Best practices in adolescent and young adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A focus on asparaginase

Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 118-128

  Boissel, Nicolas ^a   Sender, Leonard S ^b,c,d  

^a SAINT LOUIS HOSPITAL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF ORANGE COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

acute lymphoblastic leukemia; adolescent; asparaginase; young adult

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARAGINASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALLERGIC REACTION; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA REMISSION; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM SURVIVAL; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOEMBOLISM; CHILD; FEMALE; MALE; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; PRESCHOOL CHILD; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ASPARAGINASE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 85006184168     PISSN: 21565333     EISSN: 2156535X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2015.0014     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 2013;381(9881):1943-55.
2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10-29.
3. Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1030-43.
4. Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Trends in 5- and 10-year survival after diagnosis with childhood hematologic malignancies in the United States, 1990-2004. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(18):1301-9.
5. Pui CH. Recent research advances in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010; 109(11):777-87.
6. Hunger SP, Lu X, Devidas M, et al. Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1663-9.
7. Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Improvement in survival in younger patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from the 1980s to the early 21st century. Blood. 2009; 113(7):1408-11.
8. Faderl S, Jeha S, Kantarjian HM. The biology and therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2003; 98(7):1337-54.
9. Nachman J. Clinical characteristics, biologic features and outcome for young adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2005;130(2):166-73.
10. Schafer ES, Hunger SP. Optimal therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;8(7):417-24.
11. Douer D. Is asparaginase a critical component in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2008;21(4):647-58.
12. Boissel N, Huguet F, Dombret H. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in young adults. In: Adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Advani AS, Lazarus HM (Eds). New York: Springer; 2011; pp. 211-32.
13. Kantarjian HM, OBrien S, Smith TL, et al. Results of treatment with hyper-CVAD, a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18(3):547-61.
14. Dombret H, Cluzeau T, Huguet F, Boissel N. Pediatriclike therapy for adults with ALL. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2014;9(2):158-64.
15. Boissel N, AuclercMF, Lhéritier V, et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(5):774-80.
16. de Bont JM, Holt B, Dekker AW, et al. Significant difference in outcome for adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on pediatric vs adult protocols in the Netherlands. Leukemia. 2004;18(12):2032-5.
17. Hallbook H, Gustafsson G, Smedmyr B, et al. Treatment outcome in young adults and children > 10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden: a comparison between a pediatric protocol and an adult protocol. Cancer. 2006;107(7):1551-61.
18. Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: outcome on UK national paediatric (ALL97) and adult (UKALLXII/E2993) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48(3):254-61.
19. Stock W, La M, Sanford B, et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Childrens Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood. 2008; 112(5):1646-54.
20. Usvasalo A, Raty R, Knuutila S, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults in Finland. Haematologica. 2008;93(8):1161-8.
21. Testi AM, Valsecchi MG, Conter V, et al. Difference in outcome of adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) enrolled in pediatric (AIEOP) and adult (GIMEMA) protocols. Blood. 2004;104(11):abstract 1954.
22. Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, Webb D. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: emerging from the shadow of paediatric and adult treatment protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47(6):748-56.
23. Ribera JM, Oriol A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(5):1033-42, vi.
24. McNeer JL, Raetz EA. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in young adults: which treatment? Curr Opin Oncol. 2012; 24(5):487-94.
25. Uckun FM, Reaman G, Steinherez PG, et al. Improved clinical outcome for children with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia after contemporary chemotherapy: a Childrens Cancer Group Study. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996; 24(1-2):57-70.
26. Ma M, Wang X, Tang J, et al. Early T-cell precursor leukemia: a subtype of high risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Med. 2012;6(4):416-20.
27. Coustan-Smith E, Mullighan CG, Onciu M, et al. Early Tcell precursor leukaemia: a subtype of very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):147-56.
28. Wood BL,Winter SS, Dunsmore KP, et al. T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) shows excellent outcome, lack of significance of the early thymic precursor (ETP) immunophenotype, and validation of the prognostic value of endinduction minimal residual disease (MRD) in Childrens Oncology Group (COG) study AALL0434. Blood. 2014; 124(21):abstract.
29. Harrison CJ. Cytogenetics of paediatric and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2009;144(2): 147-56.
30. Faderl S, Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, Estrov Z. Clinical significance of cytogenetic abnormalities in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1998;91(11):3995-4019.
31. Secker-Walker LM, Craig JM, Hawkins JM, Hoffbrand AV. Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: age distribution, BCR breakpoint and prognostic significance. Leukemia. 1991;5(3):196-9.
32. Aguiar RC, Sohal J, van Rhee F, et al. TEL-AML1 fusion in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of adults. Br J Haematol. 1996;95(4):673-7.
33. Roberts KG, Payne-Turner D, Pei D, et al. Integrated genomic and mutational profiling of adolescent and young adult ALL identifies a high frequency of BCR-ABL1-Like ALL with very poor outcome. Blood. 2013;122(21): abstract 825.
34. Vey N, Thomas X, Picard C, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves the outcome of adults with t(1;19)/E2A-PBX1 and t(4;11)/MLL-AF4 positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the prospective multicenter LALA-94 study. Leukemia. 2006;20(12): 2155-61.
35. Den Boer ML, van Slegtenhorst M, De Menezes RX, et al. A subtype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with poor treatment outcome: a genome-wide classification study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(2):125-34.
36. Roberts KG, Li Y, Payne-Turner D, Harvey RC, et al. Targetable kinase-activating lesions in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11): 1005-15.
37. Roberts KG, Pei D, Campana D, et al. Outcomes of children with BCR-ABL1-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with risk-directed therapy based on the levels of minimal residual disease. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27): 3012-20.
38. Pieters R, den Boer ML, Durian M, et al. Relation between age, immunophenotype and in vitro drug resistance in 395 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia-implications for treatment of infants. Leukemia. 1998;12(9):1344-8.
39. Fernandez CA, Smith C, Yang W, et al. Genome-wide analysis links NFATC2 with asparaginase hypersensitivity. Blood. 2015;126(1):69-75.
40. Yang L, Panetta JC, Cai X, et al. Asparaginase may influence dexamethasone pharmacokinetics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):1932-9.
41. Meadows AT, Kramer S, Hopson R, et al. Survival in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia: effect of protocol and place of treatment. Cancer Invest. 1983;1(1):49-55.
42. Stiller CA, Eatock EM. Patterns of care and survival for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia diagnosed between 1980 and 1994. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(3):202-8.
43. Fern LA, Lewandowski JA, Coxon KM, Whelan J. Available, accessible, aware, appropriate, and acceptable: a strategy to improve participation of teenagers and young adults in cancer trials. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(8):e341-50.
44. Fern LA,Whelan JS. Recruitment of adolescents and young adults to cancer clinical trials-international comparisons, barriers, and implications. Semin Oncol. 2010;37(2):e1-8.
45. Jeha S. Who should be treating adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(18):2579-83.
46. de Oliveira BM, VianaMB, Zani CL, Romanha AJ. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of compliance in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(8):785-8.
47. Bhatia S, Landier W, Shangguan M, et al. Nonadherence to oral mercaptopurine and risk of relapse in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2094-101.
48. Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008;111(4):1827-33.
49. Peters C, Schrauder A, Schrappe M, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the BFM/IBFM/EBMT concepts. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(1 Suppl):S9-11.
50. Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):911-18.
51. Storring JM, Minden MD, Kao S, et al. Treatment of adults with BCR-ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(1):76-85.
52. Haiat S, Marjanovic Z, Lapusan S, et al. Outcome of 40 adults aged from 18 to 55 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with double-delayed intensification pediatric protocol. Leuk Res. 2011;35(1):66-72.
53. Ribera JM, Oriol A, Sanz MA, et al. Comparison of the results of the treatment of adolescents and young adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Programa Espanol de Tratamiento en Hematología pediatric-based protocol ALL-96. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(11):1843-9.
54. Fathi AT, DeAngelo DJ, Stevenson KE, et al. Intensified chemotherapy for older patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): a phase II study from the Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) ALL Consortium. Blood. 2014; 124(21):abstract 3714.
55. Morris K, Weston H, Mollee P, et al. Outcome of treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, dexamethasone/methotrexate, cytarabine: results from an Australian population. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52(1):85-91.
56. Toft N, Schmiegelow K, Klausen TW, Birgens H. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Denmark. A national population-based retrospective study on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Denmark 1998-2008. Br J Haematol. 2012;157(1):97-104.
57. Faderl S, Thomas DA, OBrien S, et al. Augmented hyper- CVAD based on dose-intensified vincristine, dexamethasone, and asparaginase in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia salvage therapy. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11(1):54-9.
58. Kantarjian H, Thomas D, OBrien S, et al. Long-term follow-up results of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (Hyper-CVAD), a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2004;101(12):2788-801.
59. Garcia-Manero G, Kantarjian HM. The hyper-CVAD regimen in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2000;14(6):1381-96, x-xi.
60. Kozlowski P, Astrom M, Ahlberg L, et al. High relapse rate of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults treated with Hyper-CVAD chemotherapy in Sweden. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92(5):377-81.
61. Buyukasik Y, Acar K, Kelkitli E, et al. Hyper-CVAD regimen in routine management of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective multicenter study. Acta Haematol. 2013;130(3):199-205.
62. Alacacioglu I, Medeni SS, Ozsan GH, et al. Is the BFM regimen feasible for the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia? A retrospective analysis of the outcomes of BFM and Hyper-CVAD chemotherapy in two centers. Chemotherapy. 2014;60(4):219-23.
63. Rytting ME, Thomas DA, OBrien SM, et al. Augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster therapy in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cancer. 2014;120(23):3660-8.
64. DeAngelo DJ, Dahlberg S, Silverman LB, et al. A multicenter phase II study using a dose intensified pediatric regimen in adults with untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2007;110(11):abstract 587.
65. Rijneveld AW, van der Holt B, Daenen SM, et al. Intensified chemotherapy inspired by a pediatric regimen combined with allogeneic transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia up to the age of 40. Leukemia. 2011;25(11):1697-703.
66. Cluzeau N, Dhedin N, Huguet F, et al. Dose-intensity impacts on survival of adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated in adult departments by a pediatric protocol (FRALLE 2000BT). Blood. 2012;120(21):abstract 3561.
67. Guzauskas GF, Villa KF, Vanhove TF, Veenstra DL. Riskbenefit trade-off of pediatric-inspired versus hyper-CVAD protocols for Philadelphia-negative acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in adolescents and young adults: a modeling analysis. Blood. 2014;124(21):abstract 1281.
68. Kidd JG. Regression of transplanted lymphomas induced in vivo by means of normal guinea pig serum. I. Course of transplanted cancers of various kinds in mice and rats given guinea pig serum, horse serum, or rabbit serum. J Exp Med. 1953;98(6):565-82.
69. Broome JD. Evidence that the L-asparaginase activity of guinea pig serum is responsible for its antilymphoma effects. Nature. 1961;191:1114-15.
70. Cooney DA, Handschumacher RE. L-asparaginase and L-asparagine metabolism. Annu Rev Pharmacol. 1970;10: 421-40.
71. Nandy P, Periclou AP, Avramis VI. The synergism of 6- mercaptopurine plus cytosine arabinoside followed by PEG-asparaginase in human leukemia cell lines (CCRF/CEM/0 and (CCRF/CEM/ara-C/7A) is due to increased cellular apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(2A):727-37.
72. Boos J, Werber G, Ahlke E, et al. Monitoring of asparaginase activity and asparagine levels in children on different asparaginase preparations. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A(9):1544-50.
73. Grigoryan RS, Panosyan EH, Seibel NL, et al. Changes of amino acid serum levels in pediatric patients with higherrisk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCG-1961). In Vivo. 2004;18(2):107-12.
74. Riccardi R, Holcenberg JS, Glaubiger DL, et al. L-asparaginase pharmacokinetics and asparagine levels in cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys and humans. Cancer Res. 1981;41(11 Pt 1):4554-8.
75. Avramis VI, Sencer S, Periclou AP, et al. A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Childrens Cancer Group study. Blood. 2002;99(6):1986-94.
76. Pieters R, Hunger SP, Boos J, et al. L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a focus on Erwinia asparaginase. Cancer. 2011;117(2):238-49.
77. Tong WH, Pieters R, Kaspers GJ, et al. A prospective study on drug monitoring of PEGasparaginase and Erwinia asparaginase and asparaginase antibodies in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014;123(13): 2026-33.
78. Vrooman LM, Stevenson KE, Supko JG, et al. Postinduction dexamethasone and individualized dosing of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase each improve outcome of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a randomized study- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(9):1202-10.
79. Asselin BL, Whitin JC, Coppola DJ, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of three asparaginase preparations. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(9):1780-6.
80. Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Andrzejewski W, Mlynarski W, et al. The anti-asparagines antibodies correlate with Lasparagines activity and may affect clinical outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(5):931-6.
81. Panosyan EH, Seibel NL, Martin-Aragon S, et al. Asparaginase antibody and asparaginase activity in children with higher-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Childrens Cancer Group Study CCG-1961. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;26(4):217-26.
82. Panetta JC, Gajjar A, Hijiya N, et al. Comparison of native E. coli and PEG asparaginase pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86(6):651-8.
83. Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Gach A, Wyka K, et al. The crossreactivity of anti-asparaginase antibodies against different Lasparaginase preparations.ClinExpMed. 2009;9(2):113-16.
84. Samson R, Legendre JB, Christen R, et al. Transfer of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 and Brenneria paradisiaca to the genus Dickeya gen. nov. as Dickeya chrysanthemi comb. nov. and Dickeya paradisiaca comb. nov. and delineation of four novel species, Dickeya dadantii sp. nov., Dickeya dianthicola sp. nov., Dickeya dieffenbachiae sp. nov. and Dickeya zeae sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2005; 55(Pt 4):1415-27.
85. ERWINAZE® [package insert]. Palo Alto CA: Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc.; December 2014. Accessed: January 30 2015 from http://erwinaze.com/ERWINAZEPI.pdf
86. Keding R. RE: Discontinuation of Elspar®, (asparaginase for injection) 10,000 IU. Accessed July 30, 2014 from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugShortages/UCM321556.pdf
87. Asselin BL. The three asparaginases. Comparative pharmacology and optimal use in childhood leukemia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;457:621-9.
88. Dinndorf PA, Gootenberg J, Cohen MH, et al. FDA drug approval summary: pegaspargase (Oncaspar®) for the first-line treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Oncologist. 2007;12(8):991-8.
89. Salzer WL, Asselin B, Supko JG, et al. Erwinia asparaginase achieves therapeutic activity after pegaspargase allergy: a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. Blood. 2013;122(4):507-14.
90. Douer D, Yampolsky H, Cohen LJ, et al. Pharmacodynamics and safety of intravenous pegaspargase during remission induction in adults aged 55 years or younger with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109(7):2744-50.
91. Wetzler M, Sanford BL, Kurtzberg J, et al. Effective asparagine depletion with pegylated asparaginase results in improved outcomes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9511. Blood. 2007;109(10):4164-7.
92. Avramis VI, Panosyan EH. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of asparaginase formulations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(4):367-93.
93. Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Dalton VK, et al. Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber Consortium Protocol 91-01. Blood. 2001;97(5):1211-18.
94. Pession A, Valsecchi MG, Masera G, et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial on extended use of high dose L-asparaginase for standard risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(28): 7161-7.
95. Aldoss I, Pullarkat V, Chaudhary P, Douer D. The toxicity profile of repeated dosing of peg-asparaginase in 152 adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014; 124(11):abstract 2294.
96. Stock W, Douer D, DeAngelo DJ, et al. Prevention and management of asparaginase/pegasparaginase-associated toxicities in adults and older adolescents: recommendations of an expert panel. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52(12):2237-53.
97. Plourde PV, Jeha S, Hijiya N, et al. Safety profile of asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi in a large compassionateuse trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(7):1232-8.
98. Hongo T, Okada S, Ohzeki T, et al. Low plasma levels of hemostatic proteins during the induction phase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study by the JACLS. Pediatr Int. 2002;44(3):293-9.
99. Mitchell L, Hoogendoorn H, Giles AR, et al. Increased endogenous thrombin generation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: risk of thrombotic complications in LAsparaginase-induced antithrombin III deficiency. Blood. 1994;83(2):386-91.
100. Andrew M, Brooker L, Mitchell L. Acquired antithrombin III deficiency secondary to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1994;5(1 Suppl):S24-36.
101. Caruso V, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Thrombotic complications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of 17 prospective studies comprising 1752 pediatric patients. Blood. 2006;108(7):2216-22.
102. Payne JH, Vora AJ. Thrombosis and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2007;138(4):430-45.
103. Nowak-Gottl U, Kenet G, Mitchell LG. Thrombosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2009;22(1):103-14.
104. Qureshi A, Mitchell C, Richards S, et al. Asparaginaserelated venous thrombosis in UKALL 2003- re-exposure to asparaginase is feasible and safe. Br J Haematol. 2010; 149(3):410-13.
105. Grace RF, Dahlberg SE, Neuberg D, et al. The frequency and management of asparaginase-related thrombosis in paediatric and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute consortium protocols. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(4):452-9.
106. Truelove E, Fielding AK, Hunt BJ. The coagulopathy and thrombotic risk associated with L-asparaginase treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(3):553-9.
107. Douer D, Aldoss I, Lunning MA, et al. Pharmacokineticsbased integration of multiple doses of intravenous pegaspargase in a pediatric regimen for adults with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(9):905-11.
108. Shinnick SE, Browning ML, Koontz SE. Managing hypersensitivity to asparaginase in pediatrics, adolescents, and young adults. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2013;30(2): 63-77.
109. Woo MH, Hak LJ, Storm MC, et al. Hypersensitivity or development of antibodies to asparaginase does not impact treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(7):1525-32.
110. Muller HJ, Beier R, Loning L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of native Escherichia coli asparaginase (Asparaginase medac) and hypersensitivity reactions in ALL-BFM 95 reinduction treatment. Br J Haematol. 2001;114(4):794-9.
111. Larson RA, Fretzin MH, Dodge RK, Schiffer CA. Hypersensitivity reactions to L-asparaginase do not impact on the remission duration of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 1998;12(5):660-5.
112. Advani AS, Sanford B, Luger S, et al. Frontline-treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in older adolescents and young adults (AYA) using a pediatric regimen is feasible: toxicity results of the prospective US Intergroup Trial C10403 (Alliance). Blood. 2013;122(21):abstract 3903.
113. Stock W, Luger SM, Advani AS, et al. Favorable outcomes for older adolescents and young adults (AYA) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): early results of US Intergroup Trial C10403. Blood. 2014;124(21):abstract 796.
114. Liu C, Kawedia JD, Cheng C, et al. Clinical utility and implications of asparaginase antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2012;26(11):2303-9.
115. Burke PW, Aldoss I, Ramezani L, et al. Frequency and characteristics of pegaspargase antibodies in adults treated with a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia regimen. Blood. 2014;124(21):abstract 936.