Recent advances in photoacoustic imaging for deep-tissue biomedical applications

Theranostics

Volumn 6, Issue 13, 2016, Pages 2394-2413

  Wang, Sheng ^a,b,c   Lin, Jing ^a   Wang, Tianfu ^a   Chen, Xiaoyuan ^c   Huang, Peng ^a  

^a Shenzhen University School of Medicine   (China)

^b SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING   (United States)

Author keywords

Photoacoustic imaging

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM; INORGANIC COMPOUND; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; METAL ION; NANOMATERIAL; ORGANIC COMPOUND; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BIOMEDICINE; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENZYME ANALYSIS; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; IMAGING SYSTEM; IMMUNOGENICITY; LASER; METABOLIC IMAGING; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; PH MEASUREMENT; PHOTOACOUSTICS; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; ULTRASOUND; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; HUMANS; OPTICAL IMAGING; PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES;

EID: 84999852014     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18387640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/thno.16715     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Jin Y, Gao X. Plasmonic fluorescent quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol. 2009; 4: 571-6.
2. Wang Y, Zhou K, Huang G, Hensley C, Huang X, Ma X, et al. A nanoparticle-based strategy for the imaging of a broad range of tumours by nonlinear amplification of microenvironment signals. Nat Mater. 2014; 13: 204-12.
3. Zrazhevskiy P, Gao X. Multifunctional quantum dots for personalized medicine. Nano Today. 2009; 4: 414-28.
4. Nguyen QT, Tsien RY. Fluorescence-guided surgery with live molecular navigation-a new cutting edge. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013; 13: 653-62.
5. Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang S. Multicolor core/shell-structured upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2008; 20: 4765-9.
6. Wang H, Liu Z, Wang S, Dong C, Gong X, Zhao P, et al. MC540 and upconverting nanocrystal coloaded polymeric liposome for near-infrared light-triggered photodynamic therapy and cell fluorescent imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014; 6: 3219-25.
7. Park YI, Kim HM, Kim JH, Moon KC, Yoo B, Lee KT, et al. Theranostic probe based on lanthanide-doped nanoparticles for simultaneous in vivo dual-modal imaging and photodynamic therapy. Adv Mater. 2012; 24: 5755-61.
8. Yang W, Guo W, Gong X, Zhang B, Wang S, Chen N, et al. Facile synthesis of Gd-Cu-In-S/ZnS bimodal quantum dots with optimized properties for tumor targeted fluorescence/MR in vivo imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015; 7: 18759-68.
9. Guo W, Sun X, Jacobson O, Yan X, Min K, Srivatsan A, et al. Intrinsically radioactive [64Cu]CuInS/ZnS quantum dots for PET and optical imaging: improved radiochemical stability and controllable Cerenkov luminescence. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 488-95.
10. Guo W, Chen N, Tu Y, Dong C, Zhang B, Hu C, et al. Synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots with inhibited blue-shift photoluminescence and applications for tumor targeted bioimaging. Theranostics. 2013; 3: 99-108.
11. Hong G, Robinson JT, Zhang Y, Diao S, Antaris AL, Wang Q, et al. In vivo fluorescence imaging with Ag2S quantum dots in the second near-infrared region. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2012; 51: 9818-21.
12. Zhang Y, Hong G, Chen G, Li F, Dai H, Wang Q. Ag2S quantum dot: a bright and biocompatible fluorescent nanoprobe in the second near-infrared window. ACS Nano. 2012; 6: 3695-702.
13. Li C, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhang XE, Wang Q. Real-time monitoring surface chemistry-dependent in vivo behaviors of protein nanocages via encapsulating an NIR-II Ag2S quantum dot. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 12255-63.
14. Wang LV, Hu S. Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to organs. Science. 2012; 335: 1458-62.
15. Kim C, Favazza C, Wang LV. In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: high-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths. Chem Rev. 2010; 110: 2756-82.
16. Nie L, Chen X. Structural and functional photoacoustic molecular tomography aided by emerging contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev. 2014; 43: 7132-70.
17. Lin J, Wang S, Huang P, Wang Z, Chen S, Niu G, et al. Photosensitizer-loaded gold vesicles with strong plasmonic coupling effect for imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic therapy. ACS Nano. 2013; 7: 5320-9.
18. Fan Q, Cheng K, Yang Z, Zhang R, Yang M, Hu X, et al. Perylene-diimide-based nanoparticles as highly efficient photoacoustic agents for deep brain tumor imaging in living mice. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 843-7.
19. Hu S, Maslov K, Wang LV. Second-generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with improved sensitivity and speed. Opt Lett. 2011; 36: 1134-6.
20. Schwarz M, Buehler A, Aguirre J, Ntziachristos V. Three-dimensional multispectral optoacoustic mesoscopy reveals melanin and blood oxygenation in human skin in vivo. J Biophotonics. 2016; 9: 55-60.
21. Wang B, Su JL, Amirian J, Litovsky SH, Smalling R, Emelianov S. Detection of lipid in atherosclerotic vessels using ultrasound-guided spectroscopic intravascular photoacoustic imaging. Opt Express. 2010; 18: 4889-97.
22. Favazza CP, Jassim O, Cornelius LA, Wang LV. In vivo photoacoustic microscopy of human cutaneous microvasculature and a nevus. J Biomed Opt. 2011; 16: 016015.
23. Ashkenazi S, Huang S-W, Horvath T, Koo Y-EL, Kopelman R. Photoacoustic probing of fluorophore excited state lifetime with application to oxygen sensing. J Biomed Opt. 2008; 13: 034023.
24. Hu S, Wang LV. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy: auscultation of biological systems at the cellular level. Biophys J. 2013; 105: 841-7.
25. Ning B, Kennedy MJ, Dixon AJ, Sun N, Cao R, Soetikno BT, et al. Simultaneous photoacoustic microscopy of microvascular anatomy, oxygen saturation, and blood flow. Opt Lett. 2015; 40: 910-3.
26. Laufer J, Johnson P, Zhang E, Treeby B, Cox B, Pedley B, et al. In vivo preclinical photoacoustic imaging of tumor vasculature development and therapy. J Biomed Opt. 2012; 17: 056016.
27. Oh J-T, Li M-L, Zhang HF, Maslov K, Stoica G, Wang LV. Three-dimensional imaging of skin melanoma in vivo by dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2006; 11: 034032.
28. Filonov GS, Krumholz A, Xia J, Yao J, Wang LV, Verkhusha VV. Deep-tissue photoacoustic tomography of a genetically encoded near-infrared fluorescent probe. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2012; 51: 1448-51.
29. Homan KA, Souza M, Truby R, Luke GP, Green C, Vreeland E, et al. Silver nanoplate contrast agents for in vivo molecular photoacoustic imaging. ACS Nano. 2012; 6: 641-50.
30. Ray A, Mukundan A, Xie Z, Karamchand L, Wang X, Kopelman R. Highly stable polymer coated nano-clustered silver plates: a multimodal optical contrast agent for biomedical imaging. Nanotechnology. 2014; 25: 445104.
31. Nie L, Chen M, Sun X, Rong P, Zheng N, Chen X. Palladium nanosheets as highly stable and effective contrast agents for in vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging. Nanoscale. 2014; 6: 1271-6.
32. Chen M, Tang S, Guo Z, Wang X, Mo S, Huang X, et al. Core-shell Pd@Au nanoplates as theranostic agents for in-vivo photoacoustic imaging, CT imaging, and photothermal therapy. Adv Mater. 2014; 26: 8210-6.
33. Li W, Rong P, Yang K, Huang P, Sun K, Chen X. Semimetal nanomaterials of antimony as highly efficient agent for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 2015; 45: 18-26.
34. Li W, Chen X. Gold nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging. Nanomedicine. 2015; 10: 299-320.
35. Huang P, Bao L, Zhang C, Lin J, Luo T, Yang D, et al. Folic acid-conjugated silica-modified gold nanorods for X-ray/CT imaging-guided dual-mode radiation and photo-thermal therapy. Biomaterials. 2011; 32: 9796-809.
36. Li Z, Huang P, Zhang X, Lin J, Yang S, Liu B, et al. RGD-conjugated dendrimer-modified gold nanorods for in vivo tumor targeting and photothermal therapy. Mol Pharmaceutics. 2009; 7: 94-104.
37. Chen WH, Yang CX, Qiu WX, Luo GF, Jia HZ, Lei Q, et al. Multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for cancer combined therapy based on gold nanorods. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2015; 4: 2247-59.
38. Zhong J, Wen L, Yang S, Xiang L, Chen Q, Xing D. Imaging-guided high-efficient photoacoustic tumor therapy with targeting gold nanorods. Nanomedicine. 2015; 11: 1499-509.
39. Wang S, Huang P, Nie L, Xing R, Liu D, Wang Z, et al. Single continuous wave laser induced photodynamic/plasmonic photothermal therapy using photosensitizer-functionalized gold nanostars. Adv Mater. 2013; 25: 3055-61.
40. Wang S, Teng Z, Huang P, Liu D, Liu Y, Tian Y, et al. Reversibly extracellular pH controlled cellular uptake and photothermal therapy by PEGylated mixed-charge gold nanostars. Small. 2015; 11: 1801-10.
41. Zhang YS, Wang Y, Wang L, Cai X, Zhang C, Wang LV, et al. Labeling human mesenchymal stem cells with gold nanocages for in vitro and in vivo tracking by two-photon microscopy and photoacoustic microscopy. Theranostics. 2013; 3: 532-43.
42. Sun T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao X, Vangveravong S, et al. Using SV119-gold nanocage conjugates to eradicate cancer stem cells through a combination of photothermal and chemo therapies. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2014; 3: 1283-91.
43. Topete A, Alatorre-Meda M, Iglesias P, Villar-Alvarez EM, Barbosa S, Costoya JA, et al. Fluorescent drug-loaded, polymeric-based, branched gold nanoshells for localized multimodal therapy and imaging of tumoral cells. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 2725-38.
44. Song J, Yang X, Jacobson O, Huang P, Sun X, Lin L, et al. Ultrasmall gold nanorod vesicles with enhanced tumor accumulation and fast excretion from the body for cancer therapy. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 4910-7.
45. Huang P, Rong P, Lin J, Li W, Yan X, Zhang MG, et al. Triphase interface synthesis of plasmonic gold bellflowers as near-infrared light mediated acoustic and thermal theranostics. J Am Chem Soc. 2014; 136: 8307-13.
46. Huang P, Pandoli O, Wang X, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhang C, et al. Chiral guanosine 5'-monophosphate-capped gold nanoflowers: controllable synthesis, characterization, surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity, cellular imaging and photothermal therapy. Nano Research. 2012; 5: 630-9.
47. Zhang L, Rong P, Chen M, Gao S, Zhu L. A novel single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) functionalization agent facilitating in vivo combined chemo/thermo therapy. Nanoscale. 2015; 7: 16204-13.
48. Huang P, Lin J, Yang D, Zhang C, Li Z, Cui D. Photosensitizer-loaded dendrimer-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release. 2011; 152: e33-e4.
49. Lin J, Chen X, Huang P. Graphene-based nanomaterials for bioimaging. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.013.
50. Yan X, Hu H, Lin J, Jin AJ, Niu G, Zhang S, et al. Optical and photoacoustic dual-modality imaging guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapies. Nanoscale. 2015; 7: 2520-6.
51. Yan X, Niu G, Lin J, Jin AJ, Hu H, Tang Y, et al. Enhanced fluorescence imaging guided photodynamic therapy of sinoporphyrin sodium loaded graphene oxide. Biomaterials. 2015; 42: 94-102.
52. Huang P, Wang S, Wang X, Shen G, Lin J, Wang Z, et al. Surface functionalization of chemically reduced graphene oxide for targeted photodynamic therapy. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2015; 11: 117-25.
53. Huang P, Xu C, Lin J, Wang C, Wang X, Zhang C, et al. Folic acid-conjugated graphene oxide loaded with photosensitizers for targeting photodynamic therapy. Theranostics. 2011; 1: 240-50.
54. Lalwani G, Cai X, Nie L, Wang LV, Sitharaman B. Graphene-based contrast agents for photoacoustic and thermoacoustic tomography. Photoacoustics. 2013; 1: 62-7.
55. Sheng Z, Song L, Zheng J, Hu D, He M, Zheng M, et al. Protein-assisted fabrication of nano-reduced graphene oxide for combined in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 2013; 34: 5236-43.
56. Huang P, Lin J, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang C, He M, et al. Light-triggered theranostics based on photosensitizer-conjugated carbon dots for simultaneous enhanced-fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. Adv Mater. 2012; 24: 5104-10.
57. Ge J, Jia Q, Liu W, Guo L, Liu Q, Lan M, et al. Red-emissive carbon dots for fluorescent, photoacoustic, and thermal theranostics in living mice. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 4169-77.
58. Jiang T, Sun W, Zhu Q, Burns NA, Khan SA, Mo R, et al. Furin-mediated sequential delivery of anticancer cytokine and small-molecule drug shuttled by graphene. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 1021-8.
59. Tian B, Wang C, Zhang S, Feng L, Liu Z. Photothermally enhanced photodynamic therapy delivered by nano-graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 2011; 5: 7000-9.
60. Liu Z, Robinson JT, Sun X, Dai H. PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130: 10876-7.
61. Rong P, Yang K, Srivastan A, Kiesewetter DO, Yue X, Wang F, et al. Photosensitizer loaded nano-graphene for multimodality imaging guided tumor photodynamic therapy. Theranostics. 2014; 4: 229-39.
62. Cheng L, Liu J, Gu X, Gong H, Shi X, Liu T, et al. PEGylated WS2 nanosheets as a multifunctional theranostic agent for in vivo dual-modal CT/photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy. Adv Mater. 2014; 26: 1886-93.
63. Yin W, Yan L, Yu J, Tian G, Zhou L, Zheng X, et al. High-throughput synthesis of single-layer MoS2 nanosheets as a near-infrared photothermal-triggered drug delivery for effective cancer therapy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 6922-33.
64. Yang K, Yang G, Chen L, Cheng L, Wang L, Ge C, et al. FeS nanoplates as a multifunctional nano-theranostic for magnetic resonance imaging guided photothermal therapy. Biomaterials. 2015; 38: 1-9.
65. Cui J, Jiang R, Xu S, Hu G, Wang L. Cu7S4 nanosuperlattices with greatly enhanced photothermal efficiency. Small. 2015; 11: 4183-90.
66. Hessel CM, Pattani VP, Rasch M, Panthani MG, Koo B, Tunnell JW, et al. Copper selenide nanocrystals for photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 2011; 11: 2560-6.
67. Li B, Wang Q, Zou R, Liu X, Xu K, Li W, et al. Cu7.2S4 nanocrystals: a novel photothermal agent with a 56.7% photothermal conversion efficiency for photothermal therapy of cancer cells. Nanoscale. 2014; 6: 3274-82.
68. Liu J, Zheng X, Yan L, Zhou L, Tian G, Yin W, et al. Bismuth sulfide nanorods as a precision nanomedicine for in vivo multimodal imaging-guided photothermal therapy of tumor. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 696-707.
69. Song X, Wang X, Yu S, Cao J, Li S, Li J, et al. Co9Se8 nanoplates as a new theranostic platform for photoacoustic/magnetic resonance dual-modal-imaging-guided chemo-photothermal combination therapy. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 3285-91.
70. Zhang L, Gao S, Zhang F, Yang K, Ma Q, Zhu L. Activatable hyaluronic acid nanoparticle as a theranostic agent for optical/photoacoustic image-guided photothermal therapy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 12250-8.
71. Gao D, Zhang P, Liu C, Chen C, Gao G, Wu Y, et al. Compact chelator-free Ni-integrated CuS nanoparticles with tunable near-infrared absorption and enhanced relaxivity for in vivo dual-modal photoacoustic/MR imaging. Nanoscale. 2015; 7: 17631-6.
72. Zhou M, Ku G, Pageon L, Li C. Theranostic probe for simultaneous in vivo photoacoustic imaging and confined photothermolysis by pulsed laser at 1064 nm in 4T1 breast cancer model. Nanoscale. 2014; 6: 15228-35.
73. Wang Z, Huang P, Jacobson O, Liu Y, Lin L, Lin J, et al. Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of copper sulfide-ferritin nanocages as cancer theranostics. ACS Nano. 2016; 10: 3453-60.
74. Lewinski N, Colvin V, Drezek R. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small. 2008; 4: 26-49.
75. Sun C, Wen L, Zeng J, Wang Y, Sun Q, Deng L, et al. One-pot solventless preparation of PEGylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Biomaterials. 2016; 91: 81-9.
76. Wang H, Yang X, Shao W, Chen S, Xie J, Zhang X, et al. Ultrathin black phosphorus nanosheets for efficient singlet oxygen generation. J Am Chem Soc. 2015; 137: 11376-82.
77. Sheng Z, Hu D, Zheng M, Zhao P, Liu H, Gao D, et al. Smart human serum albumin-indocyanine green nanoparticles generated by programmed assembly for dual-modal imaging-guided cancer synergistic phototherapy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 12310-22.
78. Wang Y, Yang T, Ke H, Zhu A, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. Smart albumin-biomineralized nanocomposites for multimodal imaging and photothermal tumor ablation. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 3874-82.
79. Lovell JF, Jin CS, Huynh E, Jin H, Kim C, Rubinstein JL, et al. Porphysome nanovesicles generated by porphyrin bilayers for use as multimodal biophotonic contrast agents. Nat Mater. 2011; 10: 324-32.
80. Shan G, Weissleder R, Hilderbrand SA. Upconverting organic dye doped core-shell nano-composites for dual-modality NIR imaging and photo-thermal therapy. Theranostics. 2013; 3: 267-74.
81. Tan X, Luo S, Wang D, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A NIR heptamethine dye with intrinsic cancer targeting, imaging and photosensitizing properties. Biomaterials. 2012; 33: 2230-9.
82. Lim C-K, Shin J, Lee Y-D, Kim J, Oh KS, Yuk SH, et al. Phthalocyanine-aggregated polymeric nanoparticles as tumor-homing near-infrared absorbers for photothermal therapy of cancer. Theranostics. 2012; 2: 871-9.
83. Song X, Chen Q, Liu Z. Recent advances in the development of organic photothermal nano-agents. Nano Research. 2015; 8: 340-54.
84. Rong P, Huang P, Liu Z, Lin J, Jin A, Ma Y, et al. Protein-based photothermal theranostics for imaging-guided cancer therapy. Nanoscale. 2015; 7: 16330-6.
85. Chen Q, Liang C, Wang C, Liu Z. An imagable and photothermal "abraxane-like" nanodrug for combination cancer therapy to treat subcutaneous and metastatic breast tumors. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 903-10.
86. Huang P, Rong P, Jin A, Yan X, Zhang MG, Lin J, et al. Dye-loaded ferritin nanocages for multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy. Adv Mater. 2014; 26: 6401-8.
87. Yang J, Choi J, Bang D, Kim E, Lim E-K, Park H, et al. Convertible organic nanoparticles for near-infrared photothermal ablation of cancer cells. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011; 50: 441-4.
88. Lin L-S, Cong Z-X, Cao J-B, Ke K-M, Peng Q-L, Gao J, et al. Multifunctional Fe3O4@ polydopamine core-shell nanocomposites for intracellular mRNA detection and imaging-guided photothermal therapy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 3876-83.
89. Yang K, Xu H, Cheng L, Sun C, Wang J, Liu Z. In vitro and in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer using polypyrrole organic nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2012; 24: 5586-92.
90. Pu K, Mei J, Jokerst JV, Hong G, Antaris AL, Chattopadhyay N, et al. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for in vivo photoacoustic imaging. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 5184-90.
91. Lin J, Wang M, Hu H, Yang X, Wen B, Wang Z, et al. Multimodal-imaging-guided cancer phototherapy by versatile biomimetic theranostics with UV and gamma-irradiation protection. Adv Mater. 2016; 28: 3273-9.
92. Song X, Liang C, Gong H, Chen Q, Wang C, Liu Z. Photosensitizer-conjugated albumin-polypyrrole nanoparticles for imaging-guided in vivo photodynamic/photothermal therapy. Small. 2015; 11: 3932-41.
93. Tian Q, Wang Q, Yao KX, Teng B, Zhang J, Yang S, et al. Multifunctional polypyrrole@ Fe3O4 nanoparticles for dual-modal imaging and in vivo photothermal cancer therapy. Small. 2014; 10: 1063-8.
94. Liang X, Li Y, Li X, Jing L, Deng Z, Yue X, et al. PEGylated polypyrrole nanoparticles conjugating gadolinium chelates for dual-modal MRI/photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal therapy of cancer. Adv Funct Mater. 2015; 25: 1451-62.
95. Wang C, Xu H, Liang C, Liu Y, Li Z, Yang G, et al. Iron oxide@ polypyrrole nanoparticles as a multifunctional drug carrier for remotely controlled cancer therapy with synergistic antitumor effect. ACS Nano. 2013; 7: 6782-95.
96. Jin Y, Li Y, Ma X, Zha Z, Shi L, Tian J, et al. Encapsulating tantalum oxide into polypyrrole nanoparticles for X-ray CT/photoacoustic bimodal imaging-guided photothermal ablation of cancer. Biomaterials. 2014; 35: 5795-804.
97. Zhang R, Fan Q, Yang M, Cheng K, Lu X, Zhang L, et al. Engineering melanin nanoparticles as an efficient drug-delivery system for imaging-guided chemotherapy. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 5063-9.
98. Chen M, Fang X, Tang S, Zheng N. Polypyrrole nanoparticles for high-performance in vivo near-infrared photothermal cancer therapy. Chem Commun. 2012; 48: 8934-6.
99. Cheng L, Yang K, Chen Q, Liu Z. Organic stealth nanoparticles for highly effective in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy of cancer. ACS Nano. 2012; 6: 5605-13.
100. Zhou Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Chitgupi U, Geng J, Wang Y, et al. A phosphorus phthalocyanine formulation with intense absorbance at 1000 nm for deep optical imaging. Theranostics. 2016; 6: 688-97.
101. Cheng Z, Al Zaki A, Hui JZ, Muzykantov VR, Tsourkas A. Multifunctional nanoparticles: cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science. 2012; 338: 903-10.
102. Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R, Langer R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007; 2: 751-60.
103. Nie L, Huang P, Li W, Yan X, Jin A, Wang Z, et al. Early-stage imaging of nanocarrier-enhanced chemotherapy response in living subjects by scalable photoacoustic microscopy. ACS Nano. 2014; 8: 12141-50.
104. Mallidi S, Watanabe K, Timerman D, Schoenfeld D, Hasan T. Prediction of tumor recurrence and therapy monitoring using ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging. Theranostics. 2015; 5: 289-301.
105. Bohndiek SE, Sasportas LS, Machtaler S, Jokerst JV, Hori S, Gambhir SS. Photoacoustic tomography detects early vessel regression and normalization during ovarian tumor response to the antiangiogenic therapy trebananib. J Nucl Med. 2015; 56: 1942-7.
106. Rich LJ, Seshadri M. Photoacoustic monitoring of tumor and normal tissue response to radiation. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 21237.
107. Zhao T, Shen X, Li L, Guan Z, Gao N, Yuan P, et al. Gold nanorods as dual photo-sensitizing and imaging agents for two-photon photodynamic therapy. Nanoscale. 2012; 4: 7712-9.
108. Chen B, Pogue BW, Hoopes PJ, Hasan T. Combining vascular and cellular targeting regimens enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 1216-26.
109. Chatni MR, Xia J, Sohn R, Maslov K, Guo Z, Zhang Y, et al. Tumor glucose metabolism imaged in vivo in small animals with whole-body photoacoustic computed tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2012; 17: 076012.
110. Webb BA, Chimenti M, Jacobson MP, Barber DL. Dysregulated pH: a perfect storm for cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011; 11: 671-7.
111. Cuajungco MP, Faget KY. Zinc takes the center stage: its paradoxical role in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Rev. 2003; 41: 44-56.
112. Coakley RJ, Taggart C, McElvaney NG, O'Neill SJ. Cytosolic pH and the inflammatory microenvironment modulate cell death in human neutrophils after phagocytosis. Blood. 2002; 100: 3383-91.
113. Bandmann O, Weiss KH, Kaler SG. Wilson's disease and other neurological copper disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14: 103-13.
114. Lippert AR, De Bittner GCV, Chang CJ. Boronate oxidation as a bioorthogonal reaction approach for studying the chemistry of hydrogen peroxide in living systems. Acc Chem Res. 2011; 44: 793-804.
115. Li D, Shi Y, Tian X, Wang M, Huang B, Li F, et al. Fluorescent probes with dual-mode for rapid detection of SO2 derivatives in living cells: ratiometric and two-photon fluorescent sensors. Sens Actuators B. 2016; 233: 1-6.
116. Jin Q, Feng L, Wang D-D, Wu J-J, Hou J, Dai Z-R, et al. A highly selective near-infrared fluorescent probe for carboxylesterase 2 and its bioimaging applications in living cells and animals. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016; 83: 193-9.
117. Zheng Z, Wang L, Tang W, Chen P, Zhu H, Yuan Y, et al. Hydrazide D-luciferin for in vitro selective detection and intratumoral imaging of Cu2+. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016; 83: 200-4.
118. Liu K, Shang H, Kong X, Ren M, Wang J-Y, Liu Y, et al. A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe for H2O2 in alkaline environment and the application for H2O2 imaging in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials. 2016; 100: 162-71.
119. Chen Q, Liu X, Chen J, Zeng J, Cheng Z, Liu Z. A self-assembled albumin-based nanoprobe for in vivo ratiometric photoacoustic pH imaging. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 6820-7.
120. Chen Q, Liu X, Zeng J, Cheng Z, Liu Z. Albumin-NIR dye self-assembled nanoparticles for photoacoustic pH imaging and pH-responsive photothermal therapy effective for large tumors. Biomaterials. 2016; 98: 23-30.
121. Guha S, Shaw GK, Mitcham TM, Bouchard RR, Smith BD. Croconaine rotaxane for acid activated photothermal heating and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging of acidic pH. Chem Commun. 2016; 52: 120-3.
122. Miao Q, Lyu Y, Ding D, Pu K. Semiconducting oligomer nanoparticles as an activatable photoacoustic probe with amplified brightness for in vivo imaging of pH. Adv Mater. 2016; 28: 3662-8.
123. Qin H, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Pan X, Yang S, Xing D. Inflammation-targeted gold nanorods for intravascular photoacoustic imaging detection of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP 2) in atherosclerotic plaques. Nanomed Nanotechnol. 2016; 12: 1765-74.
124. Yang K, Zhu L, Nie L, Sun X, Cheng L, Wu C, et al. Visualization of protease activity in vivo using an activatable photo-acoustic imaging probe based on CuS nanoparticles. Theranostics. 2014; 4: 134-41.
125. Pu K, Shuhendler AJ, Jokerst JV, Mei J, Gambhir SS, Bao Z, et al. Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as photoacoustic molecular imaging probes in living mice. Nat Nanotechnol. 2014; 9: 233-9.
126. Li H, Zhang P, Smaga LP, Hoffman RA, Chan J. Photoacoustic probes for ratiometric imaging of copper(II). J Am Chem Soc. 2015; 137: 15628-31.
127. Kessenbrock K, Plaks V, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell. 2010; 141: 52-67.
128. Shuhendler AJ, Pu K, Cui L, Uetrecht JP, Rao J. Real-time imaging of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the liver of live animals for drug-toxicity testing. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 373-80.
129. Cash KJ, Li C, Xia J, Wang LV, Clark HA. Optical drug monitoring: photoacoustic imaging of nanosensors to monitor therapeutic lithium in vivo. ACS nano. 2015; 9: 1692-8.
130. Liu Y, Su Q, Chen M, Dong Y, Shi Y, Feng W, et al. Near-infrared upconversion chemodosimeter for in vivo detection of Cu2+ in wilson disease. Adv Mater. 2016; doi: 10.1002/adma.201601140.
131. Li X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zou X, Yao L, Li F, et al. Cyclometallated ruthenium complex-modified upconversion nanophosphors for selective detection of Hg2+ ions in water. Nanoscale. 2014; 6: 1020-8.
132. Liu Y, Chen M, Cao T, Sun Y, Li C, Liu Q, et al. A cyanine-modified nanosystem for in vivo upconversion luminescence bioimaging of methylmercury. J Am Chem Soc. 2013; 135: 9869-76.
133. Wang Y-W, Fu Y-Y, Peng Q, Guo S-S, Liu G, Li J, et al. Dye-enhanced graphene oxide for photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B. 2013; 1: 5762-7.
134. Lin LS, Yang X, Niu G, Song J, Yang HH, Chen X. Dual-enhanced photothermal conversion properties of reduced graphene oxide-coated gold superparticles for light-triggered acoustic and thermal theranostics. Nanoscale. 2016; 8: 2116-22.
135. Moon H, Kumar D, Kim H, Sim C, Chang J-H, Kim J-M, et al. Amplified photoacoustic performance and enhanced photothermal stability of reduced graphene oxide coated gold nanorods for sensitive photoacoustic imaging. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 2711-9.
136. de la Zerda A, Liu Z, Bodapati S, Teed R, Vaithilingam S, Khuri-Yakub BT, et al. Ultrahigh sensitivity carbon nanotube agents for photoacoustic molecular imaging in living mice. Nano Lett. 2010; 10: 2168-72.
137. Song J, Yang X, Jacobson O, Lin L, Huang P, Niu G, et al. Sequential drug release and enhanced photothermal and photoacoustic effect of hybrid reduced graphene oxide-loaded ultrasmall gold nanorod vesicles for cancer therapy. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 9199-209.
138. de la Zerda A, Bodapati S, Teed R, May SY, Tabakman SM, Liu Z, et al. Family of enhanced photoacoustic imaging agents for high-sensitivity and multiplexing studies in living mice. ACS Nano. 2012; 6: 4694-701.
139. Zhang P, Guo Y. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering inside metal nanoshells. J Am Chem Soc. 2009; 131: 3808-9.
140. Liu N, Giessen H. Coupling effects in optical metamaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2010; 49: 9838-52.
141. Huang P, Lin J, Li W, Rong P, Wang Z, Wang S, et al. Biodegradable gold nanovesicles with an ultrastrong plasmonic coupling effect for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013; 52: 13958-64.
142. Liu Y, He J, Yang K, Yi C, Liu Y, Nie L, et al. Folding up of gold nanoparticle strings into plasmonic vesicles for enhanced photoacoustic imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2015; 127: 16035-8.
143. Wurthner F, Kaiser TE, Saha-Moller CR. J-aggregates: from serendipitous discovery to supramolecular engineering of functional dye materials. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011; 50: 3376-410.
144. Zhang D, Qi GB, Zhao YX, Qiao SL, Yang C, Wang H. In situ formation of nanofibers from purpurin18-peptide conjugates and the assembly induced retention effect in tumor sites. Adv Mater. 2015; 27: 6125-30.
145. Li LL, Ma HL, Qi GB, Zhang D, Yu F, Hu Z, et al. Pathological-condition-driven construction of supramolecular nanoassemblies for bacterial infection detection. Adv Mater. 2016; 28: 254-62.
146. Shakiba M, Ng KK, Huynh E, Chan H, Charron DM, Chen J, et al. Stable J-aggregation enabled dual photoacoustic and fluorescence nanoparticles for intraoperative cancer imaging. Nanoscale. 2016; 8: 12618-25.
147. Huang P, Gao Y, Lin J, Hu H, Liao H-S, Yan X, et al. Tumor-specific formation of enzyme-instructed supramolecular self-assemblies as cancer theranostics. ACS Nano. 2015; 9: 9517-27.
148. Lyu Y, Fang Y, Miao Q, Zhen X, Ding D, Pu K. Intraparticle molecular orbital engineering of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as amplified theranostics for in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. ACS Nano. 2016; 10: 4472-81.
149. Yao J, Kaberniuk AA, Li L, Shcherbakova DM, Zhang R, Wang L, et al. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography using reversibly switchable bacterial phytochrome as a near-infrared photochromic probe. Nat Methods. 2016; 13: 67-73.
150. Jin Y, Jia C, Huang S-W, O'Donnell M, Gao X. Multifunctional nanoparticles as coupled contrast agents. Nat Commun. 2010; 1: 41.