Individualizing management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: diagnostics, treatment, and biomarkers

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 11-21

  Alffenaar, Jan Willem C ^a   Akkerman, Onno W ^a   Anthony, Richard M ^b   Tiberi, Simon ^c   Heysell, Scott ^d   Grobusch, Martin P ^e   Cobelens, Frank G ^e,f,g   Van Soolingen, Dick ^h,i  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^c BARTS HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^f AMSTERDAM INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT   (Netherlands)

^g KNCV TUBERCULOSIS FOUNDATION   (Netherlands)

^h NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

ⁱ RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

biomarkers; diagnostics; Extensive drug resistant tuberculosis; individualised treatment; therapeutic drug monitoring; treatment

Indexed keywords

CARBAPENEM; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLOFAZIMINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ETHAMBUTOL; GATIFLOXACIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MEROPENEM; MOXIFLOXACIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; THIORIDAZINE; BEDAQUILINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; NITROIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; OPC-67683; OXAZOLE DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; COMMUNITY CARE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG RAPID TEST; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; ENDEMIC DISEASE; EXTENSIVELY DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COINFECTION; DRUG EFFECTS; EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; HIV INFECTIONS; METABOLISM; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; BIOMARKERS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COINFECTION; DIARYLQUINOLINES; EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NITROIMIDAZOLES; OXAZOLES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRECISION MEDICINE;

EID: 85003723234     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1247692     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. Geneva:WHO Press; 2015.
2. Devaux I, Kremer K, Heersma H, et al. Clusters of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis cases, Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(7):1052–1060.
3. Van Altena R, De Vries G, Haar CH, et al. Highly successful treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Netherlands, 2000-2009. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19:406–412.• A study reporting on high success rates for individualized MDR-TB treatment managed by a multidisciplinary team.
4. Pietersen E, Ignatius E, Streicher EM, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa:a cohort study. Lancet. 2014;383:1230–1239.
5. Wallis RS, Maeurer M, Mwaba P, et al. Tuberculosis—advances in development of new drugs, treatment regimens, host-directed therapies, and biomarkers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(4):e34–e46. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309916000700• This review provides an update on recent developments in the tuberculosis drug-development pipeline (including new and repurposed antimicrobials and host-directed drugs).
6. Zumla AI, Gillespie SH, Hoelscher M, et al. New antituberculosis drugs, regimens, and adjunct therapies:needs, advances, and future prospects. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(4):327–340.
7. Alsaad N, Wilffert B, van Altena R, et al. Potential antimicrobial agents for the treatment of MDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2013;1–37. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23988774
8. Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet. 2006;368:1575–1580. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17084757
9. Nkosi D, Janssen S, Padanilam X, et al. Factors influencing specialist care referral of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Gauteng/South Africa:a descriptive questionnaire-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(268). Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3708743&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
10. Bélard S, Janssen S, Osbak KK, et al. Limited access to drugs for resistant tuberculosis:a call to action. J Public Health (Oxf). 2014. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527468
11. Cremers AL, De Laat MM, Kapata N, et al. Assessing the consequences of stigma for tuberculosis patients in urban Zambia. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0119861.
12. Brust JCM, Shah NS, Scott M, et al. Integrated, home-based treatment for MDR-TB and HIV in rural South Africa:an alternate model of care. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:998–1004.
13. Matteelli A, Roggi A, Carvalho AC., Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis:epidemiology and management. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:111–118. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3979688&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
14. Mitnick CD, Shin SS, Seung KJ, et al. Comprehensive treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:563–574.
15. Cegielski J, Dalton T, Yagui M, et al. Extensive drug resistance acquired during treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(8):1049–1063.
16. Bastos ML, Hussain H, Weyer K, et al. Treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis according to drug susceptibility testing to first- and second-line drugs:an individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(10):1364–1374. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097082\nhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4296130•• A study that analyzed data of individual patient data from 31 earlier published cohort studies of patients with MDR and XDR tuberculosis showed that drug susceptibility testing provide clinically useful information to guide selection of treatment regimens for MDR and XDR tuberculosis.
17. Ghimire S, Bolhuis MS, Sturkenboom MGG, et al. Incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring in WHO’s hierarchy of tuberculosis diagnostics! Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1867–1869.
18. Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Schunemann HJ, et al. WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis:2011 update. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:516–528.
19. WHO. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva:WHO Press; 2016. p. 1–61.
20. Bassili A, Fitzpatrick C, Qadeer E, et al. Review article:a systematic review of the effectiveness of hospital and ambulatory-based management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:271–280.
21. Department of Health R of SA. Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Policy guidelines [internet]. Durban:Health Systems Trust; 2011. Available from http://www.hst.org.za/publications/management-drug-ressitant-tuberculosis-policy-guidelines
22. Zumla A, Abubakar I, Raviglione M, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis-current dilemmas, unanswered questions, challenges, and priority needs. J Infect Dis. 2012;205. Suppl 2:S228–240.
23. Pietersen E, Ignatius E, Streicher EM, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa:a cohort study. Lancet. 2014;383(9924):1230–1239. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62675-6
24. O’Donnell MR, Daftary A, Frick M, et al. Re-inventing adherence:toward a patient-centered model of care for drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2016;20:430–434.
25. Heysell SK, Ogarkov OB, Zhdanova S, et al. Undertreated HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis at a referral hospital in Irkutsk, Siberia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(2):187–192.
26. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2008 [Internet]. Available from:http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/\nhttp://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pdf\nhttp://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_main.pdf
27. Heysell SK, Moll AP, Gandhi NR, et al. Extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from aspirates, Rural South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:557–560.
28. TB CARE I. International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC). Hague Tuberc Coalit Tech Assist.2014;60. Available from http://www.who.int/tb/publications/standards-tb-care-2014/en/
29. Harris T, Bardien S, Schaaf HS, et al. Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in HIV-positive and HIV-negative multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. South Afr Med J. 2012;102(6):363–366. Available from http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/4964/4128
30. Modongo C, Pasipanodya JG, Zetola NM, et al. Amikacin concentrations predictive of ototoxicity in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(10):6337–6343.
31. Peloquin CA, Berning SE, Nitta AT, et al. Aminoglycoside toxicity:daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(11):1538–1544.
32. Ndjeka N, Conradie F, Schnippel K, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis with bedaquiline in a high HIV prevalence setting:an interim cohort analysis. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2015;19:979–985. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162365
33. Lewis JM, Sloan DJ. The role of delamanid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:779–791.
34. Tiberi S, D’Ambrosio L, De Lorenzo S, et al. Ertapenem in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis:first clinical experience. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):333–336.
35. Khaliaukin A, Am V K, Skrahina A, et al. Poor treatment outcomes among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Gomel Region, Republic of Belarus. Public Health Action. 2014;4(Suppl 2):S24–8. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4547519&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
36. Skrahina A, Hurevich H, Zalutskaya A, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus:the size of the problem and associated risk factors. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(1):36–45. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3537245&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
37. Huai P, Huang X, Cheng J, et al. Proportions and risk factors of developing multidrug resistance among patients with tuberculosis in China:a population-based case-control study. Microb Drug Resist. 2016; Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058017
38. Putri FA, Burhan E, Nawas A, et al. Body mass index predictive of sputum culture conversion among MDR-TB patients in Indonesia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(5):564–570.
39. Basu S, Andrews JR, Poolman EM, et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural South African district hospitals:an epidemiological modelling study. Lancet. 2007;370(9597):1500–1507.
40. Shenoi SV, Brooks RP, Barbour R, et.al. Survival from XDR-TB is associated with modifiable clinical characteristics in rural South Africa. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31786.
41. Faustini A, Hall AJ, Perucci CA. Risk factors for multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Europe:a systematic review. Thorax. 2006;61:158–163. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2104570&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
42. Salomon JA, Lloyd-Smith JO, Getz WM, et al. Prospects for advancing tuberculosis control efforts through novel therapies. PLoS Med. 2006;3:1302–1309.
43. Cox HS, McDermid C, Azevedo V,. Epidemic levels of drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR-TB) in a high HIV prevalence setting in Khayelitsha, South Africa. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e13901.
44. Shenoi S, Heysell S, Moll A, et al. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis:consequences for the global HIV community. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22:11–17. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3013226&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
45. Drobniewski F, Cooke M, Jordan J, et al. Systematic review, meta-analysis and economic modelling of molecular diagnostic tests for antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2015;19(34):1–188.
46. Walusimbi S, Bwanga F, De Costa A, et al. Meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of GeneXpert, MODS and the WHO 2007 algorithm for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):507. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3833313&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
47. Brown TJ, Herrera-Leon L, Anthony RM, et al. The use of macroarrays for the identification of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods. 2006;65(2):294–300.
48. Seoudi N, Mitchell SL, Brown TJ, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin drug resistance:retrospective analysis of a national UK molecular service over the last decade. Thorax. 2012;67(4):361–367.
49. Simons SO, van der Laan T, de Zwaan R, et al. Molecular drug susceptibility testing in the Netherlands:performance of the MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl assays. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2015;19(7):828–833. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056110
50. Walker TM, Kohl TA, Omar SV, et al. Whole-genome sequencing for prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility and resistance:a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(10):1193–1202.
51. Cambau E, Viveiros M, Machado D, et al. Revisiting susceptibility testing in MDR-TB by a standardized quantitative phenotypic assessment in a European multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(3):686–696.
52. Keller PM, Hömke R, Ritter C, et al. Determination of MIC distribution and epidemiological cut-off values for bedaquiline and delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MGIT 960/TB eXiST. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(May):1–14. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941226
53. Lee J, Armstrong DT, Ssengooba W, et al. Sensititre MYCOTB MIC plate for testing Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility to first-and second-line drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(1):11–18.
54. Jacobson KR, Tierney DB, Jeon CY, et al. Treatment outcomes among patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis:systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:6–14.
55. Falzon D, Gandhi N, Migliori GB, et al. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs:impact on multidrug-resistant TB outcomes. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(1):156–168.
56. Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Gandhi NR, et al. Drug resistance beyond extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis:individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:169–179. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060633
57. Lee M, Song T, Kim Y, et al. Linezolid for XDR-TB — Final Study Outcomes. New England J Med. 2015;373(3):290–291. Available from http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMc1500286
58. Sotgiu G, Centis R, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB:systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1430–1442.
59. Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, De Lorenzo S, et al. Linezolid tolerability in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis:a retrospective study. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(4):1205–1207.
60. Bolhuis MS, Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, et al. Is there still room for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with tuberculosis? Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1288–1290.
61. Cattaneo D, Gervasoni C, Clementi E. Is there still room for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with tuberculosis? Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1287–1288.
62. Gopal M, Padayatchi N, Metcalfe JZ, et al. Systematic review of clofazimine for the treatment of drug- resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:1001–1007.
63. Pym AS, Diacon AH, Tang SJ, et al. Bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug- and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(2):564–574.
64. Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch M, et al. The diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2397–2405.
65. Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch MP, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline. New England J Med. 2014;371(8):723–732. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25140958
66. Gler MT, Skripconoka V, Sanchez-Garavito E, et al. Delamanid for multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. New England J Med. 2012;366(23):2151–2160. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22670901
67. Tiberi S, Payen M-C, Sotgiu G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1235–1243. Available from http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/47/4/1235.abstract
68. Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of imipenem/clavulanate- versus meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2016;13993003.00214-2016-. Available from http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2016/04/13/13993003.00214-2016.abstract
69. Van Rijn SP, Van Altena R, Akkerman OW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1229–1234.
70. Alsaad N, Van Altena R, Pranger AD, et al. Evaluation of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(2):504–512.
71. Abbate E, Vescovo M, Natiello M, et al. Successful alternative treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Argentina with a combination of linezolid, moxifloxacin and thioridazine. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(2):473–477.
72. Horsburgh CR, Barry CE, Lange C, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2149–2160.
73. Zuur MA, Bolhuis MS, Anthony R, et al. Current status and opportunities for therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(5):509–521. Available from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1517/17425255.2016.1162785?journalCode=iemt20#.Vy7ouUxfzf0.mendeley• This review provides an overview on therapeutic drug monitoring integrated with molecular testing and host biomarkers on the bacteriological response to further optimize tuberculosis treatment.
74. Gumbo T, Pasipanodya JG, Nuermberger E, et al. Correlations between the hollow fiber model of tuberculosis and therapeutic events in tuberculosis patients:learn and confirm. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:S18–S24.
75. Gumbo T, Pasipanodya JG, Romero K, et al. Forecasting accuracy of the hollow fiber model of tuberculosis for clinical therapeutic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:S25–S31.• This study showed that the predictive accuracy of the hollow fiber system model of tuberculosis by using data from clinical studies, drug exposure susceptibility breakpoints and combination regimens was highly accurate at forecasting optimal drug exposures, doses, and dosing schedules for use in the clinic.
76. Maertzdorf J, Weiner J, Mollenkopf H-J, et al. Common patterns and disease-related signatures in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(20):7853–7858.
77. Wallis RS, Kim P, Cole S, et al. Tuberculosis biomarkers discovery:developments, needs, and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(4):362–372.
78. Den Hertog AL, Montero-Martín M, Saunders RL,. Cytokine kinetics in the first week of tuberculosis therapy as a tool to confirm a clinical diagnosis and guide therapy. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129552.
79. Feruglio SL, Tonby K, Kvale D, et al. Early dynamics of T helper cell cytokines and T regulatory cells in response to treatment of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;179(3):454–465.
80. den Hertog AL, Mayboroda OA, Klatser PR, et al. Simple rapid near-patient diagnostics for tuberculosis remain elusive–is a “treat-to-test” strategy more realistic? Plos Pathog. 2011;7(11):e1002207.
81. Tonby K, Ruhwald M, Kvale D, et al. IP-10 measured by dry plasma spots as biomarker for therapy responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9223. Available from http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150318/srep09223/full/srep09223.html
82. Inomata SI, Shijubo N, Kon S, et al. Circulating interleukin-18 and osteopontin are useful to evaluate disease activity in patients with tuberculosis. Cytokine. 2005;30(4):203–211.
83. Azzurri A, Sow OY, Amedei A, et al. IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 and pentraxin 3 plasma levels are tools for monitoring inflammation and disease activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbes Infect. 2005;7(1):1–8.
84. Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Salamon H, Wang H-Y, et al. Dynamic antibody responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(33):14703–14708.
85. Berry MPR, Graham CM, McNab FW, et al. An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis. Nat. 2010;466(7309):973–977. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09247
86. Joosten SA, Goeman JJ, Sutherland JS, et al. Identification of biomarkers for tuberculosis disease using a novel dual-color RT–MLPA assay. Genes Immun. 2012;13(1):71–82. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21956656\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gene.2011.64
87. Riou C, Perez Peixoto B, Roberts L,. Effect of standard tuberculosis treatment on plasma cytokine levels in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36886.
88. De SJEM, De KGJ, Ten KMT, et al. Dynamics of interferon-gamma release assay and cytokine profiles in blood and respiratory tract specimens from mice with tuberculosis and the effect of therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(6):1195–1201.
89. den Hertog AL, de Vos AF, Klatser PR, et al. Early specific host response associated with starting effective tuberculosis treatment in an infection controlled placebo controlled mouse study. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57997.
90. Zhu Y, Jia H, Chen J, et al. Decreased osteopontin expression as a reliable prognostic indicator of improvement in pulmonary Tuberculosis:impact of the level of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(5):1983–1996.
91. Corstjens PLAM, Tjon Kon Fat EM, de Dood CJ, et al. Multi-center evaluation of a user-friendly lateral flow assay to determine IP-10 and CCL4 levels in blood of TB and non-TB cases in Africa. Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1):22–31.
92. Mattos AMM, de Almeida CS, Franken KLMC, et al. Increased IgG1, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in patients with tuberculosis are lower after chemotherapy. Int Immunol. 2010;22(9):775–782.
93. Kik SV, Denkinger CM, Casenghi M, et al. Tuberculosis diagnostics:which target product profiles should be prioritised? Eur Respir J. 2014;44(2):537–539.
94. Johnston JC, Khan FA, Dowdy DW. Reducing relapse in tuberculosis treatment:is it time to reassess WHO treatment guidelines. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(6):624.
95. Tientcheu LD, Maertzdorf J, Weiner J, et al. Differential transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of M. africanum-and M. tuberculosis-infected patients after, but not before, drug treatment. Genes Immun. 2015;16(5):347–355.
96. Mirsaeidi M, Banoei MM, Winston BW, et al. Metabolomics:applications and promise in mycobacterial disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(9):1278–1287.
97. Cliff JM, Kaufmann SHE, Mcshane H, et al. The human immune response to tuberculosis and its treatment:a view from the blood. Immunol Rev. 2015;264(1):88–102.
98. Perrin FM, Lipman MC, McHugh TD, et al. Biomarkers of treatment response in clinical trials of novel antituberculosis agents. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):481–490.
99. van Deun A, Hamid Salim MA, Kumar Das AP, et al. Results of a standardised regimen for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8(5):560–567.
100. Aung KJM, van Deun A, Declercq E, et al. Successful “9-month Bangladesh regimen” for multidrugresistant tuberculosis among over 500 consecutive patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(10):1180–1187.
101. Moodley R, Godec TR. Short-course treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis:the STREAM trials. Eur Respir Rev. 2016;25(139):29–35. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26929418
102. Domínguez J, Boettger EC, Cirillo D, et al. Clinical implications of molecular drug resistance testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis:a TBNET/RESIST-TB consensus statement. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2016;20(1):24–42. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688526
103. Furin J, Brigden G, Lessem E, et al. Challenges in implementing new medications for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(3). Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4766879&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
104. WHO. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis [Internet]. 2014. p. 1–40. Available from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79199/1/9789241505345_eng.pdf
105. Gebhard A, van den Hof S, Cobelens F. How do the new definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes really perform? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(1):117. Available from http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201503-0517LE#.VxCM9fvuS-4.mendeley
106. Thomas BE, Shanmugam P, Malaisamy M, et al. Psycho-socio-economic issues challenging multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients:a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147397. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147397
107. Loveday M, Padayatchi N, Voce A, et al. The treatment journey of a patient with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa:is it patient-centred?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(Suppl 10):56–59. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24020603
108. Barnard M, Albert H, Coetzee G, et al. Rapid molecular screening for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-volume public health laboratory in South Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:787–792.
109. Heysell SK, Pholwat S, Mpagama SG, et al. Sensititre MycoTB plate compared to bactec MGIT 960 for first- and second-line antituberculosis drug susceptibility testing in Tanzania:a call to operationalize MICs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(11):7104–7108.• This study showed that the accuracy with the MycoTB plate was >90% for important first- and second-line drugs compared to that with the MGIT 960. This system is clinically useful in high burdened settings with limited resources.
110. Vu DH, Koster RA, Alffenaar JWC, et al. Determination of moxifloxacin in dried blood spots using LC-MS/MS and the impact of the hematocrit and blood volume. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011;879:1063–1070.
111. Vu DH, Alffenaar JWC, Edelbroek PM, et al. a. Dried blood spots:a new tool for tuberculosis treatment optimization. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(27):2931–2939. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834763
112. Vu DH, Bolhuis MS, Koster RA, et al. Dried blood spot analysis for therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(11):5758–5763.
113. Iseman MD, Madsen L, Goble M, et al. Surgical intervention in the treatment of pulmonary disease caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141(3):623–625. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2106811
114. Kempker RR, Vashakidze S, Solomonia N, et al. Surgical treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(2):157–166.
115. Akkerman OW, Van Altena R, Klinkenberg T, et al. Drug concentration in lung tissue in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(6):1750–1752.
116. Kempker RR, Barth AB, Vashakidze S, et al. Cavitary penetration of levofloxacin among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3149–3155.
117. Hickey AJ, Durham PG, Dharmadhikari A, et al. Inhaled drug treatment for tuberculosis:past progress and future prospects. J Control Release. 2015. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26596254
118. Van Breda SV, Buys A, Apostolides Z, et al. The antimicrobial effect of colistin methanesulfonate on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Tuberculosis. 2015;95(4):440–446.
119. Hofman S, Segers MM, Ghimire S, et al. Emerging drugs and alternative possibilities in the treatment of tuberculosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2016;21(1):103–116. Available from http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84959516123&partnerID=tZOtx3y1
120. Gröschel MI, Prabowo SA, Cardona PJ, et al. Therapeutic vaccines for tuberculosis-a systematic review. Vaccine. 2014;32(26):3162–3168.
121. Pankhurst LJ, Del Ojo Elias C, Votintseva AA, et al. Rapid, comprehensive, and affordable mycobacterial diagnosis with whole-genome sequencing:a prospective study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(1):49–58.
122. Cohen KA, Abeel T, Manson McGuire A, et al. Evolution of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis over four decades:whole genome sequencing and dating analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from KwaZulu-Natal. PLoS Med. 2015;12(9):e1001880.