The complexity of millennial-scale variability in southwestern Europe during MIS 11

Quaternary Research (United States)

Volumn 86, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 373-387

  Oliveira, Dulce ^a,b,c,d   Desprat, Stéphanie ^a,b   Rodrigues, Teresa ^c,d   Naughton, Filipa ^c,d   Hodell, David ^e   Trigo, Ricardo ^f   Rufino, Marta ^c,d   Lopes, Cristina ^c,d   Abrantes, Fátima ^c,d   Sánchez Goñi, Maria Fernanda ^a,b  

^a PSL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^c INSTITUTO PORTUGUÊS DO MAR E DA ATMOSFERA   (Portugal)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALGARVE   (Portugal)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Cooling events; Iberian margin; Land sea comparison; Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11; Mediterranean vegetation; Millennial scale climate variability; Pollen analysis

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATOLOGY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ISOTOPES; SEA ICE; SURFACE WATERS; VEGETATION;

CLIMATE VARIABILITY; IBERIAN MARGIN; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGES; MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION; POLLEN ANALYSIS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

BIOMARKER; CLIMATE VARIATION; COOLING; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALYNOLOGY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; EUROPE; IBERIAN MARGIN;

EID: 85002301255     PISSN: 00335894     EISSN: 10960287     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2016.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alley, R., Ágústsdóttir, A.M., The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005), 1123–1149.
2. Amore, F.O., Flores, J.A., Voelker, A.H.L., Lebreiro, S.M., Palumbo, E., Sierro, F.J., A middle Pleistocene northeast Atlantic coccolithophore record: paleoclimatology and paleoproductivity aspects. Marine Micropaleontology 90–91 (2012), 44–59, 10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.03.006.
3. Anav, A., Mariotti, A., Sensitivity of natural vegetation to climate change in the Euro-Mediterranean area. Climate Research 46 (2011), 277–292, 10.3354/cr00993.
4. Bard, E., Rostek, F., Turon, J.L., Gendreau, S., Hydrological impact of Heinrich events in the subtropical northeast Atlantic. Science 289:5483 (2000), 1321–1324, 10.1126/science.289.5483.1321.
5. Barker, S., Chen, J., Gong, X., Jonkers, L., Knorr, G., Thornalley, D., Icebergs not the trigger for North Atlantic cold events. Nature 520 (2015), 333–336, 10.1038/nature14330.
6. Bassinot, F.C., Labeyrie, L.D., Vincent, E., Quidelleur, X., Shackleton, N.J., Lancelot, Y., The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 126 (1994), 91–108.
7. Bauch, H.A., Interglacial climates and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: is there an Arctic controversy?. Quaternary Science Reviews 63 (2012), 1–22, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.023.
8. Bennett, K.D., Psimpoll and Pscomb: Computer Programs for Data Plotting and Analysis. 2000, Quaternary Geology, Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Software available on the internet at http://www.kv.geo.uu.se.
9. Berger, A., Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. Journal of Atmospheric Science 35 (1978), 2362–2367.
10. Billups, K., Chaisson, W., Worsnopp, M., Thunell, R., Millennial-scale fluctuations in subtropical northwestern Atlantic surface ocean hydrography during the mid-Pleistocene. Paleoceanography, 19(2), 2004, PA2017, 10.1029/2003pa000990.
11. Birks, H., Birks, H., Quaternary Palaeoecology. 1980, Edward Arnold, London.
12. Blanco Castro, E., Casado González, M.A., Costa Tenori, o M., Escribano Bombín, R., García Antón, M., Génova Fuster, M., Gómez Manzaneque, F., Moreno Sáiz, J.C., Morla Juaristi, C., Regato Pajares, P., Sáiz Ollero, H., Los bosques ibéricos: una Interpretación Geobotánica. 1997, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 572.
13. Candy, I., Schreve, D.C., Sherriff, J., Tye, G.J., Marine Isotope Stage 11: Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and its role as an analogue for the current interglacial. Earth-Science Reviews 128 (2014), 18–51, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.006.
14. Chabaud, L., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Desprat, S., Rossignol, L., Land-sea climatic variability in the eastern North Atlantic subtropical region over the last 14,200 years: atmospheric and oceanic processes at different timescales. The Holocene 24 (2014), 787–797, 10.1177/0959683614530439.
15. Cheddadi, R., Lamb, H.F., Guiot, J., Van Der Kaars, S., Holocene climatic change in Morocco: a quantitative reconstruction from pollen data. Climate Dynamics 14 (1998), 883–890, 10.1007/s003820050262.
16. Clark, P.U., Hostetler, S.W., Pisias, N.G., Schmittner, A., Meissner, K.J., Mechanisms for a ∼7-kyr climate and sea-level oscillation during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Schmittner, A., Chiang, J., Hemming, S., (eds.) Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts, 2007, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 173, Washington, D.C, 209–246.
17. Colville, E.J., Carlson, A.E., Beard, B.L., Hatfield, R.G., Stoner, J.S., Reyes, A.V., Ullman, D.J., Sr-Nd-Pb isotope evidence for ice-sheet presence on southern Greenland during the Last Interglacial. Science 333 (2011), 620–623, 10.1126/science.1204673.
18. Combourieu-Nebout, N., Peyron, O., Dormoy, I., Desprat, S., Beaudouin, C., Kotthoff, U., Marret, F., Rapid climatic variability in the west Mediterranean during the last 25 000 years from high resolution pollen data. Climate of the Past 5 (2009), 503–521, 10.5194/cp-5-503-2009.
19. Combourieu-Nebout, N., Turon, J.-L., Zahn, R., Capotondi, L., Londeix, L., Pahnke, K., Enhanced aridity and atmospheric high-pressure stability over the western Mediterranean during the North Atlantic cold events of the past 50 ky. Geology 30 (2002), 863–866.
20. Cortina, A., Sierro, F.J., Flores, J.A., Martrat, B., Grimalt, J.O., The response of SST to insolation and ice sheet variability from MIS 3 to MIS 11 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions). Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015), 10,366–10,374, 10.1002/2015GL065539.
21. de Abreu, L., Abrantes, F., Shackleton, N.J., Tzedakis, P.C., McManus, J.F., Oppo, D.W., Hall, M.A., Ocean climate variability in the eastern North Atlantic during interglacial Marine Isotope Stage 11: a partial analogue to the Holocene?. Paleoceanography 20 (2005), 1–15, 10.1029/2004PA001091.
22. de Beaulieu, J.L., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Reille, M., Grüger, E., Tzedakis, C., Svobodova, H., An attempt at correlation between the Velay pollen sequence and the Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy from central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001), 1593–1602, 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00027-0.
23. de Vernal, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Natural variability of Greenland climate, vegetation, and ice volume during the past million years. Science 320 (2008), 1622–1625, 10.1126/science.1153929.
24. Desprat, S., Réponses climatiques marines et continentales du Sud-Ouest de l'Europe lors des derniers interglaciaires et des entrées en glaciations. PhD thesis, 2005, Bordeaux University, France 282 pp.
25. Desprat, S., Combourieu-Nebout, N., Essallami, L., Sicre, M.A., Dormoy, I., Peyron, O., Siani, G., Bout Roumazeilles, V., Turon, J.L., Deglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic changes in the southern central Mediterranean from a direct land-sea correlation. Climate of the Past 9 (2013), 767–787, 10.5194/cp-9-767-2013.
26. Desprat, S., Díaz Fernández, P.M., Coulon, T., Ezzat, L., Pessarossi-Langlois, J., Gil, L., Morales-Molino, C., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Pinus nigra (European black pine) as the dominant species of the last glacial pinewoods in south-western to central Iberia: a morphological study of modern and fossil pollen. Journal of Biogeography 42 (2015), 1998–2009, 10.1111/jbi.12566.
27. Desprat, S., Sanchez Goni, M.F., Naughton, F., Turon, J.-L., Duprat, J., Malaize, B., Cortijo, E., Peypouquet, J.-P., Climate variability of the last five isotopic interglacials: direct land-sea-ice correlation from the multiproxy analysis of North-Western Iberian margin deep-sea cores. Sirocko, F., Litt, T., Claussen, M., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., (eds.) The Climate of Past Interglacials, Developments in Quaternary Science, 2007, Elsevier, 375–386.
28. Desprat, S., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., McManus, J.F., Duprat, J., Cortijo, E., Millennial-scale climatic variability between 340000 and 270000 years ago in SW Europe: evidence from a NW Iberian margin pollen sequence. Climate of the Past 5 (2009), 53–72, 10.5194/cp-5-53-2009.
29. Desprat, S., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Turon, J.L., McManus, J.F., Loutre, M.F., Duprat, J., Malaizé, B., Peyron, O., Peypouquet, J.P., Is vegetation responsible for glacial inception during periods of muted insolation changes?. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005), 1361–1374, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.005.
30. 2. Climate of the Past 4 (2008), 333–344, 10.5194/cp-4-333-2008.
31. Dupont, L.M., Wyputta, U., Reconstructing pathways of aeolian pollen transport to the marine sediments along the coastline of SW Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (2003), 157–174.
32. Dutton, A., Carlson, A.E., Long, A.J., Milne, G.A., Clark, P.U., DeConto, R., Horton, B.P., Rahmstorf, S., Raymo, M.E., Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods. Science, 349, 2015, 10.1126/science.aaa4019.
33. Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, N., Hodell, D., Piotrowski, A.M., Evolution of ocean temperature and ice volume through the Mid- Pleistocene climate transition. Science 377 (2012), 704–709, 10.1126/science.1221294.
34. Expedition 339 Scientists, The Expedition 339 Scientists. Site U1385. Stow, D.A.V., Hernández-Molina, F.J., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., (eds.) Proceedings IODP 339, 2013, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.339.103.201.
35. Fiúza, A.F.G., Upwelling patterns off Portugal. Suess, E., Thiede, J., (eds.) Coastal Upwelling, its Sediment Record, 1983, Plenum, New York, 85–98.
36. Fiúza, A.F.G., Macedo, M.E., Guerreiro, M.R., Climatological space and time variation of the Portuguese coastal upwelling. Oceanologica Acta 5:1 (1982), 31–40.
37. Fletcher, W.J., Debret, Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Mid-Holocene emergence of a low-frequency millennial oscillation in western Mediterranean climate: implications for past dynamics of the North Atlantic atmospheric westerlies. The Holocene 23 (2012), 153–166, 10.1177/095968361246078.
38. Fletcher, W.J., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Orbital- and sub-orbital-scale climate impacts on vegetation of the western Mediterranean basin over the last 48,000 yr. Quaternary Research 70 (2008), 451–464, 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.07.002.
39. Fletcher, W.J., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Peyron, O., Dormoy, I., Abrupt climate changes of the last deglaciation detected in a Western Mediterranean forest record. Climate of the Past 6 (2010), 245–264, 10.5194/cp-6-245-2010.
40. Gao, X., Giorgi, F., Increased aridity in the Mediterranean region under greenhouse gas forcing estimated from high resolution simulations with a regional climate model. Global and Planetary Change 62 (2008), 195–209, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.002.
41. Gouveia, C., Trigo, R.M., DaCamara, C.C., Libonati, R., Pereira, J.M.C., The North Atlantic oscillation and European vegetation dynamics. International Journal of Climatology 28 (2008), 1835–1847.
42. Gimeno, L., Nieto, R., Trigo, R.M., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., López-Moreno, J.I., Where does the Iberian Peninsula moisture come From? An answer based on a lagrangian approach. Journal of Hydrometeorology 11 (2010), 421–436, 10.1175/2009JHM1182.1.
43. Giorgi, F., Climate change hot-spots. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 2006, L08707, 10.1029/2006GL025734.
44. Grousset, F.E., Pujol, C., Labeyrie, L., Auffret, G., Boelaert, A., Were the North Atlantic Heinrich events triggered by the behavior of the European ice sheets?. Geology 28:2 (2000), 123–126.
45. Hall, I.R., Becker, J., Deep western boundary current variability in the subtropical northwest Atlantic Ocean during Marine Isotope Stages 12-10. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8 (2007), 1–14, 10.1029/2006GC001518.
46. Heusser, L., Balsam, W.L., Pollen distribution in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Quaternary Research 7 (1977), 45–62, 10.1016/0033-5894(77)90013-8.
47. Hodell, D., Crowhurst, S., Skinner, L., Tzedakis, P.C., Margari, V., Channell, J.E.T., Kamenov, G., MacLachlan, S., Rothwell, G., Response of Iberian Margin sediments to orbital and suborbital forcing over the past 420 ka. Paleoceanography 28 (2013), 185–199, 10.1002/palo.20017.
48. Hodell, D., Lourens, L., Crowhurst, S., Konijnendijk, T., Tjallingii, R., Jimenez-Espejo, F., Skinner, L., Tzedakis, P.C., A reference time scale for site U1385 (Shackleton site) on the SW Iberian margin. Global and Planetary Change 1385 (2015), 49–64, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.07.002.
49. Hodell, D.A., Channell, J.E.T., Curtis, J.H., Romero, O.E., Röhl, U., Onset of “Hudson Strait” Heinrich events in the eastern North Atlantic at the end of the middle Pleistocene transition (∼640 ka)?. Paleoceanography 23 (2008), 1–16, 10.1029/2008PA001591.
50. Hodell, D.A., Lourens, L., Stow, D.V., Hernández-Molina, J., Alvarez Zarikian, C., Shackleton Site Project Members. The “Shackleton Site” (IODP site U1385) on the Iberian margin. Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program 16 (2013), 13–19, 10.5194/sd-16-13-2013.
51. Hurrell, J.W., Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269 (1995), 676–679, 10.1126/science.269.5224.676.
52. IPCC, Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M., (eds.) Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535, 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.
53. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J.M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J.C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J.P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T.F., Tison, J.L., Werner, M., Wolff, E.W., Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science 317 (2007), 793–796, 10.1126/science.1141038.
54. Juggins, S., Package “rioja” – Analysis of Quaternary Science Data. 2009, The Comprehensive R Archive Network.
55. Koutsodendris, A., Brauer, A., Pälike, H., Müller, U.C., Dulski, P., Lotter, A.F., Pross, J., Sub-decadal- to decadal-scale climate cyclicity during the Holsteinian interglacial (MIS 11) evidenced in annually laminated sediments. Climate of the Past 7 (2011), 987–999, 10.5194/cp-7-987-2011.
56. Koutsodendris, A., Müller, U.C., Pross, J., Brauer, A., Kotthoff, U., Lotter, A.F., Vegetation dynamics and climate variability during the Holsteinian interglacial based on a pollen record from Dethlingen (northern Germany). Quaternary Science Reviews 29 (2010), 3298–3307, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.024.
57. Koutsodendris, A., Pross, J., Müller, U.C., Brauer, A., Fletcher, W.J., Kühl, N., Kirilova, E., Verhagen, F.T.M., Lücke, A., Lotter, A.F., A short-term climate oscillation during the Holsteinian interglacial (MIS 11c): an analogy to the 8.2ka climatic event?. Global and Planetary Change 92–93 (2012), 224–235, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.011.
58. Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Boscolo, R., Alpert, P., Artale, V., Li, L., Luterbacher, J., May, W., Trigo, R., Tsimplis, M., Ulbrich, U., Xoplaki, E., The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and issues. Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences 4 (2006), 1–26, 10.1016/S1571-9197(06)80003-0.
59. 18O records. Paleoceanography, 20, 2005, PA1003, 10.1029/2004PA001071.
60. Loidi, J., Biurrun, I., Campos, J.A., Garcıa-Mijangos, I., Herrera, M., A survey of heath vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Morocco: a biogeographical and bioclimatic approach. Phytocoenologia 37 (2007), 341–370.
61. Loutre, M.F., Berger, A.L., Marine Isotope Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36 (2003), 209–217, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00186-8.
62. Magri, D., Quaternary history of Cedrus in southern Europe. Annali Di Botanica, 2012, 57–66, 10.4462/annbotrm-10022.
63. Maiorano, P., Marino, M., Balestra, B., Flores, J.-A., Hodell, D.A., Rodrigues, T., Coccolithophore variability from the Shackleton site (IODP site U1385) through MIS 16-10. Global and Planetary Change 133 (2015), 35–48, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.07.009.
64. Margari, V., Skinner, L.C., Tzedakis, P.C., Ganopolski, A., Vautravers, M., Shackleton, N.J., The nature of millennial-scale climate variability during the past two glacial periods. Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 127–131.
65. Marino, M., Maiorano, P., Tarantino, F., Voelker, A., Capotondi, L., Girone, A., Lirer, F., Flores, J.A., Naafs, B.D.A., Coccolithophores as proxy of seawater changes at orbital-to-millennial scale during middle Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stages 14-9 in North Atlantic core MD01-2446. Paleoceanography 29 (2014), 518–532, 10.1002/2013PA002574.
66. Martrat, B., Grimalt, J.O., Lopez-Martinez, C., Cacho, I., Sierro, F.J., Flores, J.A., Zahn, R., Canals, M., Curtis, J.H., Hodell, D.A., Abrupt temperature changes in the western Mediterranean over the past 250,000 years. Science 306:5702 (2004), 1762–1765, 10.1126/science.1101706.
67. Martrat, B., Grimalt, J.O., Shackleton, N.J., de Abreu, L., Hutterli, M.A., Stocker, T.F., Four climate cycles of recurring deep and surface water destabilizations on the Iberian margin. Science 317 (2007), 502–507, 10.1126/science.1139994.
68. McAndrews, J.H., King, J., Pollen of the North American Quaternary: the top twenty. Geoscience and Man 15 (1976), 41–49.
69. McManus, J., Oppo, D., Cullen, J., Healey, S., Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11): analog for Holocene and future climate?. Droxler, A.W., Poore, R.Z., Burckle, L.H., (eds.) Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: the Marine Isotope Stage 11 Question AGU Geophysical Monograph Series No. 137, 2003, 61–66.
70. McManus, J.F., Oppo, D.W., Cullen, J.L., A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic. Science 283 (1999), 971–974.
71. Melles, M., Brigham-Grette, J., Minyuk, P.S., Nowaczyk, N.R., Wennrich, V., DeConto, R.M., Anderson, P.M., Andreev, A.A., Coletti, A., Cook, T.L., Haltia-Hovi, E., Kukkonen, M., Lozhkin, A.V., Rosen, P., Tarasov, P., Vogel, H., Wagner, B., 2.8 million years of Arctic climate change from Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia. Science 337 (2012), 315–320, 10.1126/science.1222135.
72. Milker, Y., Rachmayani, R., Weinkauf, M.F.G., Prange, M., Raitzsch, M., Schulz, M., Kučera, M., Global and regional sea surface temperature trends during Marine Isotope Stage 11. Climate of the Past 9 (2013), 2231–2252, 10.5194/cp-9-2231-2013.
73. Moffa-Sánchez, P., Born, A., Hall, I.R., Thornalley, D.J.R., Barker, S., Solar forcing of North Atlantic surface temperature and salinity over the past millennium. Nature Geoscience 7 (2014), 275–278, 10.1038/ngeo2094.
74. Moore, P.D., Webb, J.A., Collinson, M.E., Pollen Analysis. second ed., 1991, Blackwell scientific publication, Oxford, 216.
75. Mudie, P., McCarthy, F., Marine palynology: potentials for onshore—offshore correlation of Pleistocene—Holocene records. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 61 (2006), 139–157.
76. 37- based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N-60°S). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62 (1998), 1757–1772.
77. Naughton, F., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Desprat, S., Turon, J.L., Duprat, J., Malaizé, B., Joli, C., Cortijo, E., Drago, T., Freitas, M.C., Present-day and past (last 25 000 years) marine pollen signal off western Iberia. Marine Micropaleontology 62 (2007), 91–114, 10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.07.006.
78. Naughton, F., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Kageyama, M., Bard, E., Cortijo, E., Desprat, S., Duprat, J., Malaizé, B., Joli, C., Rostek, F., Turon, J.-L., Wet to dry climatic trend in north western Iberia within Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284 (2009), 329–342.
79. Oort, A.H., Vander Haar, T.H., On the observed annual cycle in the ocean-atmosphere heat balance over the northern hemisphere. Journal of Physical Oceanography 6 (1976), 781–800.
80. Oppo, D.W., McManus, J.F., Cullen, J.L., Abrupt climate events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: evidence from subpolar North Atlantic sediments. Science 279 (1998), 1335–1338.
81. Ortega, P., Lehner, F., Swingedouw, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., Raible, C.C., Casado, M., Yiou, P., A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium. Nature 523 (2015), 71–74, 10.1038/nature14518.
82. Palumbo, E., Flores, J.-A., Perugia, C., Petrillo, Z., Voelker, A.H.L., Amore, F.O., Millennial scale coccolithophore paleoproductivity and surface water changes between 445 and 360ka (Marine Isotope Stages 12/11) in the Northeast Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 383–384 (2013), 27–41 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.04.024.
83. Peinado Lorca, M., Martinez-Parras, J.M., Castilla-La Mancha. Peinado Lorca, M., Rivas-Martinez, S., (eds.) La vegetación de España, 1987, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, Alcala de Henares, 163–196.
84. Peliz, Á., Dubert, J., Santos, A.M.P., Oliveira, P.B., Le Cann, B., Winter upper ocean circulation in the western Iberian basin – fronts, eddies and poleward flows: an overview. Deep-Sea Research Part I 52:4 (2005), 621–646, 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.11.005.
85. Peterson, G.M., Recent pollen spectra and zonal vegetation in the western USSR. Quaternary Science Reviews 2:4 (1983), 281–321.
86. Pol, K., Debret, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Capron, E., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Johnsen, S., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Minster, B., Stenni, B., Links between MIS 11 millennial to sub-millennial climate variability and long term trends as revealed by new high resolution EPICA Dome C deuterium data – a comparison with the Holocene. Climate of the Past 7 (2011), 437–450, 10.5194/cp-7-437-2011.
87. Poli, M.S., Thunnel, R.C., Rio, D., Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic deep water circulation during Marine Isotope Stages 11 and 12: linkage to Antarctic climate. Geology 28 (2000), 807–810.
88. Polunin, O., Walters, M., A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe. 1985, Oxford University Press, New York 238 pp.
89. Prentice, L.C., Modern pollen spectra from lake sediments in Finland and Finnmark, north Norway. Boreas 7 (1978), 131–153.
90. Prokopenko, A.A., Bezrukova, E.V., Khursevich, G.K., Solotchina, E.P., Kuzmin, M.I., Tarasov, P.E., Climate in continental interior Asia during the longest interglacial of the past 500 000 years: the new MIS 11 records from Lake Baikal, SE Siberia. Climate of the Past 6 (2010), 31–48, 10.5194/cp-6-31-2010.
91. Quezel, P., Réflexions sur l'évolution de la flore et de la végétation au Maghreb méditerranéen. 2002, Ibis Press, Paris.
92. R Core Team, R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2014, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria http://www.R-project.org/.
93. Railsback, L.B., Gibbard, P.L., Head, M.J., Voarintsoa, N.R.G., Toucanne, S., An optimized scheme of lettered marine isotope substages for the last 1.0 million years, and the climatostratigraphic nature of isotope stages and substages. Quaternary Science Reviews 111 (2015), 94–106, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.012.
94. Raymo, M.E., Mitrovica, J.X., Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial. Nature 483 (2012), 453–456, 10.1038/nature10891.
95. Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Souchez, R., Lorrain, R., Petit, J.-R., Duval, P., Lipenkov, V.Y., Palaeoclimatology: the record for marine isotopic stage 11. Nature 436 (2005), 39–40, 10.1038/43639b.
96. Reille, M., Pollen et spores d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. 1992, Laboratoire de botanique historique et palynologie, Marseille, 520.
97. Reille, M., Beaulieu, J.-L. De, Svobodova, H., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Goeury, C., Pollen analytical biostratigraphy of the last five climatic cycles from a long continental sequence from the Velay region (Massif Central, France). Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (2000), 665–685.
98. Reyes, A.V., Carlson, A.E., Beard, B.L., Hatfield, R.G., Stoner, J.S., Winsor, K., Welke, B., Ullman, D.J., South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during marine isotope stage 11. Nature 510 (2014), 525–528, 10.1038/nature13456.
99. Roberts, D.L., Karkanas, P., Jacobs, Z., Marean, C.W., Roberts, R.G., Melting ice sheets 400,000 yr ago raised sea level by 13 m: past analogue for future trends. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 357–358 (2012), 226–237, 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.006.
100. Roche, D.M., Wiersma, A.P., Renssen, H., A systematic study of the impact of freshwater pulses with respect to different geographical locations. Climate Dynamics 34 (2010), 997–1013, 10.1007/s00382-009-0578-8.
101. Rodrigues, T., Grimalt, J.O., Abrantes, F., Flores, J.A., Lebreiro, S., Holocene interdependences of changes in sea surface temperature, productivity and fluvial inputs in the Iberian continental shelf (Tagus mud patch). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(7), 2009, 10.1029/2008GC002367.
102. Rodrigues, T., Voelker, A.H.L., Grimalt, J.O., Abrantes, F., Naughton, F., Iberian Margin sea surface temperature during MIS 15 to 9 (580–300 ka): glacial suborbital variability versus interglacial stability. Paleoceanography, 26, 2011, 10.1029/2010PA001927 PA1204.
103. Rohling, E.J., Grant, K., Bolshaw, M., Roberts, A.P., Siddall, M., Hemleben, C., Kucera, M., Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2 (2009), 500–504, 10.1038/ngeo557.
104. Roucoux, K.H., Tzedakis, P.C., de Abreu, L., Shackleton, N.J., Climate and vegetation changes 180,000 to 345,000 years ago recorded in a deep-sea core off Portugal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249 (2006), 307–325, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.005.
105. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Bard, E., Landais, A., Rossignol, L., d'Errico, F., Air–sea temperature decoupling in western Europe during the last interglacial–glacial transition. Nature Geoscience 6 (2013), 837–841, 10.1038/ngeo1924.
106. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Cacho, I., Turon, J., Guiot, J., Sierro, F., Peypouquet, J., Grimalt, J., Shackleton, N., Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the last glacial period in the Mediterranean region. Climate Dynamics 19 (2002), 95–105, 10.1007/s00382-001-0212-x.
107. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Eynaud, F., Turon, J.L., Shackleton, N.J., High resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin: direct land-sea correlation for the last interglacial complex. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 171 (1999), 123–137.
108. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Landais, A., Fletcher, W.J., Naughton, F., Desprat, S., Duprat, J., Contrasting impacts of Dansgaard-Oeschger events over a western European latitudinal transect modulated by orbital parameters. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008), 1136–1151, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.03.003.
109. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Loutre, M.F., Crucifix, M., Peyron, O., Santos, L., Duprat, J., Malaizé, B., Turon, J.L., Peypouquet, J.P., Increasing vegetation and climate gradient in western Europe over the last glacial inception (122–110 ka): data-model comparison. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 231 (2005), 111–130, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.010.
110. Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Turon, J.L., Eynaud, F., Gendreau, S., European climatic response to millennial-scale changes in the atmosphere-ocean system during the last glacial period. Quaternary Research 54 (2000), 394–403, 10.1006/qres.2000.2176.
111. Sánchez-Goñi, M.F., Landais, A., Cacho, I., Duprat, J., Rossignol, L., Contrasting intrainterstadial climatic evolution between high and middle North Atlantic latitudes: a close-up of Greenland interstadials 8 and 12. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, 2009, 10.1029/2008GC002369.
112. Santini, M., Collalti, A., Valentini, R., Climate change impacts on vegetation and water cycle in the Euro-Mediterranean region, studied by a likelihood approach. Regional Environmental Change 14 (2014), 1405–1418, 10.1007/s10113-013-0582-8.
113. Shackleton, N., Fairbanks, R., Chiu, T., Parrenin, F., Absolute calibration of the Greenland time scale: implications for Antarctic time scales and for Δ14C. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004), 1513–1522, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.03.006.
114. Shackleton, N.J., Hall, M.A., Vincent, E., Phase relationships between millennial-scale events 64,000-24,000 years ago. Paleoceanography 15 (2000), 565–569, 10.1029/2000PA000513.
115. Shackleton, N.J., Sánchez-Goñi, M.F., Pailler, D., Lancelot, Y., Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian interglacial. Global and Planetary Change 36 (2003), 151–155, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9.
116. Skinner, L.C., Shackleton, N.J., An Atlantic lead over Pacific deep-water change across Termination I: implications for the application of the Marine Isotope Stage stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005), 571–580, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.008.
117. Sousa, P., Barriopedro, D., Trigo, R.M., Ramos, A.M., Nieto, R., Gimeno, L., Turkman, K.F., Liberato, M.L.R., Impact of Euro-Atlantic blocking patterns in Iberia precipitation using a novel high resolution dataset. Climate Dynamics, 2015, 1–19, 10.1007/s00382-015-2718-7.
118. Sousa, P., Trigo, R.M., Pereira, M., Bedia, J., Gutierrez, J.M., Different approaches to model future burnt area in the Iberian Peninsula. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 202 (2015), 11–25, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.11.018.
119. Stein, R., Hefter, J., Grützner, J., Voelker, A., Naafs, B.D.A., Variability of surface water characteristics and Heinrich-like events in the Pleistocene midlatitude North Atlantic ocean: biomarker and XRD records from IODP site U1313 (MIS 16–9). Paleoceanography, 24, 2009, PA2203, 10.1029/2008pa001639.
120. Trigo, R.M., Pozo- Vázquez, D., Osborn, T.J., Castro-Díez, Y., Gamiz-Fortis, S., Esteban-Parra, M.J., North Atlantic oscillation influence on precipitation, river flow and water resources in the Iberian Peninsula. International Journal of Climatology 24 (2004), 925–944, 10.1002/joc.1048.
121. 18O stratigraphy of the Hoxnian lacustrine sequence at Marks Tey, Essex, UK: implications for the climatic structure of MIS 11 in Britain. Journal of Quaternary Science 31 (2016), 75–92, 10.1002/jqs.2840.
122. Tzedakis, P.C., Channell, J.E.T., Hodell, D.A., Kleiven, H.F., Skinner, L.C., Determining the natural length of the current interglacial. Nature Geoscience 5:2 (2012), 138–142.
123. Tzedakis, P.C., Roucoux, K.H., de Abreu, L., Shackleton, N.J., The duration of forest stages in southern Europe and interglacial climate variability. Science 306 (2004), 2231–2235, 10.1126/science.1102398.
124. Tzedakis, P.C., The MIS 11 – MIS 1 analogy, southern European vegetation, atmospheric methane and the “early anthropogenic hypothesis”. Climate of the Past 6 (2010), 131–144, 10.5194/cp-6-131-2010.
125. Tzedakis, P.C., Andrieu, V., De Beaulieu, J.L., Birks, H.J.B., Crowhurst, S., Follieri, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Magri, D., Reille, M., Sadori, L., Shackleton, N.J., Wijmstra, T.A., Establishing a terrestrial chronological framework as a basis for biostratigraphical comparisons. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001), 1583–1592, 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00025-7.
126. Tzedakis, P.C., Pälike, H., Roucoux, K.H., de Abreu, L., Atmospheric methane, southern European vegetation and low-mid latitude links on orbital and millennial timescales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277 (2009), 307–317, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.027.
127. Villanueva, J., Grimalt, J.O., Cortijo, E., Vidal, L., Labeyriez, L., A biomarker approach to the organic matter deposited in the North Atlantic during the last climatic cycle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997), 4633–4646.
128. 37 alkenone sea surface temperatures and terrigenous n-alkane inputs in paleoceanography. Journal of Chromatography A 757 (1997), 145–151.
129. Voelker, A.H.L., Rodrigues, T., Billups, K., Oppo, D., McManus, J., Stein, R., Hefter, J., Grimalt, J.O., Variations in mid-latitude North Atlantic surface water properties during the mid-Brunhes (MIS 9–14) and their implications for the thermohaline circulation. Climate of the Past 6 (2010), 531–552, 10.5194/cp-6-531-2010.
130. Walter, H., Breckle, S.-W., Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere: 3 Temperate and Polar Zonobiomes of Northern Eurasia. 1989, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
131. Walter, K., Graf, H.-F., On the changing nature of the regional connection between the North Atlantic oscillation and sea surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D17), 2002, 4338, 10.1029/2001JD000850.
132. Wijmstra, T.A., Smit, A., Palynology of the middle part (30–78 m) of the 120m deep section in Northern Greece (Macedonia). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 25 (1976), 297–312.
133. Wood, S.N., Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R. 2006, Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
134. Wright, J.H.E., McAndrews, J.H., van Zeist, W., Modern pollen rain in western Iran, and its relation to plant geography and Quaternary vegetational history. Journal of Ecology, 1967, 415–443.
135. 2 to the interglacial climates of the past 800,000 years. Climate Dynamics 38 (2012), 709–724, 10.1007/s00382-011-1013-5.
136. Zuur, A.F., Ieno, E.N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A.A., Smith, G.M., Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Statistics for Biology and Health. 2009, Springer New York, New York, NY, 10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6.