Global and regional sea surface temperature trends during Marine Isotope Stage 11

Climate of the Past

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 2231-2252

  Milker, Y ^a,b,d   Rachmayani, R ^b   Weinkauf, M F G ^a,b   Prange, M ^b   Raitzsch, M ^c   Schulz, M ^b   Kucera M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

^c ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; DATABASE; DEGLACIATION; GLOBAL OCEAN; GREENHOUSE GAS; HOXNIAN; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; ORBITAL FORCING; OVERTURN; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; STABLE ISOTOPE; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 84885165474     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-2231-2013     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Altman, D. G.: Practical Statistics for Medical Research, CRC Texts in Statistical Science, Chapman&Hall, Boca Raton, 1991.
2. Bard, E. and Rickaby, R. E. M.: Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate, Nature, 460, 380-384, 2009.
3. Barker, S., Cacho, I., Benwayc, H., and Tachikawa, K.: Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca as a proxy for past oceanic temperatures: a methodological overview and data compilation for the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 821-834, 2005. (Pubitemid 40383447)
4. Bauch, H. A., Erlenkeuser, H., Helmke, J. P., and Struck, U.: A pa-leoclimatic evaluation of marine oxygen isotope stage 11 in the high-northern Atlantic (Nordic seas), Global Planet. Change, 24, 27-39, 2000. (Pubitemid 30147116)
5. Becquey, S. and Gersonde, R.: Past hydrographic and climatic changes in the Subantarctic Zone of the South Atlantic-The Pleistocene record from ODP Site 1090, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecl., 182, 221-239, 2002. (Pubitemid 34703162)
6. Becquey, S. and Gersonde, R.: A 0.55-Ma paleotemperature record from the Subantarctic zone: Implications for Antarctic Cir-cumpolar Current development, Paleoceanography, 18, 1014, doi:10.1029/2000PA000576, 2003.
7. Berger, A.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362-2367, 1978.
8. Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F.: Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 297-317, 1991.
9. Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Pe-terchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum-Part 2: feedbacks with emphasis on the location of the ITCZ and mid-and high latitudes heat budget, Clim. Past, 3, 279-296, doi:10.5194/cp-3-279-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46896894)
10. Brewer, S., Guiot, J., and Torre, F.: Mid-Holocene climate change in Europe: a data-model comparison, Clim. Past, 3, 499-512, doi:10.5194/cp-3-499- 2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47330731)
11. Caley, T., Kim, J.-H., Malaizé, B., Giraudeau, J., Laepple, T., Cail-lon, N., Charlier, K., Rebaubier, H., Rossignol, L., Castañeda, I. S., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: High-latitude obliquity as a dominant forcing in the Agulhas current system, Clim. Past, 7, 1285-1296, doi:10.5194/cp-7-1285-2011, 2011.
12. Chen, M.-T., Chang, Y.-P., Chang, C.-C., Wang, L.-W., Wang, C.H., and Yu, E.-F.: Late Quaternary sea-surface temperature variations in the southeast Atlantic: a planktic foraminifer faunal record of the past 600 000 yr (IMAGES II MD962085), Mar. Geol., 180, 163-181, 2002. (Pubitemid 34248729)
13. Chen, M.-T., Shiau, L.-J., Yu, P.-S., Chiu, T.-C., Chen, Y.-G., and Wei, K.-Y.: 500 000-Year records of carbonate, organic carbon, and foraminiferal sea-surface temperature from the southeastern South China Sea (near Palawan Island), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 197, 113-131, 2003. (Pubitemid 36946786)
14. Clemens, S. C. and Prell, W. J.: Oxygen and carbon isotopes from Site 1146, northern South China Sea, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 184, 1-8, 2003.
15. Clemens, S. C., Murray, D. W., and Prell, W. J.: Nonstationary phase of the Plio-Pleistocene Asian Monsoon, Science, 274, 943-948, 1996.
16. Cohen, J.: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Educ. Psy-chol. Meas., 20, 37-46, 1960.
17. Collins, W. D., Blackmon, M. L., Bonan, G. B., Hack, J. J., Henderson, T. B., Kiehl, J. T., Large, W. G., and McKenna, D. S.: The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), J. Climate, 19, 2122-2143, 2006. (Pubitemid 43881275)
18. Conte, M. H., Sicre, M.-A., Rühlemann, C., Weber, J. C., Schulte, S., Schulz-Dull, D., and Blanz, T.: Global temperature calibration of the alkenone unsaturation index (UK37) in surface waters and comparison with surface sediments, Geochem. Geophys. Geosy., 7, Q02005, doi:10.1029/2005GC001054, 2006.
19. Cortese, G., Abelmann, A., and Gersonde, R.: A glacial warm water anomaly in the subantarctic Atlantic Ocean, near the Agulhas Retroflection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 222, 767-778, 2004. (Pubitemid 38763292)
20. Crundwell, M., Scott, G., Naish, T., and Carter, L.: Glacial-interglacial ocean climate variability from planktonic foraminifera during the Mid-Pleistocene transition in the temperate Southwest Pacific, ODP Site 1123, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 260, 202-229, 2008.
21. D'Anjou, R. M., Wei, J. H., Castaneda, I. S., Brigham-Grette, J., Petsch, S. T., and Finkelstein, D. B.: High-latitude environmental change during MIS 9 and 11: biogeochemical evidence from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russia, Clim. Past, 9, 567-581, doi:10.5194/cp-9-567-2013, 2013.
22. De Abreu, L., Abrantes, F. F., Shackleton, N. J., Tzedakis, P. C., McManus, J. F., Oppo, D. W., and Hall, M. A.: Ocean climate variability in the eastern North Atlantic during interglacial marine isotope stage 11: A partial analogue to the Holocene?, Pale-oceanography, 20, PA3009, doi:10.1029/ 2004PA001091, 2005. (Pubitemid 41601614)
23. de Villiers, S.: Dissolution effects on foraminiferal Mg/Ca records of sea surface temperature in the western equatorial Pacific, Pa-leoceanography, 18, 1070, doi:10.1029/2002PA000802 2003.
24. Dickson, A. J., Beer, C. J., Dempsey, C., Maslin, M. A., Bendle, J. A., McClymont, E. L., and Pancost, R. D.: Oceanic forcing of the Marine Isotope Stage 11 interglacial, Nat. Geosci., 2, 428-433, 2009.
25. Dudley, W. C. and Nelson, C. S.: The influence of non-equilibrium isotope fractionation on the Quaternary calcareous nannofossil stable isotope signal in the southwest Pacific Ocean, DSDP Site 594, Mar. Micropaleontol., 24, 3-27, 1994.
26. 18O of Globigeri-noides sacculifer, Paleoceanography, 12, 764-772, 1997.
27. 18O for the Southern Ocean over the past 440 kyr based on Mg/Ca of benthic foraminiferal Uvigerina spp., Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 160-169, 2010.
28. Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N., Hodell, D., and Piotrowski, A. M.: Evolution of ocean temperature and ice volume through the Mid-Pleistocene climate transition, Science, 337, 704-709, 2012.
29. Emeis, K.-C., Doose, H., Mix, A., and Schulz-Bull, D.: Alkenone sea-surface temperatures and carbon burial at Site 846 (eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean): the last 1.3 M.Y., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138, 605-613, 1995.
30. EPICA community members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623-628, 2004.
31. Garidel-Thoron, T. D., Rosenthal, Y., Bassinot, F., and Beaufort, L.: Stable sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool over the past 1.75 million years, Nature, 433, 294-298, 2005.
32. Hale, W. and Pflaumann, U.: Sea-surface Temperature Estimations using a Modern Analog Technique with Foraminiferal Assemblages from Western Atlantic Quaternary Sediments, in: Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography-Examples from the South Atlantic, edited by: Fischer, G. and Wefer, G., Spinger, Berlin, Heidelberg, 69-90, 1999.
33. Hall, I. R., McCave, I. N., Shackleton, N. J., Weedon, G. P., and Harris, S. E.: Intensified deep Pacific inflow and ventilation in Pleistocene glacial times, Nature, 412, 809-812, 2001. (Pubitemid 32801460)
34. Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D.: PAST: Palaeontolog-ical statistics package for education and data analysis, Paleaeon-tol. Electron., 4, 9 pp., 2001.
35. Hammer, O. and Harper, D. A. T.: Paleontological Data Analysis, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Oxford, Victoria, 2006.
36. Hannachi, A., Jolliffe, I. T., and Stephenson, D. B.: Empirical orthogonal functions and related techniques in atmospheric science: A review, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1119-1152, 2007. (Pubitemid 47086605)
37. Hao, Q., Wang, L., Oldfield, F., Peng, S., Qin, L., Song, Y., Xu, B., Qiao, Y., Bloemendal, J., and Guo, Z.: Delayed build-up of Arctic ice sheets during 400, 000-year minima in insolation variability, Nature, 490, 393-396, 2012.
38. Haug, G. H.: Zur Paläo-Ozeanographie und Sedimentation sgeschichte im Nordwest-Pazifik während der letzten 6 Millionen Jahre (ODP-Site 882), Ph. D., Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, 98 pp., 1995.
39. Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, 194, 1121-1132, 1976.
40. Hayward, B.W., Scott, G. H., Crundwell, M. P., Kennett, J. P., Carter, L., Neil, H. L., Sabaa, A. T., Wilson, K., Rodger, J. S., Schaefer, G., Grenfell, H. R., and Li, Q.: The effect of submerged plateaux on Pleistocene gyral circulation and sea-surface temperatures in the Southwest Pacific, Global Planet. Change, 63, 309-316, 2008.
41. Healey, S. and Thunell, R.: Millenial-scale variability in western subtropical North Atlantic surface and deep water circulation during marine isotope stages 11 and 12, Paleoceanography, 19, PA1013, doi:10.1029/ 2003PA000925, 2004
42. Helmke, J. P., Bauch, H. A., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Development of glacial and interglacial conditions in the Nordic seas between 1.5 and 0.35 Ma, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1717-1728, 2003. (Pubitemid 36914575)
43. Herbert, T. D., Schuffert, J. D., Andreasen, D., Heusser, L., Lyle, M., Mix, A., Ravelo, A. C., Stott, L. D., and Herguera, J. C.: Collapse of the California Current during glacial maxima linked to climate change on land, Science, 293, 71-76, 2001. (Pubitemid 32625495)
44. Herbert, T. D., Cleaveland Peterson, L., Lawrence, K. T., and Liu, Z.: Tropical ocean temperatures over the past 3.5 million years, Science, 328, 1530-1534, 2010.
45. Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., and Ninnemann, U. S.: Comparison of interglacial stages in the South Atlantic sector of the southern ocean for the past 450 kyr: implifications for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, Global Planet. Change, 24, 7-26, 2000. (Pubitemid 30147115)
46. Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., Curtis, J. H., Mortyn, P. G., Nin-nemann, U. S., and Venz, K. A.: Data report: Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of ODP Leg 177 Sites 1088, 1089, 1090, 1093, and 1094, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 177, 1-26, 2003a.
47. Hodell, D. A., Venz, K. A., Charles, C. D., and Ninnemann, U. S.: Pleistocene vertical carbon isotope and carbonate gradients in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Geochem. Geophy. Geosys., 4, 1004, doi:10.1029/2002GC000367, 2003b.
48. Imbrie, J. and Kipp, N. G.: A new micropaleontological method for quantitative paleoclimatology: Application to a late Pleistocene Caribbean core, in: The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages, edited by: Turekian, K. K., Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn, 71-181, 1971.
49. Jahn, B.: Mid to late Pleistocene variations of marine productivity in and terrigenous input to the southeast Atlantic, Universität Bremen, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, 2002.
50. Jahn, B., Donner, B., Müller, P. J., Röhl, U., Schneider, R. R., and Wefer, G.: Pleistocene variations in dust input and marine productivity in the northern Benguela Current: Evidence of evolution of global glacial-interglacial cycles, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 193, 515-533, 2003. (Pubitemid 36453235)
51. Jian, Z., Wang, P., Chen, M.-P., Li, B., Zhao, Q., B̈uhring, C., Laj, C., Lin, H.-L., Pflaumann, U., Bian, Y., Wang, R., and Cheng, X.: Foraminiferal responses to major Pleistocene paleoceanographic changes in the southern China Sea, Paleoceanography, 15, 229-243, 2000. (Pubitemid 32296295)
52. Jolliffe, I. T.: Principal Component Analysis, 2nd Edn., SpringerVerlag, New York, 487 pp., 2002.
53. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chap-pellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800, 000 years, Science, 317, 793-796, 2007. (Pubitemid 47263433)
54. Kandiano, E. S. and Bauch, H. A.: Surface ocean temperatures in the north-east Atlantic during the last 500 000 years: evidence from foraminiferal census data, Terra Nova, 15, 265-271, 2003. (Pubitemid 37050127)
55. Kandiano, E. S. and Bauch, H. A.: Phase relationship and surface water mass change in the Northeast Atlantic during Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11), Quaternary Res., 68, 445-455, 2007. (Pubitemid 47602779)
56. Kandiano, E. S., Bauch, H. A., Fahl, K., Helmke, J. P., Röhl, U., Pérez-Folgado, M., and Cacho, I.: The meridional temperature gradient in the eastern North Atlantic during MIS 11 and its link to the ocean-atmosphere system, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 333-334, 24-39, 2012.
57. Kleiven, H. F., Jansen, E., Curry, W. B., Hodell, D. A., and Venz, K.: Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation changes on orbital to suborbital timescales during the mid-Pleistocene, Paleoceanog-raphy, 18, 1008, doi:10.1029/2001PA000629, 2003.
58. Kunz-Pirrung, M., Gersonde, R., and Hodell, D. A.: Mid-Brunhes century-scale diatom sea surface temperature and sea ice records from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (ODP Leg 177, Sites 1093, 1094 and core PS2089-2), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 182, 305-328, 2002. (Pubitemid 34703166)
59. Laepple, T., Werner, M., and Lohmann, G.: Synchronicity of Antarctic temperatures and local solar insolation on orbital timescales, Nature, 471, 91-94, 2011.
60. Laskar, J., Robutel, P., Joutel, F., Gastineau, M., Correia, A. C. M., and Levrard, B.: A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth, Astron. Astrophys., 428, 261-285, 2004.
61. Lawrence, K. T., Liu, Z., and Herbert, T. D.: Evolution of the eastern tropical Pacific through Plio-Pleistocene glaciation, Science, 312, 79-83, 2006.
62. Lawrence, K. T., Herbert, T. D., Brown, C. M., Raymo, M. E., and Haywood, A. M.: High amplitude variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature during the early Pliocene Warm Period, Pa-leoceanography, 24, PA2218, doi:10.1029/2008PA001669, 2009.
63. Lawrence, K. T., Sosdian, S., White, H. E., and Rosenthal, Y.: North Atlantic climate evolution through the Plio-Pleistocene climate transitions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 300, 329-342, 2010.
64. Le, J. and Shackleton, N. J.: Carbonate dissolution fluctuations in the western equatorial Pacific during the late Quaternary, Paleo-ceanography, 7, 21-42, 1992.
65. Lea, D. W., Pak, D. K., and Spero, H. J.: Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacifc sea surface temperature variations, Science, 289, 1719-1724, 2000.
66. Li, L., Wang, H., Li, J. R., Zhao, M., and Wang, P.: Changes in sea surface temperature in western South China Sea over the past 450 ka, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 3335-3343, 2009.
67. Li, L., Li, Q., Tian, J., Wang, P., Wang, H., and Liu, Z.: A 4-Ma record of thermal evolution in the tropical western Pacific and its implications on climate change, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 309, 10-20, 2011.
68. Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, 10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005. (Pubitemid 40865277)
69. Lisiecki, L. E., Raymo, M. E., and Curry, W. B.: Atlantic overturning responses to Late Pleistocene climate forcings, Nature, 456, 85-88, 2008.
70. Liu, Z. and Herbert, T. D.: High-latitude influence on the eastern equatorial Pacific climate in the early Pleistocene epoch, Nature, 427, 729-723, 2004.
71. Lohmann, G., Pfeiffer, M., Laepple, T., Leduc, G., and Kim, J.-H.: A model-data comparison of the Holocene global sea surface temperature evolution, Clim. Past, 9, 1807-1839, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1807-2013, 2013.
72. 4 over the past 800, 000 years, Nature, 453, 383-386, 2008. (Pubitemid 351693132)
73. Loutre, M. F. and Berger, A.: Marine Isotope Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial, Global Planet. Change, 36, 209-217, 2003. (Pubitemid 36409050)
74. Maiorano, P., Tarantino, F., Marino, M., and De Lange, G. J.: Pale-oenvironmental conditions at Core KC01B (Ionian Sea) through MIS 13-9: Evidence from calcareous nannofossil assemblages, Quaternary Int., 288, 97-111, 2013.
75. Malmgren, B. A. and Nordlund, U.: Application of artificial neural networks to paleoceanographic data, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 136, 359-373, doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(97)00031-x, 1997. (Pubitemid 28010313)
76. Malmgren, B. A., Kucera, M., Nyberg, J., and Waelbroeck, C.: Comparison of statistical and Artificial Neural Network techniques for estimating past sea surface temperatures from planktonic foraminifer census data, Paleoceanography, 16, 520-530, doi:10.1029/2000pa000562, 2001. (Pubitemid 33023777)
77. Martrat, B., Grimalt, J. O., Shackleton, N. J., de Abreu, L., Hut-terli, M. A., and Stocker, T. F.: Four climate cycles of recurring deep and surface water destabilizations on the Iberian Margin, Science, 317, 502-507, 2007. (Pubitemid 47201823)
78. McIntyre, K., Ravelo, A. C., and Delaney, M. L.: North Atlantic intermediate waters in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, Pale-oceanography, 14, 324-335, doi:10.1029/1998PA900005, 1999. (Pubitemid 29429409)
79. McManus, J. F., Oppo, D. W., and Cullen, J. L.: A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic, Science, 283, 971-975, 1999.
80. Medina-Elizalde, M. and Lea, D. W.: The Mid-Pleistocene transition in the tropical Pacific, Science, 310, 1009-1012, 2005.
81. Merkel, U., Prange, M., and Schulz, M.: ENSO variability and tele-connections during glacial climates, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 86-100, 2010.
82. Mix, A. C., Le, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy of Site 846: 0-1.8 Ma, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138, 839-854, 1995.
83. Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., Storch, I. V., and Rosell-Melé, A.: Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U37K' based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60° N-60° S), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 1757-1772, 1998. (Pubitemid 29040050)
84. Naafs, B. D. A., Hefter, J., Ferretti, P., Stein, R., and Haug, G. H.: Sea surface temperatures did not control the first occurrence of Hudson Strait Heinrich Events during MIS 16, Paleoceanogra-phy, 26, PA4201, doi:10.1029/2011PA002135, 2011.
85. Niebler, H.-S.: Rekonstruktion von Paläo-Umweltparametern anhand von stabilen Isotopen und Faunenvergesellschaftungen planktischer Foraminiferen im Südatlantik, Ber. Polarforsch., 167, 1-198, 1995.
86. Niitsuma, N., Oba, T., and Okada, M.: Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy at Site 723, Oman Margin, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 117, 321-341, 1991.
87. Nürnberg, D. and Groeneveld, J.: Pleistocene variability of the Subtropical Convergence at East Tasman Plateau: Evidence from planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca (ODP Site 1172A), Geochem. Geophy. Geosys., 7, Q04P11, doi:10.1029/2005GC000984, 2006.
88. Nürnberg, D., Brughmans, N., Schönfeld, J., Ninnemann, U., and Dullo, C.: Paleo-export production, terrigenous flux and sea surface temperatures around Tasmania-implications for Glacial/Interglacial changes in the Subtropical Convergence Zone, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation and Climate Change between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N., Kennett, J., and Malone, M., Geophysical Monograph Series, 151, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 291-318, 2004.
89. O'ishi, R. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Polar amplification in the mid-Holocene derived from dynamical vegetation change with a GCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14702, doi:10.1029/2011GL048001, 2011.
90. Oleson, K. W., Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L., Lawrence, D. M., Thornton, P. E., Lawrence, P. J., Stöckli, R., Dickinson, R. E., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., Dai, A., and Qian, T.: Improvements to the Community Land Model and their impact on the hydrological cycle, J. Geo-phys. Res., 113, G01021, doi:10.1029/ 2007JG000563, 2008.
91. Oppo, D. W., McManus, J. F., and Cullen, J. L.: Abrupt climate events 500, 000 to 340, 000 years ago: Evidence from subpolar North Atlantic sediments, Science, 279, 1335-1338, 1998. (Pubitemid 28119571)
92. Oppo, D. W., Linsley, B. K., Rosenthal, Y., Dannenmann, S., and Beaufort, L.: Orbital and suborbital climate variability in the Sulu Sea, western tropical Pacific, Geochem. Geophys. Geosy., 4, 1003, doi:10.1029/2001GC000260, 2003.
93. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Tomas, R., Brady, E. C., Ammann, C., Kothavala, Z., and Clauzet, G.: Climate sensitivity of moderateand low-resolution versions of CCSM3 to preindustrial forcings, J. Climate, 19, 2567-2583, 2006. (Pubitemid 43881296)
94. Paillard, D., Labeyrie, L., and Yiou, P.: Macintosh program performs time-series analysis, EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77, p. 379, 1996.
95. Parrenin, F., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Chappellaz, J., Dreyfus, G., Fischer, H., Fujita, S., Jouzel, J., Kawamura, K., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Loulergue, L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Narcisi, B., Petit, J.-R., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Ruth, U., Schwander, J., Severi, M., Spahni, R., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Udisti, R., Waelbroeck, C., and Wolff, E.: The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core, Clim. Past, 3, 485-497, doi:10.5194/cp-3-485-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47293599)
96. Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., Barrows, T. T., Logan, G. A., and De Deck-ker, P.: South Tasman Sea alkenone palaeothermometry over the last four glacial/interglacial cycles, Mar. Geol., 230, 73-86, 2006. (Pubitemid 44037013)
97. Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., and Stievenard, M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420, 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429-435, 1999.
98. Pflaumann, U.: Sea-surface temperatures during the last 750, 000 years in the eastern equatorial Atlantic: Planktonic foraminiferal record of Meteor-cores 13519, 13521, and 16415, in: Meteor Forschungsergebnisse, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Reihe C Geologie und Geophysik, Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 137-161, 1986.
99. Pflaumann, U., Duprat, J., Pujol, C., and Labeyrie, L.: SIMMAX: A modern analog technique to deduce Atlantic sea surface temperatures from planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments, Pale-oceanography, 11, 15-35, 1996.
100. Pisias, N. G. and Mix, A. C.: Spatial and temporal oceanographic variability of the eastern equatorial Pacific during the late Pleistocene: evidende from Radiolaria microfossils, Paleoceanogra-phy, 12, 381-393, 1997.
101. Pisias, N. G. and Rea, D. K.: Late Pleistocene paleoclimatology of the central equatorial Pacific: Sea surface response to the southeast trade winds, Paleoceanography, 3, 21-37, 1988. (Pubitemid 19300242)
102. Pisias, N. G., Mix, A. C., and Zahn, R.: Nonlinear response in the global climate system: evidence from benthic oxygen isotopic record in core RC13-110, Paleoceanography, 5, 147-160, 1990.
103. Pol, K., Debret, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Capron, E., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Johnsen, S., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Minster, B., and Stenni, B.: Links between MIS 11 millennial to sub-millennial climate variability and long term trends as revealed by new high resolution EPICA Dome C deuterium data-A comparison with the Holocene, Clim. Past, 7, 437-450, doi:10.5194/cp-7-437-2011, 2011.
104. Prell, W. L.: The stability of low-latitude sea-surface temperatures: An evaluation of the CLIMAP reconstruction with emphasis on the positive SST anomalies, Department of Energy, Washington D.C., 1985.
105. Prokopenko, A. A., Bezrukova, E. V., Khursevich, G. K., Solotchina, E. P., Kuzmin, M. I., and Tarasov, P. E.: Climate in continental interior Asia during the longest interglacial of the past 500 000 years: the new MIS 11 records from Lake Baikal, SE Siberia, Clim. Past, 6, 31-48, doi:10.5194/cp-6-31- 2010, 2010.
106. Raymo, M. E. and Mitrovica, J. X.: Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial, Nature, 483, 453-456, 2012.
107. Raymo, M. E., Ganley, K., Carter, S., Oppo, D. W., and McManus, J.: Millennial-scale climate instability during the early Pleistocene epoch, Nature, 392, 699-702, 1998. (Pubitemid 28207786)
108. Raymo, M. E., Oppo, D. W., Flower, B. P., Hodell, D. A., McManus, F. J., Venz, K. A., Kleiven, H. F., and McIntyre, K.: Stability of North Atlantic water masses in face of pronounced climate variability during the Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 19, PA2008, doi:10.1029/2003PA000921, 2004. (Pubitemid 39250683)
109. Rincón-Martínez, D., Lamy, F., Contreras, S., Leduc, G., Bard, E., Saukel, C., Blanz, T., Mackensen, A., and Tiedemann, R.: More humid interglacials in Ecuador during the past 500 kyr linked to latitudinal shifts of the equatorial front and the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the eastern tropical Pacific, Paleoceanography, 25, PA2210, doi:10.1029/2009PA001868, 2010.
110. Rodrigues, T., Voelker, A. H. L., Grimalt, J. O., Abrantes, F., and Naughton, F.: Iberian Margin sea surface temperature during MIS 15 to 9 (580-300 ka): Glacial suborbital variability versus interglacial stability, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1204, doi:10.1029/2010PA001927, 2011.
111. Rohling, E. J., Grant, K., Bolshaw, M., Roberts, A. P., Siddall, M., Hemleben, C., and Kucera, M.: Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles, Nat. Geosci., 2, 500-504, doi:10.1038/ngeo557, 2009.
112. Rohling, E. J., Braun, K., Grant, K., Kucera, M., Roberts, A. P., Siddall, M., and Trommer, G.: Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage-11 sea-level histories, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 291, 97-105, 2010.
113. Ruddiman, W. F., Shackleton, N. J., and McIntyre, A.: North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures for the last 1.1 million years, in: North Atlantic Palaeoceanography, edited by: Summerhayer, C. P. and Shackleton, N. J., Geological Society Special Publication, 155-173, 1986.
114. Ruddiman, W. F., Raymo, M. E., Martinson, G. D., Clement, B. M., and Backman, J.: Pleistocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 4, 353-412, 1989. (Pubitemid 20401808)
115. Russon, T., Elliot, M., Sadekov, A., Cabioch, G., Corrège, T., and De Deckker, P.: Interhemispheric asymmetry in the early Pleistocene Pacific warm pool, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L11601, doi:10.1029/2010GL043191, 2010.
116. Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., von Grafenstein, R., and Schröder, C.: Stable isotope stratigraphy for the last 750.000 years, Meteor core 13519 from the eastern equatorial Atlantic., Meteor Forschungsergebnisse, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Reihe C Geologie und Geophysik, Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 1984.
117. Schaefer, G., Rodger, J. S., Hayward, B. W., Kennett, J. P., Sabaa, A. T., and Scott, G. H.: Planktic foraminiferal and sea surface temperature record during the last 1 Myr across the Subtropical Front, Southwest Pacific, Mar. Micropaleontol., 54, 191-212, 2005. (Pubitemid 40307169)
118. Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Blunier, T., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800, 000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 182-192, 2010.
119. Schmidt, M. W., Vautravers, M. J., and Spero, H. J.: Western Caribbean sea surface temperatures during the late Quaternary, Geochem. Geophy. Geosys., 7, Q02P10, doi:10.1029/2005GC000957, 2006.
120. Sepulcre, S., Tachikawa, K., Vidal, L., Thouveny, N., and Bard, E.: Preservation state of metastable magnesian calcite in periplatform sediments from the Caribbean Sea over the last million years, Geochem. Geophy. Geosys., 10, Q11013, doi:10.1029/2009GC002779, 2009.
121. Sepulcre, S., Vidal, L., Tachikawa, K., Rostek, F., and Bard, E.: Sea-surface salinity variations in the northern Caribbean Sea across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, Clim. Past, 7, 75-90, doi:10.5194/cp-7-75-2011, 2011.
122. Shackleton, N. J. and Hall, M. A.: Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 552A: Plio-Pleistocene glacial history, Initial Rep., Deep Sea Res., 81, 599-609, 1984.
123. Shiau, L.-J., Yu, P.-S., Wei, K.-Y., Yamamoto, M., Lee, T.-Q., Yu, E.F., Fang, T.-H., and Chen, M.-T.: Sea surface temperature, productivity, and terrestrial flux variations of the southeastern South China Sea over the past 800, 000 years (IMAGESMD972142), Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19, 363-376, 2008.
124. Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Lüthi, D., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., Bamola, J.-M., Fischer, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Jouzel, J.: Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the Late Pleistocene, Science, 310, 1313-1317, 2005. (Pubitemid 41698860)
125. Stein, R., Hefter, J., Grützner, J., Voelker, A., and Naafs, B. D. A.: Variability of surface water characteristics and Heinrich-like events in the Pleistocene midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean: Biomarker and XRD records from IODP Site U1313 (MIS 16-9), Paleoceanography, 24, PA2203, doi:10.1029/ 2008PA001639, 2009.
126. Spooner, M. I., De Deckker, P., Barrows, T. T., and Fifield, L. K.: The behaviour of the Leeuwin Current offshore NW Australia during the last five glacial-interglacial cycles, Global Planet. Change, 75, 119-132, 2011.
127. Sundqvist, H. S., Zhang, Q., Moberg, A., Holmgren, K., Körnich, H., Nilsson, J., and Brattström, G.: Climate change between the mid and late Holocene in northern high latitudes-Part 1: Survey of temperature and precipitation proxy data, Clim. Past, 6, 591-608, doi:10.5194/cp-6-591-2010, 2010.
128. 18O record from South China Sea and Atlantic-Pacific comparison, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203, 1015-1029, 2002. (Pubitemid 35250121)
129. Tzedakis, P. C., Raynaud, D., McManus, J. F., Berger, A., Brovkin, V., and Kiefer, T.: Interglacial diversity, Nat. Geosci., 2, 751-755, 2009.
130. Tzedakis, P. C.: The MIS 11-MIS 1 analogy, southern European vegetation, atmospheric methane and the "early anthropogenic hypothesis", Clim. Past, 6, 131-144, doi:10.5194/cp-6-131-2010, 2010.
131. Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L., Roche, D. M., Duplessy, J.-C., and Michel, E.: Response of South Atlantic deep waters to deglacial warming during Terminations V and I, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 298, 323-333, 2010.
132. Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L., Duplessy, J.-C., McManus, J., Kandiano, E. S., and Bauch, H. A.: The "MIS11 paradox" and ocean circulation: role of mil-lenial scale events, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 371-372, 258-268, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.036, 2013.
133. Venz, K. A., Hodell, D. A., Stanton, C., and Warnke, D. A.: A 1.0 Myr record of glacial North Atlantic intermediate water variability from ODP Site 982 in the northeast Atlantic, Paleoceanogra-phy, 14, 42-52, 1999. (Pubitemid 29319585)
134. Voelker, A. and De Abreu, L.: A review of abrupt climate change events in
135. Voelker, A., Martin, P., Lebreiro, S., and Abrantes, F.: Millennial scale deep/intermediate water changes at the mid-depth Portuguese margin during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, Quaternary Int., 436, 167-168, 2007.
136. Voelker, A. H. L., Rodrigues, T., Billups, K., Oppo, D., McManus, J., Stein, R., Hefter, J., and Grimalt, J. O.: Variations in mid-latitude North Atlantic surface water properties during the mid-Brunhes (MIS 9-14) and their implications for the thermohaline circulation, Clim. Past, 6, 531-552, doi:10.5194/cp-6-531-2010, 2010.
137. 18O records at Sites 976 and 977, Alboran Sea: Stratigraphy, forcing, and paleoceanographic implications, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 161, 469-479, 1999. (Pubitemid 30213599)
138. Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Duplessy, J.-C., Guiot, J., Labracherie, M., Leclaire, H., and Duprat, J.: Improving past sea surface temperature estimates based on planktonic fossil faunas, Paleoceanography, 13, 272-283, 1998. (Pubitemid 28469681)
139. Weller, P.: Variability of paleoproductivity, paleotemperature and terrestrial organic matter supply in the mid-Pleistocene southern south Atlantic: Implications from biomarker records (ODP-LEG 177), Ph.D., Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Universität Bremen, Bremerhaven, 169 pp., 2006.
140. Yeager, S. G., Shields, C. A., Large, W. G., and Hack, J. J.: The low-resolution CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2545-2566, 2006. (Pubitemid 43881295)
141. Zhang, Q., Sundqvist, H. S., Moberg, A., Körnich, H., Nilsson, J., and Holmgren, K.: Climate change between the mid and late Holocene in northern high latitudes-Part 2: Model-data comparisons, Clim. Past, 6, 609-626, doi:10.5194/cp-6-609-2010, 2010.