu, S.T., The impact of biomass consumption on CO2emissions: an empirical investigation from Turkey. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag 7 (2015), 348–358.
86. [86] Gilbert, P., Alexander, S., Thornley, P., Brammer, J., Assessing economically viable carbon reductions for the production of ammonia from biomass gasification. J Clean Prod 64 (2014), 581–589.
87. [87] Kuo, P.C., Wu, W., Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heat and power system with CO2utilization based on co-gasification of biomass and coal. Chem Eng Sci 142 (2016), 201–214.
88. [88] Garcia, C.A., Riegelhaupt, E., Ghilardi, A., Skutsch, M., Islas, J., Manzini, F., Masera, O., Sustainable bioenergy options for Mexico: ghg mitigation and costs. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 43 (2015), 545–552.
89. [89] Shen, G., Changes from traditional solid fuels to clean household energies–Opportunities in emission reduction of primary PM 2.5 from residential cookstoves in China. Biomass- Bioenergy 86 (2016), 28–35.
90. [90] Sharifzadeh, M., Wang, L., Shah, N., Integrated biorefineries: co2utilization for maximum biomass conversion. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47 (2015), 151–161.
91. [91] Trivedi, J., Aila, M., Bangwal, D.P., Kaul, S., Garg, M.O., Algae based biorefinery-How to make sense?. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47 (2015), 295–307.
92. [92] Nishiguchi, S., Tabata, T., Assessment of social, economic, and environmental aspects of woody biomass energy utilization: direct burning and wood pellets. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 57 (2016), 1279–1286.
93. [93] Herbert, G.J., Krishnan, A.U., Quantifying environmental performance of biomass energy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 59 (2016), 292–308.
94. [94] Sekhar, K.M., Sreeharsha, R.V., Reddy, A.R., Differential responses in photosynthesis, growth and biomass yields in two mulberry genotypes grown under elevated CO2atmosphere. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 151 (2015), 172–179.
95. [95] Das, A., McFarlane, A.A., Chowdhury, M., The dynamics of natural gas consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 22 (2013), 269–274.
96. [96] Kraft, J., Kraft, A., Relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev, 1978, 3–401-3.
97. [97] Ozturk, I., A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 340–349.
98. [98] Bloch, H., Rafiq, S., Salim, R., Economic growth with coal, oil and renewable energy consumption in China: prospects for fuel substitution. Econ Model 44 (2015), 104–115.
99. [99] Belke, A., Dobnik, F., Dreger, C., Energy consumption and economic growth: new insights into the cointegration relationship. Energy Econ 33 (2011), 782–789.
100. [100] Omri, A., An international literature survey on energy-economic growth nexus: evidence from country-specific studies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38 (2014), 951–959.
101. [101] Al-Mulali, U., Ozturk, I., Are energy conservation policies effective without harming economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries?. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38 (2014), 639–650.
102. [102] Shiu, A., Lam, P.L., Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy 32 (2004), 47–54.
103. [103] Lee, C.C., Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: a cointegrated panel analysis. Energy Econ 27 (2005), 415–427.
104. [104] Odhiambo, N.M., Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Tanzania: an ARDL bounds testing approach. Energy Policy 37 (2009), 617–622.
105. [105] Tsani, S.Z., Energy consumption and economic growth: a causality analysis for Greece. Energy Econ 32 (2010), 582–590.
106. [106] Sari, R., Ewing, B.T., Soytas, U., The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach. Energy Econ 30 (2008), 2302–2313.
107. [107] Sadorsky, P., Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy Policy 37 (2009), 4021–4028.
108. [108] Zhang, X.P., Cheng, X.M., Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecol Econ 68 (2009), 2706–2712.
109. [109] Ahmed, M., Riaz, K., Khan, A.M., Bibi, S., Energy consumption–economic growth nexus for Pakistan: taming the untamed. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52 (2015), 890–896.
110. [110] Acaravci, A., Ozturk, I., Electricity consumption-growth nexus: evidence from panel data for transition countries. Energy Econ 32 (2010), 604–608.
111. [111] Nazlioglu, S., Lebe, F., Kayhan, S., Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: cross-sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel causality analysis. Energy Policy 39 (2011), 6615–6621.
112. [112] Menegaki, A.N., Growth and renewable energy in Europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Econ 33 (2011), 257–263.
113. [113] Wolde-Rufael, Y., Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in Taiwan. Energy Sources Part B Econ Plan Policy 7 (2012), 21–27.
114. [114] Paul, S., Bhattacharya, R.N., Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: a note on conflicting results. Energy Econ 26 (2004), 977–983.
115. [115] Shahbaz, M., Zeshan, M., Afza, T., Is energy consumption effective to spur economic growth in Pakistan? New evidence from bounds test to level relationships and Granger causality tests. Econ Model 29 (2012), 2310–2319.
116. [116] Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., Trembling, A., Renewable energy and growth: evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52 (2015), 1405–1412.
117. [117] Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U., Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: panel data analysis for GCC countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 51 (2015), 998–1003.
118. [118] Solarin, S.A., Ozturk, I., The relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58 (2016), 1348–1356.
119. [119] Cheng, B.S., Energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela: a time series analysis. Appl Econ Lett 4 (1997), 671–674.
120. [120] Wolde-Rufael, Y., Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy 34 (2006), 1106–1114.
121. [121] Huang, B.N., Hwang, M.J., Yang, C.W., Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth revisited: a dynamic panel data approach. Ecol Econ 67 (2008), 41–54.
122. [122] Ozturk, I., Aslan, A., Kalyoncu, H., Energy consumption and economic growth relationship: evidence from panel data for low and middle income countries. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 4422–4428.
123. [123] Payne, J.E., On biomass energy consumption and real output in the US. Energy Sour Part B: Econ Plan Policy 6 (2011), 47–52.
124. [124] Bildirici, M.E., Economic growth and biomass energy. Biomass- Bioenergy 50 (2013), 19–24.
125. [125] Ozturk, I., Bilgili, F., Economic growth and biomass consumption nexus: dynamic panel analysis for Sub-Sahara African countries. Appl Energy 137 (2015), 110–116.
126. [126] Eden, S.H., Jin, J.C., Cointegration tests of energy consumption, income, and employment. Resour Energy 14 (1992), 259–266.
127. [127] Oh, W., Lee, K., Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP revisited: the case of Korea 1970–1999. Energy Econ 26 (2004), 51–59.
128. [128] Ang, J.B., CO2emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy 35 (2007), 4772–4778.
129. [129] Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., Energy consumption and real GDP in G7 countries: new evidence from panel cointegration with structural breaks. Energy Econ 30 (2008), 2331–2341.
130. [130] Zhang, Y.J., Interpreting the dynamic nexus between energy consumption and economic growth: empirical evidence from Russia. Energy Policy 39 (2011), 2265–2272.
131. [131] Dagher, L., Yacoubian, T., The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Lebanon. Energy Policy 50 (2012), 795–801.
132. [132] Nasreen, S., Anwar, S., Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: a panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy 69 (2014), 82–91.
133. [133] Reynolds, D.B., Kolodziej, M., Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: granger causality and the multi-cycle Hubbert curve. Energy Econ 30 (2008), 271–289.
134. [134] Wolde-Rufael, Y., Bounds test approach to cointegration and causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 52–58.
135. [135] Payne, J.E., Taylor, J.P., Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the US: an empirical note. Energy Sour, Part B: Econ Plan Policy 5 (2010), 301–307.
136. [136] Apergis, N., Payne, J.E., Coal consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy 38 (2010), 1353–1359.
137. [137] Apergis, N., Payne, J.E., Natural gas consumption and economic growth: a panel investigation of 67 countries. Appl Energy 87 (2010), 2759–2763.
138. [138] Park, S.Y., Yoo, S.H., The dynamics of oil consumption and economic growth in Malaysia. Energy Policy 66 (2014), 218–223.
139. [139] Ghosh, S., Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy 30 (2002), 125–129.
140. [140] Yoo, S.H., Electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from Korea. Energy Policy 33 (2005), 1627–1632.
141. [141] Akinlo, A.E., Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: evidence from cointegration and co-feature analysis. J Policy Model 31 (2009), 681–693.
142. [142] Abosedra, S., Dah, A., Ghosh, S., Electricity consumption and economic growth, the case of Lebanon. Appl Energy 86 (2009), 429–432.
143. [143] Shahbaz, M., Feridun, M., Electricity consumption and economic growth empirical evidence from Pakistan. Qual Quant 46 (2012), 1583–1599.
144. [144] Shengfeng, X., The relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Phys Procedia 24 (2012), 56–62.
145. [145] Payne, J.E., On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the US. Appl Energy 86 (2009), 575–577.
146. 2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy;38: p. 2911–2915.
147. [147] Apergis, N., Payne, J.E., The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Appl Energy 88 (2011), 343–347.
148. [148] Lin, B., Moubarak, M., Renewable energy consumption–Economic growth nexus for China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 40 (2014), 111–117.
149. [149] Bilgili, F., Business cycle co-movements between renewables consumption and industrial production: a continuous wavelet coherence approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52 (2015), 325–332.
150. [150] Zhou, X., Mechanism design theory: the development in economics and management. Open J Bus Man, 4, 2016 [345-48].
151. [151] United Nations. World Economic and Social Survey 2013 Sustainable Development Challenges, 〈https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2843WESS2013.pdf〉 2013 [accessed 12.14.16].
152. [152] Energy Information Administration (EIA). Policies to promote non-hydro renewable energy in the United States and selected countries, 〈http://nrec.mn/data/uploads/Nom%20setguul%20xicheel/PV/nonhydrorenewablespaper_final.pdf〉 [accessed 26.01.16]; 2005.
153. [153] Biomassboard. 〈http://www.biomassboard.gov/〉 [accessed15.12.16]; 2016.
154. [154] U.S. Government Printing Office (US GPO), Energy Policy Act of 2005. 2005 〈www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf〉 accessed 12.16.16.
155. [155] National Association of Conservation District (NACDNET). Woody biomass desk guide & toolkit, 〈http://www.nacdnet.org/doc_download/269-chapter5〉 [accessed 15.12.16]; 2015.
156. [156] Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electric utility demand side management, 〈http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/dsm/〉 [accessed 16.12.16]; 2016.
157. [157] Chum, H.L., Overend, R.P., Biomass and renewable fuels. Fuel Process Technol 71 (2001), 187–195.
158. [158] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Renewable energy technologies: cost analysis series, 〈https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2843WESS2013.pdf〉 [accessed 15.12.16]; 2012.
159. [159] European Climate Foundation. Biomass for heat and power: opportunity and economics, 〈https://europeanclimate.org/documents/Biomass_report_-_Final.pdf〉 [accessed 15.12.16]; 2010.
160. [160] Rausser, G., Stevens, R., Torani, K., Managing R&D risk in renewable energy: biofuels vs. alternate technologies. AgBioForum 13 (2010), 375–381.
161. [161] Mielenz, J.R., Ethanol production from biomass: technology and commercialization status. Curr Opin Microbiol 4 (2001), 324–329.
162. [162] Owen, A.D., Renewable energy: externality costs as market barriers. Energy Policy 34 (2006), 632–642.
163. [163] Timmons D, Harris JM, Roach B. The economics of renewable energy, 〈http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/education_materials/modules/RenewableEnergyEcon.pdf〉 [accessed 15.12.16]; 2014.
164. [164] Gomiero, T., Are biofuels an effective and viable energy strategy for industrialized societies? A reasoned overview of potentials and limits. Sustain 7 (2015), 8491–8521.
165. [165] Harvard Business School Institute for Strategy & Competitiveness. The value chain, 〈http://www.isc.hbs.edu/strategy/business-strategy/pages/the-value-chain.aspx〉 [accessed 15.12.16]; 2016.
166. [166] World Bank Database. 〈http://data.worldbank.org/indicator〉 [accessed 01.10.15]; 2015.
167. [167] Global Material Flow Database. 〈http://www.materialflows.net/data/datadownload/〉 [accessed 01.10.15]; 2015.
168. [168] Dickey, D.A., Fuller, W.A., Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica 49 (1981), 1057–1072.
169. [169] Phillips, P.C., Perron, P., Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75 (1988), 335–336.
170. [170] Lee, J., Strazicich, M.C., Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Rev Econ Stat 85 (2003), 1082–1089.
171. [171] Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B., LM tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 1992:54 (1992), 257–287.
172. [172] Strazicich, M.C., Lee, J., Day, E., Are incomes converging among OECD countries? Time series evidence with two structural breaks. J Macroecon 26 (2004), 131–145.
173. [173] Granger, C.W.J., Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica 37 (1969), 424–438.
174. [174] Hatemi, J.A., A new method to choose optimal lag order in stable and unstable VAR models. Appl Econ Lett 10 (2003), 135–137.
175. [175] Hatemi, J.A., Forecasting properties of a new method to determine optimal lag order in stable and unstable VAR models. Appl Econ Lett 15 (2008), 239–243.
176. [176] Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T., Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. J Econ 66 (1995), 225–250.
177. [177] University of California at Berkeley. Fiscal politics & policy from 1970’s to present, 〈http://vm136.lib.berkeley.edu/BANC/ROHO/projects/debt/1990srecession.html〉 [accessed 10.12.15]; 1999.
178. [178] Carlson, M. A. Brief History of the 1987 Stock Market Crash with a Discussion of the Federal Reserve Response, FEDS Working Papers 2007;13: p. 1-24.
179. [179] Hall R, Feldstein M, Bernanke B, Frankel J, Gordon R, Zarnowitz V. The Business-Cycle Peak of March 2001, 〈http://www.nber.org/cycles/november 2001/recessions.pdf〉 [accessed 12.12.15]; 2001.
180. [180] Langdon, D.S., McMenamin, T.M., Krolik, T.J., U.S. labor market in 2001: economy enters a recession. Mon Labor Rev 125 (2002), 3–33.