The role and role context of the Lebanese school principal:Toward a culturally grounded understanding of the principalship

Educational Management Administration & Leadership

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 718-742

  Akkary, Rima Karami ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

contextual role demands; cross cultural comparative analysis; principal role; principalship in Lebanon; socio political work context

Indexed keywords

EID: 84996170188     PISSN: 17411432     EISSN: 17411440     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1741143213510503     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Akkary RK Greenfield W Jr (1998) Leadership and work context of public and private secondary principals in the Republic of Lebanon. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Research Association, San Diego, CA.
2. Bajunid IA (1996) Preliminary explorations of indigenous perspectives of educational management: the evolving Malaysian experience. Journal of Educational Administration 34(5): 50–72.
3. Bashshur M (2007) Observations from the edge of the deluge. Paper presented at the ‘Education and Change in Qatar and the Arab World’ conference. Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar, Center for International and Regional Studies and the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Doha, Qatar.
4. Bashshur M (2010) Adoption/adaptation and the question of educational reform in the gulf (with specific reference to Qatar). Paper presented at the Symposium on Education Reform in the GCC counties, convened by the Gulf Comparative Education Society, Doha: Qatar.
5. Blumberg A (1989) School Administration as a Craft: Foundations of Practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
6. Blumberg A Greenfield W (1986) The Effective Principal: Perspectives on School Leadership, 2nd edn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
7. Blumer H (1969) Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bogdan RC Biklen SK (2007) Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston, MA: Pearson.
9. Bossert S Dwyer D Rowan B Lee G (1982) The instructional management role of the principal. Educational Administration Quarterly 18(3): 34–64.
10. Center of Educational Research and Development (CRDP) (2010) Annual schools report 2009–2012. Available at:http://www.crdp.org/CRDP/Arabic/ar-statistics/a_schoolguide.asp.
11. Chapman DW Miric S (2009) Education quality in the Middle East. International Review of Education 55: 311–344.
12. Charmaz K (2005) Grounded theory in the 21st century: applications for advancing social justice studies. In: Denzin NK Lincoln YS (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edn. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 507–536.
13. Charmaz K (2010) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
14. Cheng KM (1995) The neglected dimension: cultural comparison in educational administration. In: Wong KC Cheng KM (eds) Educational Leadership and Change: International Perspectives Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 87–102.
15. Corbin J Strauss A (2007) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
16. Cuban L (1986) Principaling: images and roles. Peabody Journal of Education 630: 107–119.
17. Cuban L (1988) The Managerial Imperative and the Practice of Leadership in Schools. New York: SUNY.
18. Darling-Hammond L Meyerson D Lapointe M Orr MT (2010) Preparing Principals for a Changing World: Lessons for Effective School Leadership Programs. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
19. Day C Harris A Hadfield M (2001) Challenging the orthodoxy of effective school leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education 4(1): 39–56.
20. Decree No. 44 (1964) Rules regulating the appointment of public school principals. The Lebanese Republic.
21. Decree No. 73 (2009) Criteria for granting administrative compensation for school principals. The Lebanese Republic.
22. Decree No. 590 (1974) Internal organization of public schools. The Lebanese Republic.
23. Decree No. 1436 (1950) Rules organizing the opening of private school. The Lebanese Republic.
24. Decree No. 2460 (1959) Organizational structure of the central inspectorate bureau. The Lebanese Republic.
25. Decree No. 2896 (1992) Specification of the qualifications for occupants of the private schools principal ship. The Lebanese Republic.
26. Dimmock C Walker A (2000) Developing comparative and international educational leadership and management: a cross cultural model. School Leadership and Management 20(2): 143–160.
27. Donmoyer R (1995) A knowledge base for educational administration: notes from the field. In: Donmoyer R Imber M Scheurich JJ (eds) The Knowledge Base in Educational Administration: Multiple Perspectives. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 74–123.
28. Donmoyer R (1999) The continuing quest for a knowledge base: 1976–1998. In: Murphy J Seashore Louis K (eds) Handbook of Research on Educational Administration: A Project of the American Education Research Association, 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 25–43.
29. Dwyer DC (1985) Contextual antecedents of instructional leadership. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
30. European Training Foundation (ETF) (2010) Country information note-Lebanon. Available at: http://www.etf.europa.eu/pubmgmt.nsf/%28getAttachment%29/9A159D86BC44EDEDC12577060032804F/$File/NOTE84JCSR.pdf.
31. El-Amine A (1994) Al-Ta’lim fee Lubnan: Waka’eh wa mashahed [Education in Lebanon: Facts and Observations]. Beirut: Dar Al Jadeed.
32. El- Amine A (2009) Scientific research in the social sciences. In: Boujaoude S Dagher Z (eds) The World of Science Education: Arab States, Vol. 3. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 256–264.
33. Foskett IM (1967) The Normative World of the Elementary School Principal. Eugene, OR: Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration.
34. Gall J Gall MD Borg W (2005) Applying Educational Research, a Practical Guide, 5th edn. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
35. Ghamrawi N (2010) No teacher left behind: subject leadership that promote teacher leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 38(3): 304–320.
36. Ghamrawi N (2011) Trust me. Your school can do better-A message from teachers to principals. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 39(3): 333–348.
37. Getzels JW Guba EG (1957) Social behavior and the administrative process. The School Review 65(2): 423–441.
38. Getzels JW Lipham JM Campbell RF (1968) Educational Administration as a Social Process: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Harper & Row.
39. Glaser BG (1992) Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs. Forcing, 2nd edn. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
40. Glaser BG Strauss AL (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aladine.
41. Goldhammer K Becker G Withycombe R Doyel F Miller E Morgan C Deloretto L Aidrige B (1971) Elementary School Principals and Their Schools: Beacons of Brilliance and Potholes of Pestilence. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration.
42. Greenfield W Jr (1986). The moral, social and technical dimensions of the principal ship. Peabody Journal of Education, 630, 130–149.
43. Greenfield W Jr (1988) Moral imagination, interpersonal competence and the work of school administrators. In DE Grifliths RJ Stout PB Forsyth (eds) Leadership for America’s Schools: The Report and Papers of the National Commission on Excellence in Educational Administration. Berkeley, CA: MuCutchan Publishing Corporation, 207–232.
44. Greenfield W Jr (1995) Toward a theory of school administration: the centrality of leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly 31(1): 61–85.
45. Greenfield W Jr (2004) Moral leadership in schools. Journal of Educational Administration 42(2): 174–196.
46. Gronn P (2000) Distributed properties: a new architecture for leadership. Educational Management & Administration 28: 317–338.
47. Gronn P (2002) Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly 13: 423–451.
48. Gross N Mason WS McEachern AW (1958) Exploration in Role Analysis: School Superintendence Role. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
49. Guba EG Lincoln YS (1989) Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
50. Guba EG Lincoln YS (1994) Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In: Denzin NK Lincoln YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 105–117.
51. Hallinger P (1995) Culture and leadership: developing an international perspective on educational administration. UCEA Review 36(2): 1.
52. Hallinger P (2003) Leading educational change: reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education 33(3): 329–350.
53. Hallinger P Heck RH (1996) The principal’s role in school effectiveness: an assessment of the methodological progress, 1980–1995. In: Leithwood K Chapman J Corson D Hallinger P Hart A (eds) International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 723–783.
54. Hallinger P Leithwood K (1994) Introduction: exploring the impact of school leadership. School Effectiveness and School Improvement 5(3): 206–218.
55. Hallinger P Leithwood K (1998) Unseen forces: the impact of social culture on school leadership. Peabody Journal of Education 73(2): 126–151.
56. Hallinger P Leithwood K (1996) Culture and educational administration: a case of finding out what you don’t know you don’t know. Journal of Educational Administration 34(5): 98–116.
57. Hallinger P Murphy J (1987) Organizational and social context and the instructional leadership role of the school principal. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association, Washington, DC.ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 309 528.
58. Heck R Hallinger P (2005) The study of educational leadership and management: Where does the field stand today? Educational Management Administration & Leadership 33(2), 229–244.
59. Hofstede G Hofstede GJ (2005) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
60. Höög J Johansson O Olofsson A (2005) Successful principalship: the Swedish case. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 595–606.
61. Hoy W Miskel C (2010) Educational Administration: Theory, Research and Practice, 8th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
62. Katz D Kahn RL (1978) The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
63. Krathwohl DR (2004) Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: an Integrated Approach, 2nd edn. New York: Longman.
64. Krueger RA (1994) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, 2nd edn. CA: SAGE Publications.
65. Lambert L (2002) A framework for shared leadership. Educational Leadership 59(8): 37–40.
66. Lambert L Walker D Zimmerman D Cooper J Lambert M Gardner M Szabo M (2002) The Constructivist Leader, 2nd edn. New York: Teachers College Press.
67. Lebanese Republic, House of Parliament (1990) The Lebanese Constitution and its Amendments. Beirut: Lebanese Republic.
68. Leithwood K Duke DL (1999) A century’s quest to understand school leadership. In: Murphy J Louis KS (eds) Handbook of Research on Educational Administration. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
69. Leithwood K Jantzi D (2000) The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration 38(2): 112–29.
70. Lincoln Y (1988) The role of ideology in naturalistic research. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 297 088.
71. Marzano RJ Waters T McNulty BA (2005) School Leadership That Works: From Research to Results. VA: ASCD.
72. Mathews J Crow G (2003) Being and Becoming a Principal: Role Conceptions for Contemporary Principals and Assistants. New York: Pearson Education.
73. Mattar D (2012) Instructional leadership in Lebanese public schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 40(4): 509–531.
74. Mayrowetz D (2008) Making sense of distributed leadership: exploring the multiple usages of the concept in the field. Educational Administration Quarterly 44: 424–433.
75. Merriam S (1998) Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
76. Merriam S (2009) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
77. Merton RK Fiske M Kendall PL (1990) The Focused Interview: A Manual of Problems and Procedures, 2nd edn. New York: The Free Press.
78. Ministry of Education and Higher Education (2010) Quality education for growth, national education strategy framework. Available at: http://www.mehe.gov.lb/uploads/file/ESDP%20modified%20march%202010/ESDP%20English%20FINAL%20-p%201.pdf.
79. Morgan DL (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
80. Morgan DL (1998) The Focus Group Guidebook: Focus Group Kit1. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
81. Morgan DL (1998) Planning For Focus Groups: Focus Group Kit2. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
82. Murphy J (2008) A framework for rebuilding initial certification preparation programs in educational leadership. Lessons from whole-state reform initiatives. Teachers College Record 110(10): 2172–2203.
83. Owens R Valesky TC (2011) Organizational Behavior in Education: Leadership and School Reform, 10th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
84. Raihani (2008) An Indonesian model of successful school leadership. Journal of Educational Administration 46(4): 481–496.
85. Salley C McPherson RB Baehr ME (1979) What principals do: a preliminary occupational analysis. In: Erickson DA Reller TL (eds) The Principal in Metropolitan Schools. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing, 22–39.
86. Schatzman L Strauss AL (1973) Field Research: Strategies for a Natural Sociology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
87. Sergiovanni TJ (2001) The Principalship: A Reflective Practice Perspective, 4th edn. London: Allyn and Bacon.
88. Sergiovanni T (2007) Rethinking Leadership: A Collection of Articles, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
89. Spillane JP Halverson R Diamond JB (2001) Investigating school leadership practice: a distributed perspective. Educational Researcher 30: 23–28.
90. Spillane JP Halverson R Diamond JB (2004) Towards a theory of leadership practice: a distributed perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies 36: 3–34.
91. Spillane JP Bijou RH (2010) Days of their lives: a mixed-methods, descriptive analysis of the men and women at work in the principal’s office. Journal of Curriculum Studies 42(3): 293–331.
92. Strauss A Corbin J (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
93. Strauss A Corbin J (1994) Grounded theory methodology: an overview. In: Denzin NK Lincoln YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 273–285.
94. Strauss A Corbin J (2008) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 3rd edn. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
95. Theodory GC (1981) The effects of the least preferred co-worker measure on school outcomes in Lebanon’s educational system. Journal of Psychology 108(1): 3–6.
96. Theodory GC (1983) Assessment of ideal and actual principals’ role-specific behaviors in Lebanese secondary schools. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 232 273.
97. United Nations Scientific Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (1993) Human Resources Sector Analysis: Education Sector Brief. Beirut: UNESCO.
98. Walker A Dimmock C (2002) School Leadership and Administration: The Cultural Context. New York: Routledge Farmer.
99. Wolcott HF (2003) The Man in the Principal’s Office: An Ethnography. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.