Understanding terrorism in the age of global media: A communication approach

Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-218

  Archetti, Cristina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84995315691     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781137291387     Document Type: Book

References (447)

1. Abbott, A. (1988) "Transcending General Linear Reality," Sociological Theory 6 (2): 169-186.
2. Abu Muqawama (2009) "On Metrics in Afghanistan," Abu Muquawama: Post, 28 March, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2009/03/metrics-afghanistan.html.
3. Abu Muqawama (2011) "Special Tenth Anniversary of 9/11 Q&A with Thomas Hegghammer," Center for a New American Security, 11 September, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2011/09/special-tenth-anniversary-911-qa-thomas-hegghammer.html.
4. Alali, A. O. and K. K. Eke (eds) (1991) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage).
5. Alexander, D. (2010) "Offline and Online Radicalization and Recruitment of Extremists and Terrorists," Journal of Homeland Security, September, http://www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/Default.aspx?t=350&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1.
6. Alexander, Y. (1978) "Terrorism, the Media, and the Police," Journal of International Affairs 32 (1): 101-113.
7. Al-Lami, M. (2009) Studies of Radicalisation: State of the Field Report (London: Royal Holloway).
8. al-Zawahiri, A. (2008) "The Open Meeting with Shaykh Ayman al_Zawahiri," NEFA Foundation, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefazawahiri0408.pdf.
9. Ambinder, M. (2010) "Al Qaeda's First English Language Magazine is Here," The Atlantic, 30 June, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/06/al-qaedas-first-english-language-magazine-is-here/59006/.
10. "Amm Sam" (2010) "Preventing, Er, Countering Violent Extremism Comes to America: Part Two - It's All Relative," Free Radicals Blog, 7 January 2010, http://www.icsr.info/blog/Preventing-er-Countering-Violent-Extremism-comesto-America-Part-Two-Its-all-relative.
11. Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: New Left Books).
12. Andrews, M., C. Squire and M. Tambouku (eds) (2008) Doing Narrative Research (London: Sage).
13. Anholt, S. (2002) "Foreword," Journal of Brand Management 9 (4/5): 229-239.
14. Anholt, S. (2005) Brand New Justice: How Branding Places and Products Can Help the Developing World (London: Elsevier).
15. Anholt, S. (2007) Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
16. Anonymous blogger (2009) "Ferrying Away Our Freedom," HeresyCorner, 29 March, http://heresycorner.blogspot.com/2009/03/ferrying-away-ourfreedom.html.
17. Antonello, P. and A. O'Leary (eds) (2009) Imagining Terrorism: The Rhetoric and Representation of Political Violence in Italy 1969-2009 (Oxford: Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney Publishing).
18. Antoniades, A., A. Miskimmon and B. O'Loughlin (2009) "Great Powers and Strategic Narratives: The State of the Field," paper presented at the workshop "Great Powers after the Bush Presidency: Interests, Strategies, and Narratives," International Studies Association annual convention, New York, 14 February.
19. Archetti, C. (2010) Explaining News: National Politics and Journalistic Cultures in Global Context (New York: Palgrave).
20. Archetti, C. and P. Taylor (2005) "Managing Terrorism after 9/11: The War on Terror, the Media, and the Imagined Threat," final report for ESRC project "Domestic Management of Terrorist Attacks" (L147251003).
21. Ascari, A. (2009a) "I giochi olimpici - 'Materiale dai giornali," http://www.ada.ascari.name/studio/storia/protagonisti.html#olimpiade.
22. Ascari, A. (2009b) "Settembere Nero - Materiale dai giornali," http://www.ada.ascari.name/studio/storia/protagonisti.html#settembre.
23. Ashour, O. (2010) "Online De-radicalization? Countering Violent Extremist Narratives: Message, Messenger and Media Strategy," Perspectives on Terrorism: A Journal of the Terrorism Research Institute 4 (6): 15-19, http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/67/138.
24. Ashour, O. (2011) "The Arab Spring is Al-Qaeda's Winter," The Daily Star, 9 September, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2011/Sep-09/148318-the-arab-spring-is-al-qaedas-winter.ashx#axzz1jibnAF7T.
25. Awan, A. (2007a) "Radicalization on the Internet?" The RUSI Journal 152(3): 76-81.
26. Awan, A. (2007b) "Virtual Jihadist Media: Function, Legitimacy and Radicalizing Efficacy," European Journal of Cultural Studies 10 (3): 389-408.
27. Awan, A., A. Hoskins and B. O'Loughlin (2011) Radicalisation and Media: Connectivity and Terrorism in the New Media Ecology (Milton Park: Routledge).
28. Azarian, G. R. (2005) The General Sociology of Harrison G. White: Chaos and Order in Networks (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
29. Bahr Thompson, A. (2003) "Brand Positioning and Brand Creation," in R. Clifton and J. Simmons (eds) Brands and Branding (London: The Economist and Profile Books), pp. 79-95.
30. Bakker, E. (2006) Jihadi Terrorists in Europe: Their Characteristics and the Circumstances in Which They Joined the Jihad: An Exploratory Study (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations).
31. Bakker, E. and L. Boer (2007) The Evolution of Al-Qaedaism: Ideology, Terrorists, and Appeal (The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations).
32. Ball, J. and S. Brown (2011) "Why BlackBerry Messenger Was Rioters' Communication Method of Choice," The Guardian, 7 December, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/dec/07/bbm-rioters-communicationmethod-choice?newsfeed=true.
33. Ball, J. and P. Lewis (2011) "Twitter and the Riots: How the News Spread," The Guardian, 8 December, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/dec/07/twitter-riots-how-news-spread?newsfeed=true.
34. Barnhurst, K. G. (1991) "The Literature of Terrorism: Implications for Visual Communications," in A. O. Alali and K. K. Eke (eds) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage), pp. 112-137.
35. Barrett, R. (2008) Seven Years after 9/11: Al-Qaida's Strengths and Vulnerabilities (London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence).
36. Barth, F. (1970) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (London: G.Allen and Unwin).
37. Bassiouni, M. C. (1981) "Terrorism, Law Enforcement, and the Mass Media: Perspectives, Problems, Proposals'," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72 (1): 1-51.
38. BBC Editorial Guidelines (n.d.) "Language When Reporting Terrorism," http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/page/guidance-reporting-terrorism-full.
39. BBC News (2003) "Al-Qaeda Suspect Tells of Bomb Plot," 27 May, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2941702.stm.
40. BBC News (2005a) "London Bomber: Text in Full," 1 September, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206800.stm.
41. BBC News (2005b) "The Bombers," no date, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/investigation/html/bombers.stm (accessed November 2011).
42. BBC News (2007) "Timeline: Failed Car Bomb Attacks," 6 July, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6260626.stm.
43. Bearman, P. S. and K. Stovel (2000) "Becoming a Nazi: A Model for Narrative Networks," Poetics 27: 69-90.
44. Belaala, S. (2008) Les facteurs de création ou de modification des processus de radicalisation violente, chez les jeunes en particulier (Paris: Compagnie Européenne d'Intelligence Stratégique).
45. Bell, J. B. (1978) "Terrorist Scripts and Live-Action Spectaculars," Columbia Journalism Review 17 (May/June): 47-50.
46. Bell, M. (2007) "The Frenzy of News," The Guardian, 3 July, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jul/03/thefrenzyofnews.
47. Benard, C. (2011) "The Mechanics of De-Legitimization," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 106-110.
48. Benjamin, D. (2008) "What Statistics Don't Tell Us," Slate, 30 May, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2008/05/what_statistics_dont_tell_us.html.
49. Bennett, A. and A. L. George (1997) "Process Tracing in Case Study Research," paper presented at the MacArthur Foundation Workshop on Case Study Methods, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/bennetta/PROTCG.htm.
50. Bennett, D. and W. Graebner (2009) "Rome: The Second Time," http://romethesecondtime.blogspot.com/2009/11/battle-of-valle-giulia.html.
51. Benwell, B. and E. Stokoe (2006) Discourse and Identity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
52. Bergin, A., S. B. Osman, C. Ungerer and N. A. M. Yasin (2009) "Countering Internet Radicalization in Southeast Asia," Issue 22, http://www.rsis.edu.sg/short%20reports/Countering_internet_radicalisation.pdf.
53. Beski-Chafiq, C., J. Birmant, H. Benmerzoug, A. Taibi and A. Goignard (2010a) Jeunes et radicalization islamiste: Lille, France (Aarhus: Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation), http://cir.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_statskundskab/subsites/cir/Rapport5_Frankrig2.pdf.
54. Beski-Chafiq, C., J. Birmant, H. Benmerzoug, A. Taibi and A. Goignard (2010b) Youth and Islamist Radicalisation: Lille, France. English Summary (Aarhus: Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation), http://ps.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_statskundskab/subsites/cir/SummaryFINAL_Eng_rapport5_.pdf.
55. Betz, D. (2008) "The Virtual Dimension of Contemporary Insurgency and Counterinsurgency," Small Wars & Insurgencies 19 (4): 510-540.
56. Björkman, C. (2010) "Salafi-Jihadi Terrorism in Italy," in M. Ranstorp (ed.) Understanding Violent Radicalisation: Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe (Oxon: Routledge), pp. 231-255.
57. Bjørgo, T. (2005a) "Conclusions," in T. Bjørgo (ed.) The Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality, and Ways Forward (London: Routledge), pp. 256-264.
58. Bjørgo, T. (ed.) (2005b) The Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality, and Ways Forward (London: Routledge).
59. Bjørgo, T. and J. Horgan (2009) Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (London: Routledge).
60. Blackett, T. (2003) "What is a Brand?" In R. Clifton and J. Simmons (eds) Brands and Branding (London: The Economist and Profile Books), pp. 13-25.
61. Blumler, J. G. and E. Katz (1974) The Uses of Mass Communication (Newbury Park, CA: Sage).
62. Boje, D. M. (1991) "The Storytelling Organization: A Study of Story Performance in an Office-Supply Firm," Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (1): 106-126.
63. Bonanate, L. (1979) "Some Unanticipated Consequences of Terrorism," Journal of Peace Research 16 (3): 197-211.
64. Bourdieu, P. and J. S. Coleman (eds) (1991) Social Theory for a Changing Society (Oxford: Westview Press).
65. Braben, D. W. (2004) Pioneering Research: A Risk Worth Taking (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons).
66. Braben, D. W. (2011) "Pioneers Need Not Apply," The Times Higher Education, 8 September, http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=417376.
67. Braiker, B. (2011) "Branding Bin Laden: How Osama's Death Will Affect the Al-Qaeda Name," AdWeek, 3 May, http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/branding-bin-laden-131292.
68. Brandon, J. (2009) "Al-Qa'ida's Involvement in Britain's 'Homegrown' Terrorist Plots," CTC Sentinel 2 (3): 10-12, http://www.farhanaqazi.com/uploads/6/8/4/5/6845221/ctcsentinel-vol2iss3.pdf.
69. Breen-Smyth, M., J. Gunning, R. Jackson, G. Kassimeris, and P. Robinson (2008a) "Critical Terrorism Studies: An Introduction," Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (1): 1-4.
70. Breen-Smyth, M., J. Gunning, R. Jackson, G. Kassimeris, and P. Robinson (2008b) "Editors' Introduction: Negotiating Stormy Waters," Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (2): 145-149.
71. Breivik, A. (2011) "2083: A European Declaration of Independence," http://www.slideshare.net/darkandgreen/2083-a-european-declaration-of-independence-byandrew-berwick.
72. Brenkel, J. (1997) "Hewlett-Packard: Keeping the Brand Vision Alive," in F. Gilmore (ed.) Brand Warriors: Corporate Leaders Share Their Winning Strategies (London: Harper Collins Business), pp. 133-144.
73. Brooker, W. and D. Jermyn (2003) The Audience Studies Reader (London: Routledge).
74. Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University).
75. Brymer, C. (2003) "What Makes Brands Great," in R. Clifton and J. Simmons (eds) Brands and Branding (London: The Economist and Profile Books), pp. 65-76.
76. Burke, A. (2008) "The End of Terrorism Studies," Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (1): 37-49.
77. Burke, J. (2004) "Theatre of Terror," The Observer, 21 November, http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/nov/21/features.review7.
78. Bush, G. W. (2001a) "President's Remarks at Day of National Prayer and Remembrance," White House Archive, 14 September, http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010914-2.html.
79. Bush, G. W. (2001b) "President: FBI Needs Tools to Track Down Terrorists," White House Archive, 25 September, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010925-5.html.
80. Bush, G. W. (2001c) "Governor Ridge Sworn-In to Lead Homeland Security," White House Archive, 8 October, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011008-3.html.
81. Calhoun, C. (1991a) "Indirect Relationships and Imagined Communities: Large Scale Social Integration and the Transformation of Everyday Life," in P. Bourdieu and J. S. Coleman (eds) Social Theory for a Changing Society (Oxford: Westview Press), pp. 95-121.
82. Calhoun, C. (1991b) "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in J. Huber (ed.) Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (London: Sage), pp. 51-75.
83. Calhoun, C. (ed.) (1994) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell).
84. Carafano, J.J. and J. Zuckerman (2011) "40 Terror Plots Foiled Since 9/11: Combating Complacency in the Long War on Terror," The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder #2604, 7 September, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/40-terror-plots-foiled-since-9-11-combating-complacencyin-the-long-war-on-terror.
85. Casebeer, W. D. and J. A. Russell (2005) "Storytelling and Terrorism: Towards a Comprehensive 'Counter-Narrative Strategy'," Strategic Insights 4 (3), http://0-www.ciaonet.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/olj/si/si_4_3/si_4_3_caw01.pdf.
86. Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society (vol. I) (Oxford: Blackwell).
87. Cento Bull, A. (2009) "Political Violence, stragismo and 'Civil War': An Analysis of the Self-Narratives of Three Neofascist Protagonists," in P. Antonello and A. O'Leary (eds) (2009) Imagining Terrorism: The Rhetoric and Representation of Political Violence in Italy 1969-2009 (Oxford: Modern Humanities Research Association and Maney Publishing), pp. 183-199.
88. Chadwick, A. (2006) Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies (New York: Oxford University Press).
89. Change Institute (2008) Studies into Violent Radicalisation: Lot 2: The Beliefs Ideologies and Narratives (London: Change Institute).
90. Chermak, S. (1997) "The Presentation of Drugs in the News Media: The News Sources Involved in the Construction of Social Problems," Justice Quarterly 14 (4): 687-718.
91. Chibnall, S. (1977) Law and Order News: An Analysis of Crime Reporting in the British Press (London: Tavistock Publications).
92. Choudhury, T. (2007) The Role of Muslim Identity Politics in Radicalisation (London: Department for Communities and Local Government).
93. Chrichton, T. (2009) "UK Citizens Encouraged to Confront Terror Threat," The Herald, 25 March, http://www.heraldscotland.com/uk-citizens-encouragedto-confront-terror-threat-1.905910.
94. Cilluffo, F. (2008) Interview with author, Washington, DC, Homeland Security and Policy Institute, 4 March.
95. Clandinin, D. J. (ed.) (2007) Handbook of Narrative Enquiry: Mapping a Methodology (London: Sage).
96. Clark, W. (2002) "An Army of One?" Washington Monthly, September, http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0209.clark.html.
97. Clifton, R. (2003) "Introduction," in R. Clifton and J. Simmons (eds) Brands and Branding (London: The Economist and Profile Books), pp. 1-9.
98. Clifton, R. and J. Simmons (2003) (eds) Brands and Branding (London: The Economist and Profile Books).
99. Cohen-Almagor, R. (2005) "Media Coverage of Acts of Terrorism: Troubling Episodes and Suggested Guidelines," Canadian Journal of Communication 30 (3): 383-409.
100. Coleman, S. and J. G. Blumler (2009) The Internet and Democratic Citizenship: Theory, Practice and Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
101. Coll, S. and S. B. Glasser (2005) "Terrorists Turn to the Web as Base of Operations," Washington Post, 7 August, A01.
102. Collins, R. (1988) Theoretical Sociology (London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).
103. Commission of the European Communities (2005) "Terrorist Recruitment: Addressing the Factors Contributing to Violent Radicalization," Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Brussels, 21 September, http://www.libertysecurity.org/IMG/pdf/COM_2005_313_final.pdf.
104. Committee on Homeland Security (2007) "Using the Web as a Weapon: The Internet as a Tool for Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism," hearing before the Subcommittee of Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment of the Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives, 6 November, Serial No. 110-83, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2007_hr/web.pdf.
105. Conway, M. (2006) "Terrorism and the Internet: New Media-New Threat?" Parliamentary Affairs 59 (2): 283-298.
106. Conway, M. and L. McInerney (2008) "Jihadi Video and Auto-Radicalisation: Evidence From an Exploratory YouTube Study," paper presented at EuroISI 2008, First European Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 3-5 December, Esbjerg, Denmark.
107. Corman, S. R. (2009a) "Same Old Song from GAO on Strategic Communication," The COMOPS Journal, 3 June 2009, http://comops.org/journal/2009/06/03/same-old-song-from-gao-on-strategic-communication/.
108. Corman, S. R. (2009b) "What Power Needs to be Smart," paper presented at the Digital Media and Security Workshop, University of Warwick, 21 May 2009.
109. Corman, S. R. (2010) "Public Diplomacy as Narrative," paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, New Orleans, 20 February 2010.
110. Corman, S. R. (2011) "Understanding the Role of Narratives in Extremist Strategic Communications," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 36-43.
111. Cornish, P., J. Lindley-French and C. Yorke (2011) Strategic Communication and National Strategy: A Chatham House Report (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs).
112. Cortazzi, M. (1993) Narrative Analysis (London: Falmer Press).
113. Council of the European Union (2007) "Conclusions on Cooperation to Combat Terrorist Use of the Internet ('Check the Web')", 2807th Justice and Home Affairs Council Meeting, Luxembourg, 12-13 June.
114. Council on Foreign Relations (n.d.), "November 17, Revolutionary People's Struggle, Revolutionary Struggle," http://www.cfr.org/greece/november-17-revolutionary-peoples-struggle-revolutionary-struggle-greece-leftists/p9275.
115. COT (2007) Lone-Wolf Terrorism (The Hague: Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement).
116. Craig, R. T. and H. L. Muller (eds) (2007) Theorizing Communication: Readings across Traditions (London: Sage).
117. Crelinsten, R. D. (1987) "Power and Meaning: Terrorism as a Struggle over Access to the Communication Structure," in P. Wilkinson and A. M. Stewart (eds) Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press).
118. Crenshaw, M. (1981) "The Causes of Terrorism," Comparative Politics 13 (4): 379-399.
119. Crenshaw, M. (1991) "How Terrorism Declines," Terrorism and Political Violence 3 (1): 69-87.
120. Cronin, A. K. (2006) "How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of Terrorist Groups," International Security 31 (1): 7-48.
121. Cronin, A. K. (2009) How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
122. Crotty, R. (1999) "Towards a Sociology of Academic Publishing," paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education annual conference, Melbourne.
123. Csaba, F. F. (2005) "The Limits of Corporate Branding: The Application of Branding to Non-Profit Organizations and Places," in M. Schultz, Y. M. Antorini, and F. F. Csaba (eds) Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press), pp. 127-149.
124. Curran, J. and M. Gurevitch (eds) (2005) Mass Media and Society (London: Hodder Arnold).
125. Curtis, A. (2004) The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear, video documentary broadcast on BBC2 20 October-3 November, 180 min. (3 parts).
126. Czarniawska, B. (2007) "Narrative Inquiry in and about Organizations," in D. J. Clandinin (ed.) Handbook of Narrative Enquiry: Mapping a Methodology (London: Sage).
127. Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. (2008) Studying Violent Radicalization in Europe I: The Potential Contribution of Social Movement Theory, Working Paper no 2008/2 (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies).
128. Daily News (2010) "Our Own Worst Enemy: Fighting Terror War with One Hand Tied behind Our Back," Daily News, 6 May, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-05-06/news/29438016_1_faisal-shahzad-terror-gap-lists.
129. Davidson, H. (2005) The Committed Enterprise: Making Vision, Values and Branding Work (London: Elsevier).
130. Day, M. (2011) "Anders Behring Breivik: 'I Am the Commander of Norway's Resistance Movement'," The Telegraph, 14 November, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8889182/Anders-Behring-Breivik-Iam-the-commander-of-Norways-resistance-movement.html.
131. Dayan, D. and E. Katz (1992) Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
132. de Chernatony, L. and F. Dall' Olmo Riley (1999) "Experts' Views About Defining Services Brands and the Principles of Services Branding," Journal of Business Research 46: 181-192.
133. De Graaf, B. (2011) Evaluating Counterterrorism Performance: A Comparative Study (London: Routledge).
134. Della Porta, D. (1995) Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press).
135. Della Porta, D. and L. Bosi (2010) Young Muslims in Italy: Parma and Verona (Aarhus: Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation).
136. De Vaus, D. (2001) Research Design in Social Research (London: Sage).
137. De Waal, M. (2007) "From Media Landscape to Media Ecology: The Cultural Implications of Web 2.0," Open 13: 20-33, http://www.skor.nl/article-3429-nl.html?lang=en.
138. Dodd, V. (2007) "Three Extremists Used Internet to Urge Muslims to Follow Bin Laden and Join Holy War, Court Told," The Guardian, 24 April, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/apr/24/terrorism.topstories.
139. Dodd, V. (2010) "Roshonara Choudhry: I Wanted to Die I Wanted to Be a Martyr," The Guardian, 4 November, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/nov/04/stephen-timms-attack-roshonara-choudhry?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487.
140. Dolnik, A. (2011a) "Conducting Field Research on Terrorism: A Brief Primer," Perspectives on Terrorism 5 (2): 3-35.
141. Dolnik, A. (2011b) Interview with author, Marshall Centre for Security Studies, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 29 June.
142. Douglas, F. S. (2007) "Waging the Inchoate War: Defining, Fighting, and Second-Guessing the 'Long War'," Journal of Strategic Studies 30 (3): 391-420.
143. Dowling, R. E. (1986) "Terrorism and the Media: A Rhetorical Genre," Journal of Communication 36 (1): 12-24.
144. Durodié, B. (2005) "The Limitations of Risk Management: Dealing with Disasters and Building Social Resilience," Politik 8 (1): 14-21.
145. Duyvesteyn, I. (2007) "The Role of History and Continuity in Terrorism Research," in M. Ranstorp (ed.) Mapping Terrorism Research: State of the Art, Gaps and Future Direction (London: Routledge), pp. 51-75.
146. Eatwell, R. and M. J. Goodwin (2010a) "Introduction: The 'New' Extremism in Twenty-First Century Britain," in R. Eatwell and M. J. Goodwin (eds) The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain (London: Routledge), pp. 1-20.
147. Eatwell, R. and M. J. Goodwin (eds) (2010b) The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain (London: Routledge).
148. Eke, K. K. and A. O. Alali (1991) "Introduction: Critical Issues in Media Coverage of Terrorism," in A. O. Alali and K. K. Eke (eds) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage), pp. 3-11.
149. Emirbayer, M. (1997) "Manifesto for a Relational Sociology," The American Journal of Sociology 103 (2): 281-317.
150. Emirbayer, M. and A. Mische (1998) "What is Agency?" The American Journal of Sociology 103 (4): 962-1023.
151. English, R. (2004) Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA (London: Macmillan).
152. Ensor, D. (2005) "Al Qaeda Letter Called 'Chilling'," CNN website, 12 October, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/11/alqaeda.letter/.
153. Ericson, R. V., P. M. Baranek and J. B. L. Chan (1989) Negotiating Control: A Study of News Sources (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
154. Esser, F. and B. Pfetsch (eds) (2004) Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
155. Eubank, W. L. and L. Weinberg (1994) "Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?" Terrorism and Political Violence 6 (4): 417-435.
156. Evans, J. (2007) "MI5 Chief's Warning - Full Text," The Guardian, 5 November. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/nov/05/terrorism.world.
157. Ewing, M. T. and J. Napoli (2003) "Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Nonprofit Brand Orientation Scale," Journal of Business Research 58: 841-853.
158. Eyerman, J. (1998) "Terrorism and Democratic States: Soft Targets or Accessible Systems," International Interactions 24 (2): 151-170.
159. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (n.d.) "Working Draft Chronology of Events for Hijackers and Associates (Part 2)," "The Vault," http://vault.fbi.gov/9-11%20Commission%20Report/9-11-chronology-part-02-of-02/view.
160. Feiser, J. (2004) "Evolution of the al-Qaeda Brand Name," Asia Times Online, 13 August, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FH13Ak05.html.
161. Fenstermacher, L. (2011) "Executive Summary," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 4-23.
162. Fenstermacher, L. and T. Leventhal (eds) (2011) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), http://www.nsiteam.com/pubs/U_Counter%20Violent%20Extremism%20Final_Approved%20for%20Public%20Release_28Oct11v3.pdf.
163. Ferguson, M. (ed.) Public Communication: The New imperatives: Future Directions for Media Research (London: Sage).
164. Fink, N. C. (2011) "The Death of Bin Laden: Whither Al-Qaida?" International Peace Institute, 3 May, http://www.ipacademy.org/news/comment-aanalysis/234-the-death-of-bin-laden-whither-al-qaida.html.
165. Franks, J. (2009) "Rethinking the Roots of Terrorism: Beyond Orthodox Terrorism Theory - A Critical Research Agenda," Global Society 23 (2): 153-176.
166. Freedman, L. (2006) The Transformation of Strategic Affairs, Adelphi Paper 379 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies).
167. Gartenstein-Ross, D. and L. Grossman (2009) Homegrown Terrorists in the U.S. and the U.K.: An Empirical Examination of the Radicalization Process (Washington, DC: Foundation for the Defense of Democracy's Center for Terrorism Research).
168. Geltzer, J. A. (2010) US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View (Milton Park: Routledge).
169. Gendron, A. (2006) Militant Jihadism: Radicalization, Conversion, Recruitment (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies).
170. George, A. L. (1997) "The Role of the Congruence Method for Case Study Research," paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, Toronto, 18-22 March.
171. George, A. L. and A. Bennett (2005) Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (London: BCSIA Studies in International Security).
172. Gerrits, R. P. J. M. (1992) "Terrorists' Perspectives: Memoirs," in D. L. Paletz and A. Schmid (eds) Terrorism and the Media: How Researchers, Terrorists, Government, Press, Public, Victims View and Use the Media (London: Sage), pp. 29-61.
173. Gilmore, F. (2002) "A Country: Can It Be Repositioned? Spain - The Success Story," Journal of Brand Management 9 (4/5): 281-294.
174. Githens-Mazer, J. (2010) "Mobilization, Recruitment, Violence and the Street: Radical Violent Takfiri Islamism in Early Twenty-First-Century Britain," in R. Eatwell and M. J. Goodwin (eds) The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain (London: Routledge), pp. 47-66.
175. Githens-Mazer, J., R. Lambert, A-H. Baker, S. Cohen-Baker and Z. Pieri (2010) Muslim Communities Perspectives on Radicalisation in Leicester, UK (Aarhus: Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation).
176. Godin, S. (2002) Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends and Friends into Customers (London: Free).
177. Goodman, M. (2011) "Killer Apps: The Revolution in Network Terrorism," Jane's Intelligence Review 23 (7): 14-19.
178. Gordon, A. (2001) "Terrorism and the Scholarly Communication System," Terrorism and Political Violence 13 (4): 116-124.
179. Gordon, A. (2004) "Terrorism and Knowledge Growth: A Database and Internet Analysis," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 104-118.
180. Gordon, A. (2005) "The Peripheral Terrorism Literature: Bringing it Closer to the Core," Scientometrics 62 (3): 403-414.
181. Gordon, A. (2007) "Transient and Continuant Authors in a Research Field: The Case of Terrorism," Scientometrics 72 (2): 213-224.
182. Granovetter, M. G. (1973) "The Strength of the Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360-1380.
183. Gray, J. (2005) "A Violent Episode in the Virtual World," New Statesman, 18 July 2005, 16-17, http://www.newstatesman.com/200507180006.
184. Greenpeace.org (no date) "About Greenpeace," http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about.
185. Gunning, J. (2007) "A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?" Government and Opposition 42 (3): 363-393.
186. Gupta, D. (2011) "Tracking the Spread of Violent Extremism" in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 44-55.
187. Haig, M. (2003) Brand Failures: The Truth About the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time (London: MPG Books).
188. Hall, S., C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke, and B. Roberts (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (Hong Kong: Macmillan Education).
189. Halliday, J. (2011) "London Riots: How BlackBerry Messenger Played a Key Role," The Guardian, 8 August, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/aug/08/london-riots-facebook-twitter-blackberry.
190. Hallin, D. C. and P. Mancini (2005) "Comparing Media Systems," in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds) Mass Media and Society (London: Hodder Arnold), pp. 215-233.
191. Halverson, J. R., H. L. Goodall and S. Corman (2011) Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (New York: Palgrave).
192. Hamilton, L., B. Hoffman, B. Jenkins, P. Pillar, X. Raufer, W. Reich, F. Reinares (2006) State of the Struggle (Washington: Council on Global Terrorism).
193. Hankinson, G. (2004) "Relational Network Brands: Towards a Conceptual Model of Place Brands," Journal of Vacation Marketing 10: 109-121.
194. Hankinson, P. (2002) "The Impact of Brand Orientation on Managerial Practice: A Quantitative Study of the UK's Top 500 Fundraising Managers," International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 7 (1): 30-44.
195. Hankinson, P. (2004) "The Internal Brand in Leading UK Charities," Journal of Product and Brand Management 13 (2): 84-93.
196. Harrison, S. (2002) "Culture, Tourism and Local Community: The Heritage Identity of the Isle of Man," Journal of Brand Management 9(4/5): 355-371.
197. Hart, J. (1992) "Cracking the Code: Narrative and Political Mobilization in the Greek Resistance," Social Science History 16 (4): 631-668.
198. Hay, C. (2002) Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave).
199. Hegghammer, T. (2005) Al-Qaida Statements 2003-2004: A Compilation of Translated Texts by Usama Bin Laden and Ayman Al-Zawahiri (Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment).
200. Hegghammer, T. (2008) "Jihadi Studies," The Times Literary Supplement, 2 April, pp. 15-17.
201. Hesmondhalgh, D. and J. Toynbee (eds) (2008) The Media and Social Theory (Milton Park: Routledge).
202. Hick, S. and J. G. McNutt (eds) (2002) Advocacy, Activism, and the Internet: Community Organization and Social Policy (Chicago: Lyceum).
203. Hoffman, B. (2006) Inside Terrorism, rev. and exp. edn (New York: Columbia University Press).
204. Home Office (2009) The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering International Terrorism (London: The Cabinet Office).
205. Home Office (2011) Prevent Strategy (London: The Cabinet Office).
206. Home Office OSCT (2011) "Implementation of Authority-to-Carry Scheme under Section 124 of Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002" (London: Home Office), http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/about-us/consultations/authority-to-carry/impact-assessment?view=Binary.
207. Homeland Security Institute (2006) Radicalization: An Overview and Annotated Bibliography of Open Source Literature (Arlington, VA: Department of Homeland Security).
208. Homeland Security Institute (2009) The Internet as a Terrorist Tool for Recruitment and Radicalization of Youth (Arlington, VA: U.S. Department of Homeland Security).
209. Homeland Security Policy Institute (HSPI) and the University of Virginia Critical Incident Analysis Group (CIAG) (2007) NETworked Radicalization: A Counter-Strategy, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/NETworkedRadicalization.pdf.
210. Horgan, J. (2007) "Understanding Terrorist Motivation: A Socio-Psychological Perspective," in M. Ranstorp (ed.) Mapping Terrorism Research: State of the Art, Gaps and Future Direction (London: Routledge).
211. Horgan, J. (2009) Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (London: Routledge).
212. Horgan, J. and M. J. Boyle (2008) "A Case against 'Critical Terrorism Studies'," Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (1): 51-64.
213. Hoskins, A. and B. O'Loughlin (2009) "Media and the Myth of Radicalization," Media, War & Conflict 2 (2): 107-110.
214. Hoskins, A. et al. (2009) "Legitimising the Discourses of Radicalisation: Political Violence in the New Media Ecology: Full Research Report," ESRC end of award report, RES-181-25-0041 (Swindon: ESRC).
215. Huber, J. (ed.) (1991) Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (London: Sage).
216. Hughes, M. and G. Rayner (2011) "Norway Killer Anders Behring Breivik Had Extensive Links to English Defence League," The Telegraph, 25 July, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8661139/Norway-killer-Anders-Behring-Breivik-had-extensive-links-to-English-Defence-League.html.
217. Husain, E. (2007) The Islamist (London: Penguin Books).
218. ICSR (International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence) (ed.) (2008) Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence: Papers from the First International Conference on Radicalisation and Political Violence (London: ICSR).
219. Inkster, N. (2011) "9/11/11: A Decade of Intelligence," Survival 53 (6): 5-13.
220. International Crisis Group (2006) In Their Own Words: Reading the Iraqi Insurgency, Middle East report N. 50, http://www.c4ads.org/files/ICG_report_021506_iraqi_insurgency.pdf.
221. Jackson, R. (2009) "Critical Terrorism Studies: An Explanation, a Defence and a Way Forward," paper presented at the British International Studies Association, Leicester, 14-26 December.
222. Jacobson, M. (2009) "Assessing Progress against the Global Jihadist Threat," Policy Watch 1514, 11 May 2009, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3051.
223. Jamieson, A. (2007) "Identity and Morality in the Italian Red Brigades," Terrorism and Political Violence 2 (4): 508-520.
224. Jenkins, B. M. (2007) Building and Army of Believers: Jihadist Radicalization and Recruitment, testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment on 5 April 2007, Rand Corporation, http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2007/RAND_CT278-1.pdf.
225. Joas, H. and W. Knöbl (2009) Social Theory: Twenty Introductory Lectures, 3rd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
226. Johnson, T. H. (2007) "The Taliban Insurgency and an Analysis of Shabnamah (Night Letters)," Small Wars & Insurgencies 18 (3): 317-344.
227. Joscelyn, T. (2011a) "Latest Issue of Inspire Highlights Al Qaeda's Succession," The Long War Journal, 19 July, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/07/latest_issue_of_insp.php.
228. Joscelyn, T. (2011b) "AQAP Releases 7th Edition of Inspire," The Long War Journal, 27 September, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/09/aqap_releases_sevent.php.
229. Kamen, A. (2009) "The End of the Global War on Terror," The Washington Post, 24 March, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/03/23/the_end_of_the_global_war_on_t.html?hpid=news-col-blog.
230. Kapferer, J-N (2004) The New Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity Long Term (London: Kogan Page).
231. Karpf, D. (2010) "Online Political Mobilization from the Advocacy Group's Perspective: Looking Beyond Clicktivism," Policy & Internet 2 (4), article 2 (n.p.).
232. Katz, R. and J. Deven (2007) "Franchising Al Qaeda," The Boston Globe, 22 June, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/06/22/franchising_al_qaeda/.
233. Keating, J. E. (2010) "What Do You Learn at Terrorist Training Camp?" Foreign Policy, 10 May, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/10/what_do_you_learn_at_terrorist_training_camp.
234. Keohane, R. O. and J. Nye (eds) (1981) Transnational Relations and World Politics, 5th edn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
235. Kepel, G. and J-P Milelli (2008) Al-Qaeda in Its Own Words (London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
236. Khosrokhavar, F. (2005) Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs (London: Pluto Press).
237. Kimmage, Daniel (2008) The Al-Qaeda Media Nexus: The Virtual Network behind the Global Message (Washington, DC: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty).
238. Kimmage, Daniel (2008a) The Al-Qaeda Media Nexus, workshop organized by the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute, Washington DC, 4 April.
239. King, G., R. O. Keohane, and S. Verba (1994) Designing Social Enquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
240. Knight, K. (2006) "Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century," American Political Science Review 100 (4): 619-626.
241. Kohler Riessman, C. (1993) Narrative Analysis (London: Sage).
242. Kohler Riessman, C. (2008) "Concluding Comments," in M. Andrews, C. Squire and M. Tambouku (eds) Doing Narrative Research (London: Sage).
243. Kohlmann, E. (2009) "A Web of Lone Wolves," Foreign Policy, 13 November, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/a_web_of_lone_wolves.
244. König, T. (n.d.) "Frame Analysis: A Primer," http://www.restore.ac.uk/lboro/resources/links/frames_primer.php.
245. Kotler, P. and D. Gertner (2002) "Country as Brand, Product, and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective," Journal of Brand Management 9(4/5): 249-261.
246. Kühle, L. and L. Lindekilde (2010) Radicalization among Young Muslims in Aarhus (Aarhus: Centre for the Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation).
247. Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd enlarged edn (London: The University of Chicago).
248. Kull, S., C. Ramsay, S. Weber, E. Lewis, E. Mohseni (2009) Public Opinion in the Islamic World on Terrorism, Al Qaeda, and US Policies, http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb09/STARTII_Feb09_rpt.pdf.
249. Lambert, R. (2011) "Police and Muslims in Partnership," paper presented at the "Radicalisation and Extremism: A Symposium for Researcher and Practitioners," Lancashire Constabulary, Hutton, 1 December.
250. Laqueur, W. (1976) "The Futility of Terrorism," Harper's Magazine, March, 99-105.
251. Larson, E. (2011) "Exploiting Al-Qa'ida's Vulnerabilities for Delegitimation," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 111-124.
252. Latour, B. (1991) "Technology is Society Made Durable," in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge), pp. 103-131.
253. Latour, B. (1993) We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
254. Latour, B. (1999) Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies (London: Harvard University Press).
255. Latour, B. (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
256. Latour, B. and S. Woolgar (1979) Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Chichester: Princeton University Press).
257. Lave, C. and J. March (1993) An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences (Lanham, MD: University Press of America).
258. Law, J. (ed.) (1991a) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge).
259. Law, J. (1991b) "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations," in J. Law (ed.) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge), pp. 1-23.
260. Law, J. (1999) "After ANT: Complexity, Naming and Topology," in J. Law and J. Hassard (eds) Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 1-14.
261. Law, J. and J. Hassard (eds) (1999) Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Blackwell).
262. Lawler, S. (2002) "Narrative in Social Research," in T. May (ed.) Qualitative Research in Action (London: Sage), pp. 242-258.
263. Lazarsfeld, P.F., B. Berelson and H. Gaudet (1944) The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign (New York: Columbia University Press).
264. Lemieux, A. and R. Nill (2011) "The Role and Impact of Music in Promoting (and Countering) Violent Extremism," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright- Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 143-152.
265. Leonard, M. (2002) "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy, October, pp. 48-56.
266. Levitt, M. (2009) "Radicalization: Made in the USA?" HSPI Commentary Series #3, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/HSPI_Commentary03_RadicalizationInTheUSA.pdf.
267. Lewis Mernit, J. (2011) "Is San Francisco Next?" The Atlantic, June, pp. 17-18.
268. Lia, B. (2009) "Does Al-Qaida Articulate a Consistent Strategy? A Study of Al-Qaida Leadership Statements 2001-2009," paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, New York, 15-18 February.
269. Linde, C. (2009) Working the Past: Narrative and Institutional Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
270. Luhmann, N. (2007) "What is Communication?" In R. T. Craig and H. L. Muller (eds) Theorizing Communication: Readings across Traditions (London: Sage), pp. 301-307.
271. Mackenzie, I. (2011) "Is Technology to Blame for the London Riots?" BBC News Technology, 8 August, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14442203.
272. Maguire, M., R. Morgan, and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 4th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
273. Mahoney, J. (2003) "Tentative Answers to Questions About Causal Mechanisms," paper presented at American Political Science Association annual meeting, Philadephia, PA, 28 August.
274. Mansfield, L. (2006) His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri (Thief River Falls, MN: TLG Publications).
275. Martin, L. J. (1985) "The Media's Role in International Terrorism," Terrorism: An International Journal 8 (2): 127-146.
276. Maslikowski, M. and Z. S. Justus (2009) "Nationalism is from Venus, al-Qa'ida is from Mars," COMOPS Journal, 30 March, http://comops.org/journal/2009/03/30/nationalism-is-from-venus-al-qaida-is-from-mars/.
277. May, T. (ed.) (2002) Qualitative Research in Action (London: Sage).
278. McAdam, D., S. Tarrow and C. Tilly (2001) Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
279. McCants, W. (2008) "Smackdown! Sageman vs. Hoffman," Jihadica, 8 June, http://www.jihadica.com/smackdown-sageman-vs-hoffman/.
280. McCaughney, M. and M. D. Ayers (eds) (2003) Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice (New York: Routledge).
281. McInerney, L. (2009) "The Iraq War 'YouTube Style': Mobilising en Masse?" paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, New York, 15-18 February.
282. McLuhan, M. (1994[1964]) Understanding Media: The Extension of Man (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
283. Melissen, J. (2007a) "The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice," in J. Melissen (ed.) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 3-27.
284. Melissen, J. (ed.) (2007b) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
285. Miliband, D. (2009) "War on Terror Was Wrong," The Guardian, 15 January, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/15/david-milibandwar-terror.
286. Miller, D. (1993) "Official Sources and 'Primary Definition': The Case of Northern Ireland," Media, Culture and Society 15 (3): 385-406.
287. Miller, T. (2008) "'Step Away from the Croissant': Media Studies 3.0," in D. Hesmondhalgh and J. Toynbee (eds) The Media and Social Theory (Milton Park: Routledge), pp. 213-230.
288. Mische, A. (2010) "Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency," paper presented at the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Atlanta, GA, 14 August, http://rci.rutgers.edu/~mische/Mische_relational_sociology.pdf.
289. Mitroff, I. I. and R. H. Kilmann (1975) "Stories Managers Tell: A New Tool for Organizational Problem Solving," Management Review 64 (7): 18-28.
290. Morgan, N., A. Pritchard, and R. Piggott (2002) "New Zealand, 100% Pure: The Creation of a Powerful Niche Destination Brand," Journal of Brand Management 9 (4/5): 335-354.
291. Morris, A. D. and C. McClurg Mueller (eds) (1992) Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press).
292. Mueller, J. (2005) "Simplicity and Spook: Terrorism and the Dynamics of Threat Exaggeration," International Studies Perspectives 6: 208-234.
293. Mueller, J. (2012) "New Year Brings Good News on Terrorism: Experts Wrong Again," The National Interest, 3 January, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/theskeptics/experts-predictions-wrong-6334.
294. Muir, J. (2011) "Bin Laden Death: Effect on Al-Qaeda in Middle East?" BBC News, 2 May, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13260545.
295. Mumby, D. K. (1993) Narrative and Social Control: Critical Perspectives (London: Sage).
296. Municipality of Amsterdam (2007) "Amsterdam against Radicalization," http://www.eenveiligamsterdam.nl/publish/pages/164993/amsterdam_against_radicalisation.pdf.
297. Musharbash, Y. (2011) "The Monster Lives On," SpiegelOnline, 2 May, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,760195,00.html.
298. Nacos, B. L. (1994) Terrorism and the Media: From the Iran Hostage Crisis to the Oklahoma City Bombing (New York: Columbia University Press).
299. Nacos, B. L. (2002a) Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield).
300. Nacos, B. L. (2002b) "Terrorism, the Mass Media, and the Events of 9-11," Phi Kappa Phi Forum 82 (2): 13-19.
301. Nacos, B. L. (2003) "The Terrorist Calculus behind 9-11: A Model for Future Terrorism?" Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (1): 1-16.
302. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (2004) 9/11 Commission Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office).
303. National Coordinator for Counterterrorism (ed.) (2010) Countering Violent Extremist Narratives (The Hague: National Coordinator for Counterterrorism).
304. National Counterterrorism Center (n.d.) "Radicalization and Mobilization Dynamics Framework," http://www.nctc.gov/site/technical/radicalization.html.
305. NEFA Foundation (2008a) "Selected Questions and Answers from Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri - Part 1," 17 April, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefazawahiri0508-2.pdf.
306. NEFA Foundation (2008b) "Selected Questions and Answers from Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri - Part 2," 17 April, http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefazawahiri0508-2.pdf.
307. Neumann, P. R. (2008a) "Introduction," in ICSR (ed.) Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence (London: ICSR), pp. 3-7.
308. Neumann, P. R. (2008b) Joining Al-Qaeda: Jihadist Recruitment in Europe, Adelphi Paper 399 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies).
309. Neumann, P. R. and B. Rogers (2007) Recruitment and Mobilisation for the Islamist Militant Movement in Europe (London: ICSR).
310. Nossek, H. (2004) "Our News and Their News: The Role of National Identity in the Coverage of Foreign News," Journalism 5 (3): 343-368.
311. Olins, W. (1999) Trading Identities: Why Countries and Companies are Taking on Each Others' Roles (London: The Foreign Policy Centre).
312. Olins, W. (2002) "Branding the Nation: The Historical Context," Journal of Brand Management 9 (4/5): 241-248.
313. Pakistani Institute for Peace Studies (2010) "Pakistan Security Report 2010" (Islamabad: PIPS).
314. Paletz, D. L. and J. Boiney (1992) "Researchers' Perspectives," in D. L. Paletz and A. Schmid (eds) Terrorism and the Media: How Researchers, Terrorists, Government, Press, Public, Victims View and Use the Media (London: Sage), pp. 6-28.
315. Paletz, D. L. and A. P. Schmid (eds) (1992) Terrorism and the Media: How Researchers, Terrorists, Government, Press, Public, Victims View and Use the Media (London: Sage).
316. Paletz, D. and L. L. Tawney (1992) "Broadcasting Organizations' Perspectives," in D. L. Paletz and A. P. Schmid (eds) Terrorism and the Media: How Researchers, Terrorists, Government, Press, Public, Victims View and Use the Media (London: Sage), pp. 105-110.
317. Pantucci, R. (2011) A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists (London: ICSR).
318. Perdue, W. D. (1989) Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination through Fear (Westport, CT: Praeger).
319. Perl, R. (2007) "Combating Terrorism: The Challenge of Measuring Effectiveness," CRS Report for Congress, 12 March, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL33160.pdf.
320. Picard, R. G. (1991) "News Coverage as the Contagion of Terrorism: Dangerous Charges Backed by Dubious Science," in A. O. Alali and K. K. Eke (eds) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage), pp. 49-62.
321. Polkinghorne, D. (1988) "Explorations of Narrative Identity," Psychological Inquiry 7 (4): 363-367.
322. Post, J. (2007) The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda (New York: Palgrave).
323. Potter, E. H. (ed.) (2002) Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty- First Century (London: McGill-Queen's University Press).
324. Presidential Task Force (2009) Rewriting the Narrative: An Integrated Strategy for Counterradicalization (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy).
325. Quiggin, T. (2009) "Understanding Al-Qaeda's Ideology for Counter-Narrative Work," Perspectives on Terrorism 3 (2): 18-24.
326. Ragin, C. C. (1987) The Comparative Method: Moving beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies (Berkeley: University of California Press).
327. Ragin, C. C. and H. S. Becker (eds) (1992) What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry (New York: Cambridge University Press).
328. Ranstorp, M. (2007a) "Introduction: Mapping Terrorism Research," in M. Ranstorp (ed.) Mapping Terrorism Research: State of the Art, Gaps and Future Direction (London: Routledge), pp. 1-28.
329. Ranstorp, M. (2007b) Mapping Terrorism Research: State of the Art, Gaps and Future Direction (London: Routledge).
330. Ranstorp, M. (ed.) (2010) Understanding Violent Radicalisation: Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe (Oxon: Routledge).
331. Rapoport, D. C. (1984) "Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions," The American Political Science Review 78 (3): 658-677.
332. Rapoport, D. C. (ed.) (1988a) Inside Terrorist Organizations (New York: Columbia University Press).
333. Rapoport, D. C. (1988b) "The International World As Some Terrorists Have Seen It: A Look at a Century of Memoirs," in D. C. Rapoport (ed.) Inside Terrorist Organizations (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 32-58.
334. Reid, E. O. F. (1993) "Terrorism Research and the Diffusion of Ideas," Knowledge and Policy 6 (1): 17-37.
335. Reid, E. O. F. (1997) "Evolution of a Body of Knowledge: An Analysis of Terrorism Research," Information Processing & Management 33 (1): 91-106.
336. Reid, E. O. F. and H. Chen (2007) "Mapping the Contemporary Terrorism Research Domain," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65 (1): 42-56.
337. Reiner, R. (2007) "Media-Made Criminality: The Representation of Crime in the Mass Media," in M. Maguire, R. Morgan, and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 4th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 302-337.
338. Riley, N-M (1995) "The Teachers' Unions and Their Image: A Case for Branding in an Industrial Relations Context?" Research Papers in Management Studies, No. 11 (Cambridge: Judge Institute of Management Studies).
339. Rogan, H. (2009) " Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb: Ideological Dissent in the Algerian Jihad," paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, 15-18 February.
340. Rogers, E. M. (2003) Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edn (London: Free Press).
341. Roselle, L. (2010) "Strategic Narratives of War: Fear of Entrapment and Abandonment during Protracted Conflict," paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual convention, Washington, DC, 2-5 September.
342. Rosenau, J. N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Hemel Hempstead: Princeton University Press).
343. Ross, J. I. (2007) "Deconstructing the Terrorism News Media Relationship," Crime, Media, Culture 3 (2): 215-225.
344. Roy, O. (2004) "Al Qaeda: Brand Name Ready for Franchise," Le Monde Diplomatique, 1 September, Global Policy Forum, http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/terrorwar/analysis/2004/0901terrorbiz.htm.
345. Roy, O. (2008a) Al-Qaeda in the West as a Youth Movement: The Power of a Narrative, MICROCON Policy Working Paper 2 (Brighton: MICROCON).
346. Roy, O. (2008b) "Radicalisation and De-Radicalisation," in ICSR (ed.) Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence (London: ICSR), pp. 8-14.
347. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (2011) Youth Online and at Risk: Radicalization Facilitated by the Internet (Ottawa: RCMP).
348. Rumsfeld, D. (2003) "Rumsfeld's War-On-Terror Memo," USA Today, 20 May 2005, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/rumsfeld-memo.htm.
349. Rumsfeld, D. (2006) "Media's Role in the 'War on Terror'," Taipei Times, 28 February, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/02/28/2003295064.
350. Sacco, V. F. (1995) "Media Constructions of Crime," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 539: 141-154.
351. Sageman, M. (2004) Understanding Terror Networks (Bristol: University of Pennsylvania Press).
352. Sageman, M. (2008) Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
353. Sarbin, T. (ed.) (1986) Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct (New York: Praeger).
354. Schlesinger, P. (1990) "Rethinking the Sociology of Journalism: Source Strategies and the Limits of Media Centrism," in M. Ferguson (ed.) Public Communication: The New imperatives: Future Directions for Media Research (London: Sage), pp. 61-83.
355. Schlesinger, P. (1991) Media, State, and Nation: Political Violence and Collective Identities (London: Sage Publications).
356. Schmid, A. P. (1984) Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books).
357. Schmid, A. P. (1989) "Terrorism and the Media: The Ethics of Publicity," Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (4): 539-556.
358. Schmid, A. P. (2004) "Frameworks for Conceptualising Terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (2): 197-221.
359. Schmid, A. P. (2005) "Terrorism as Psychological Warfare," Democracy and Security 1 (2): 137-146.
360. Schmid, A. P. (2010) "The Importance of Countering Al Qa'ida's Single Narrative," in National Coordinator for Counterterrorism (ed.) Countering Violent Extremist Narratives (The Hague: National Coordinator for Counterterrorism), pp. 46-57.
361. Schmid, A. P. and J. de Graaf (1982) Violence as Communication: Insurgent Terrorism and the Western News Media (London: Sage).
362. Schmid, A. P. and A. J. Jongman (2005) Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature (London: Transaction Books).
363. Schultz, M., Y. M. Antorini, and F. F. Csaba (eds) (2005) Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press).
364. Schulze, F. (2004) "Breaking the Cycle: Empirical Research and Postgraduate Studies on Terrorism," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 161-185.
365. Sciolino, E. and E. Schmitt (2008) "A Not Very Private Feud over Terrorism," The New York Times, 8 June, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/weekinreview/08sciolino.html.
366. Scott, J. (2000) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (London: Sage Publications).
367. Seib, P. (2012) Real Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era (New York: Palgrave).
368. Seib, P. and D. M. Janbek (2011) Global Terrorism and New Media: The Post-al Qaeda Generation (Milton Park: Routledge).
369. Shanahan, J. (2011) "Foreword," in Fenstermacher, Laurie and Todd Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies, pp. 1-2.
370. Shane, S. (2011) "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.," The New York Times, 24 July, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=all.
371. Shpiro, S. (2002) "Conflict Media Strategies and the Politics of Counter- Terrorism," Politics 22 (2): 76-85.
372. Silber, M. D. and A. Bhatt (2007) Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (New York: City of New York Police Department).
373. Silke, A. (2004a) "An Introduction to Terrorism Research," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 1-29.
374. Silke, A. (ed.) (2004b) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass).
375. Silke, A. (2004c) "The Devil You Know: Continuing Problems with Research on Terrorism," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 57-71.
376. Silke, A. (2004d) "The Road Less Travelled: Recent Trends in Terrorism Research," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 186-213.
377. Silverstone, R. (ed.) (2005) Media, Technology and Everyday Life in Europe: From Information to Communication (Aldershot: Ashgate).
378. Simmons, B. K. (1991) "U.S. Newsmagazines' Labeling of Terrorists," in A. O. Alali and K. K. Eke (eds) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage), pp. 23-39.
379. Smith, A. (1990) "Towards a Global Culture?" Theory, Culture & Society 7 (2): 171-191.
380. Smith, M. L. R. (2009) "William of Ockham, Where Are You When We Need You? Reviewing Modern Terrorism Studies," Journal of Contemporary History 44: 319-334.
381. Smith, B. and A. C. Sparkes (2008) "Contrasting Perspectives on Narrating Selves and Identitites: An Invitation to Dialogue," Qualitative Research 8 (5): 5-35.
382. Snow, N. (2005) "Truth and Information Consequences Since 9/11," Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 17 (1): 103-109.
383. Snow, D. A., E. B. Rochford, S. K. Worden and R. D. Benford (1986) "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (4): 464-81.
384. Snow, D. A., and R. D. Benford (1992) "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in A. D. Morris and C. McClurg Mueller (eds) Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 133-155.
385. Somers, M. R. (1994) "The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational Network Approach," Theory and Society 23 (5): 605-649.
386. Somers, M. R. and G. D. Gibson (1994) "Reclaiming the Epistemological 'Other': Narrative and the Social Constitution of Identity," in C. Calhoun (ed.) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 37-99.
387. Speckhard, A. (2011) "Battling the 'University of Jihad': An Evidence Based Ideological Program to Counter Militant Jihadi Groups Active on the Internet," in L. Fenstermacher and T. Leventhal (eds) Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: AF Research Laboratory), pp. 164-174.
388. Spiegel Online (2011) "A Chronology of the Twin Attacks," Spiegel Online, 25 July, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,776437,00.html.
389. Standage, T. (1998) The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and Ninetheenth Century's Online Pioneers (New York: Walker Publishing).
390. Stenersen, A. (2008) "The Internet: A Virtual Training Camp?" Terrorism and Political Violence 20 (2): 215-233.
391. Stevens, T. (2009) "Regulating the 'Dark Web': How a Two-Fold Approach Can Tackle Peer-to-Peer Radicalization," The RUSI Journal 154 (2): 28-33.
392. Stevens, T. (2010) "The Myth of the Lone Wolf," Free Rad!cals Blog, 25 January 2010), http://www.icsr.info/blog/The-Myth-of-the-Lone-Wolf.
393. Stevens, T. and P. R. Neumann (2009) Countering Online Radicalization: Strategy for Action (London: ICSR/Community Security Trust).
394. Stohl, M. (2006) "Winners and Losers in the War on Terror: The Problem of Metrics," paper presented at the International Studies Association annual convention, San Diego, CA, 22-25 March.
395. Straw, J. (2003) "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 11 November 2003," Column 168, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031111/debtext/31111-04.htm.
396. Sun Tzu (2009 [6th century BC]) The Art of War (London: Penguin Books).
397. Tarrow, S. (1995) "Foreword," in D. della Porta (ed.) Social Movements, Political Violence and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. vii-viii.
398. Tarrow, S. (1998) Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
399. Taylor, C. (1989) Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
400. Taylor, P. (2010) Generation Jihad (Part 1), video documentary broadcast on BBC 2, 13 February 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qvq09.
401. Taylor, R. (1992) "The Branding of Services," in J.M. Murphy (ed.) Branding: A Key Marketing Tool (London: Macmillan), pp. 125-137.
402. Temple-Raston, D. (2011) "Al-Qaida's Resilience May Mean Its Survival," NPR, 2 May, http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135928519/resilience-key-to-terroristgroups-survival.
403. The Armenian National Institute (n.d.) "Frequently Asked Questions about the Armenian Genocide," http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocidefaq.html.
404. The Economist (no author) (2011) "Osama Bin Laden: The Evolution of Al-Qaeda," The Economist, 2 May, http://www.economist.com/blogs/clausewitz/2011/05/osama_bin_laden.
405. Theohary, C. A. and J. Rollins (2011) Terrorist Use of the Internet: Information Operations in Cyberspace, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, R41674, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/R41674.pdf.
406. Thomas, D. (2008) "Al-Qaeda: Winning or Losing?" The Economist, 17 July, http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11701218.
407. Thompson, R. (2011) "Radicalization and the Use of Social Media," Journal of Strategic Security 4 (4): 167-190.
408. Thornberry, W. and J. Levy (2011) "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb," Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 1 September, http://csis.org/publication/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb.
409. Tilly, C. (2002) Stories, Identities, and Political Change (Oxford: Rowman & Littelfield).
410. Tololyan, K. (1988) "Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist," in D. C. Rapoport (ed.) Inside Terrorist Organizations (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 217-233.
411. Towsend, M. and I. Traynor (2011) "Norway Attacks: How far Right Views Created Anders Behring Breivik," The Guardian, 30 July, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/30/norway-attacks-anders-behring-breivik.
412. Travis, A. (2008a) "Battle against al-Qaida Brand Highlighted in Secret Paper," The Guardian, 26 August, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/26/alqaida.terrorism.
413. Travis, A. (2008b) "Revealed: Britain Secret Propaganda War against al-Qaida," The Guardian, 26 August, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/26/alqaida.uksecurity.
414. Tsfati, Y. and G. Weimann (2002) "www.terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25 (5): 317-332.
415. Tucker, S. T. and P. M. Roberts (eds) (2008) The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History (vol. I) (Santa Barbara: ABCClio).
416. Tumber, H. (1999) News: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
417. Upshaw, L. B. (1995) Building Brand Identity: A Strategy for Success in a Hostile Marketplace (New York: Wiley and Sons).
418. US Army (2008) "Supplemental to the 304th Ml Bn Periodic Newsletter," http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/mobile.pdf.
419. US Army War College (2011) "Information Operations Primer: Fundamentals of Information Operations" (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College), http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army-usawc/info_ops_primer.pdf).
420. US Department of Defense (2002) "International Contributions to the War against Terrorism," Fact Sheet, Office of Public Affairs, 22 May, http://www.defense.gov/news/May2002/d20020523cu.pdf.
421. US Department of Defense (2009) "Report on Strategic Communication" (Washington DC: US Department of Defense), http://www.carlisle.army.mil/dime/documents/DoD%20report%20on%20Strategic%20Communication%20Dec%2009.pdf.
422. US Department of Justice (n.d.) "The Al Qaeda Manual," http://www.justice.gov/ag/manualpart1_1.pdf.
423. US Department of State (2008) Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 (Washington, DC: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism), http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/105904.pdf.
424. Van Dongen, T. (2009) "Break It Down: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Effectiveness in Counterterrorism," Economics of Security Working Paper 23 (Berlin: Economics of Security).
425. Van Ham, P. (2001) "The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation," Foreign Affairs 80 (5) September-October: 2-7.
426. Van Um, E. and D. Pisoiu (2011) "Effective Counterterrorism: What Have We Learned So Far?" Economic of Security Working Paper 55 (Berlin: Economic of Security).
427. Viera, J. D. (1991) "Terrorism at the BBC: The IRA on British Television," in A. O. Alali and K. K. Eke (eds) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods of Diffusion (London: Sage), pp. 73-85.
428. Virgin.com (no date) "About Us," http://www.virgin.com/AboutVirgin/WhatWeAreAbout/WhatWeAreAbout.aspx.
429. Walker, D. H. (2005) "Developing Metrics for the Global War on Terrorism," paper submitted to the Department of Joint Military Operations, Naval War College, Newport, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA464335.
430. Webster, L. and P. Mertova (2007) Using Narrative Enquiry as a Research Method (Milton Park: Routledge).
431. Weimann, G. (1987) "Media Events: The Case of International Terrorism," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31 (1): 21-39.
432. Weimann, G. (1990) "'Redefinition of Image': The Impact of Mass Mediated Terrorism," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 2 (1): 16-29.
433. Weimann, G. (2006) Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges (Washington, DC: Unites States Institute of Peace).
434. Weimann, G. and C. Winn (1994) The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism (White Plains, NY: Longman).
435. Weinberg, L. and W. L. Eubank (1998) "Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose," Terrorism and Political Violence 10 (1): 108-118.
436. Weinberg, L. and L. Richardson (2004) "Conflict Theory and the Trajectory of Terrorist Campaigns in Western Europe," in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Frank Cass), pp. 138-160.
437. White, H. C. (2008) Identity and Control: How Social Formations Emerge (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
438. White House (2011) "Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States" (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office), http://info.publicintelligence.net/WH-HomegrownTerror.pdf.
439. Wieviorka, M. (1992) "Case Studies: History or Sociology?" In C.C. Ragin and H. S. Becker (eds) What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 159-172.
440. Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004) Islamic Activism: A Social Movment Theory Approach (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press).
441. Wiktorowicz, Q. (2007) "Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory: A New Direction for Research," Mediterranean Politics 7 (3): 187-211.
442. Wilkinson, P. (2006) Terrorism Versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge).
443. Wilkinson, P. and A. M. Stewart (eds) (1987) Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press).
444. Wright, L. (2008) "The Rebellion Within: An Al Qaeda Mastermind Questions Terrorism," The New Yorker, 2 June, pp. 37-53.
445. Yan, J. (2003) "Nation Branding: Branding and the International Community," Brand Management 10 (6): 447-456.
446. Yungher, N. I. (2008) Terrorism: The Bottom Line (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education).
447. Zulaika, J. and W. A. Douglass (2008) "The Terrorist Subject: Terrorism Studies and the Absent Subjectivity," Critical Studies on Terrorism 1 (1): 27-36.