Leukocyte telomere length: Effects of schizophrenia, age, and gender

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 85, Issue , 2017, Pages 42-48

  Wolkowitz, Owen M ^a   Jeste, Dilip V ^b,c,d   Martin, Averria Sirkin ^b,d   Lin, Jue ^a   Daly, Rebecca E ^b,d   Reuter, Chase ^b,d   Kraemer, Helena ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d University of California San Diego School of Medicine   (United States)

^e STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Antipsychotics; Gender; Life style; Schizophrenia; Telomere

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GENOMIC DNA; INTERLEUKIN 6; ISOPROSTANE DERIVATIVE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CELL AGING; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DETERIORATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE; LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX DIFFERENCE; TELOMERE LENGTH; GENETICS; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; OUTPATIENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVIEW; PSYCHOSIS; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; STATISTICAL MODEL; TELOMERE; TELOMERE SHORTENING;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; LEUKOCYTES; LINEAR MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTPATIENTS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; TELOMERE; TELOMERE SHORTENING;

EID: 84994519982     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.015     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Addington, D., Addington, J., Schissel, B., A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 3:4 (1990), 247–251.
2. Adler, N., Pantell, M., O'Donovan, A., Blackburn, E., Cawthon, R., Koster, A., Opresko, P., Newman, A., Harris, T.B., Epel, E., Educational attainment and late life telomere length in the health, aging and body composition study. Brain Behav. Immun. 27:1 (2013 Jan), 15–21.
3. Almeida, O.P., Xiao, J., Mortality associated with incident mental health disorders after stroke. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 41:3 (2007), 274–281.
4. Andreasen, N.C., Arndt, S., Alliger, R., Miller, D., Flaum, M., Symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52:5 (1995), 341–351.
5. Andreasen, N.C., Olsen, S., Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39:7 (1982), 789–794.
6. Anthes, E., Ageing: live faster, die younger. Nature 508:7494 (2014), S16–S17.
7. Babizhayev, M.A., Savel'yeva, E.L., Moskvina, S.N., Yegorov, Y.E., Telomere length is a biomarker of cumulative oxidative stress, biologic age, and an independent predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking behavior. Am. J. Ther. 18:6 (2011), e209–226.
8. Blackburn, E.H., Telomeres and telomerase: their mechanisms of action and the effects of altering their functions. FEBS Lett. 579:4 (2005), 859–862.
9. Bojesen, S.E., Telomeres and human health. J. Intern Med. 274:5 (2013), 399–413.
10. Broer, L., Codd, V., Nyholt, D.R., Deelen, J., Mangino, M., Willemsen, G., Albrecht, E., Amin, N., Beekman, M., de Geus, E.J., Henders, A., Nelson, C.P., Steves, C.J., Wright, M.J., de Craen, A.J., Isaacs, A., Matthews, M., Moayyeri, A., Montgomery, G.W., Oostra, B.A., Vink, J.M., Spector, T.D., Slagboom, P.E., Martin, N.G., Samani, N.J., van Duijn, C.M., Boomsma, D.I., Meta-analysis of telomere length in 19,713 subjects reveals high heritability, stronger maternal inheritance and a paternal age effect. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 21:10 (2013), 1163–1168.
11. Cawthon, R.M., Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR. Nucleic Acids Res., 30(10), 2002, e47.
12. Cawthon, R.M., Smith, K.R., O'Brien, E., Sivatchenko, A., Kerber, R.A., Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older. Lancet 361:9355 (2003), 393–395.
13. Cherkas, L.F., Aviv, A., Valdes, A.M., Hunkin, J.L., Gardner, J.P., Surdulescu, G.L., Kimura, M., Spector, T.D., The effects of social status on biological aging as measured by white-blood-cell telomere length. Aging Cell 5:5 (2006), 361–365.
14. Chou, J.P., Effros, R.B., T cell replicative senescence in human aging. Curr. Pharm. Des. 19:9 (2013), 1680–1698.
15. Chwastiak, L.A., Rosenheck, R.A., Kazis, L.E., Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans. Psychosomatics 52:3 (2011), 230–236.
16. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R., A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 24:4 (1983), 385–396.
17. Craig, C.L., Marshall, A.L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A.E., Booth, M.L., Ainsworth, B.E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J.F., Oja, P., International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc 35:8 (2003), 1381–1395.
18. Darrow, S., Verhoeven, J., Revesz, D., Lindqvist, D., Penninx, B.W., Delucchi, K., Wolkowitz, O.M., Mathews, C., Are psychiatric disorders associated with shorter telomeres? A meta-analysis involving 14,827 Persons. Psychosom. Med. 78:7 (2016 Sep), 776–787.
19. Dawes, S.E., Jeste, D.V., Palmer, B.W., Cognitive profiles in persons with chronic schizophrenia. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 33:8 (2011), 929–936.
20. Delis, D., Kaplan, E., Kramer, J., Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale (D-KEFS): Examiner's Manual. 2001, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
21. Diaz, V.A., Mainous, A.G., Player, M.S., Everett, C.J., Telomere length and adiposity in a racially diverse sample. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 34:2 (2010 Feb), 261–265.
22. Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Schroeder, J., Khushalani, S., Yolken, R., Mortality in schizophrenia: clinical and serological predictors. Schizophr. Bull. 40:4 (2014), 796–803.
23. Effros, R.B., Kleemeier Award Lecture 2008–the canary in the coal mine: telomeres and human healthspan. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 64:5 (2009), 511–515.
24. Effros, R.B., Telomere/telomerase dynamics within the human immune system: effect of chronic infection and stress. Exp. Gerontol. 46:2–3 (2011), 135–140.
25. Emiliani, F.E., Sedlak, T.W., Sawa, A., Oxidative stress and schizophrenia: recent breakthroughs from an old story. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 27:3 (2014), 185–190.
26. Epel, E., How “reversible” is telomeric aging?. Cancer Prev. Res. Phila 5:10 (2012), 1163–1168.
27. Epel, E.S., Psychological and metabolic stress: a recipe for accelerated cellular aging?. Horm. Athens 8:1 (2009), 7–22.
28. Epel, E.S., Blackburn, E.H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F.S., Adler, N.E., Morrow, J.D., Cawthon, R.M., Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:49 (2004), 17312–17315.
29. Epel, E.S., Merkin, S.S., Cawthon, R., Blackburn, E.H., Adler, N.E., Pletcher, M.J., Seeman, T.E., The rate of leukocyte telomere shortening predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly men. Aging Albany NY 1:1 (2009), 81–88.
30. Faulkner, G., Cohn, T., Remington, G., Validation of a physical activity assessment tool for individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 82:2–3 (2006), 225–231.
31. Fernandez-Egea, E., Bernardo, M., Heaphy, C.M., Griffith, J.K., Parellada, E., Esmatjes, E., Conget, I., Nguyen, L., George, V., Stoppler, H., Kirkpatrick, B., Telomere length and pulse pressure in newly diagnosed, antipsychotic-naive patients with nonaffective psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 35:2 (2009), 437–442.
32. Freitas-Simoes, T.M., Ros, E., Sala-Vila, A., Nutrients, foods, dietary patterns and telomere length: update of epidemiological studies and randomized trials. Metabolism 65:4 (2016), 406–415.
33. Fucetola, R., Seidman, L.J., Kremen, W.S., Faraone, S.V., Goldstein, J.M., Tsuang, M.T., Age and neuropsychologic function in schizophrenia: a decline in executive abilities beyond that observed in healthy volunteers. Biol. Psychiatry 48:2 (2000), 137–146.
34. Gardner, M., Bann, D., Wiley, L., Cooper, R., Hardy, R., Nitsch, D., Martin-Ruiz, C., Shiels, P., Sayer, A.A., Barbieri, M., Bekaert, S., Bischoff, C., Brooks-Wilson, A., Chen, W., Cooper, C., Christensen, K., De Meyer, T., Deary, I., Der, G., Diez Roux, A., Fitzpatrick, A., Hajat, A., Halaschek-Wiener, J., Harris, S., Hunt, S.C., Jagger, C., Jeon, H.S., Kaplan, R., Kimura, M., Lansdorp, P., Li, C., Maeda, T., Mangino, M., Nawrot, T.S., Nilsson, P., Nordfjall, K., Paolisso, G., Ren, F., Riabowol, K., Robertson, T., Roos, G., Staessen, J.A., Spector, T., Tang, N., Unryn, B., van der Harst, P., Woo, J., Xing, C., Yadegarfar, M.E., Park, J.Y., Young, N., Kuh, D., von Zglinicki, T., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Halcyon study, t, Gender and telomere length: systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp. Gerontol. 51 (2014), 15–27.
35. Hays, R.D., Sherbourne, C.D., Mazel, R.M., The RAND 36-Item health Survey 1.0. Health Econ. 2:3 (1993), 217–227.
36. Hong, S., Lee, E.E., Martin, A.S., Soontornniyomkij, B., Soontornniyomkij, V., Achim, C.L., Reuter, C., Irwin, M., Eyler, L.T., Jeste, D.V., Abnormalities in chemokine levels in schizophrenia and their clinical correlates. Schizophr. Res., 2016 Sep 17, 10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.019 pii: S0920-9964(16)30427-3. [Epub ahead of print].
37. Howard, R., Rabins, P.V., Seeman, M.V., Jeste, D.V., Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: an international consensus. The International Late-Onset Schizophrenia Group. Am. J. Psychiatry 157:2 (2000), 172–178.
38. Jeste, D.V., Wolkowitz, O.M., Palmer, B.W., Divergent trajectories of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aging in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 37:3 (2011), 451–455.
39. Joseph, J., Depp, C., Martin, A.S., Daly, R.E., Glorioso, D.K., Palmer, B.W., Jeste, D.V., Associations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia and comparison groups. Schizophr. Res. 168:1–2 (2015), 456–460.
40. Kao, H.T., Cawthon, R.M., Delisi, L.E., Bertisch, H.C., Ji, F., Gordon, D., Li, P., Benedict, M.M., Greenberg, W.M., Porton, B., Rapid telomere erosion in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 13:2 (2008), 118–119.
41. Kilbourne, A.M., Morden, N.E., Austin, K., Ilgen, M., McCarthy, J.F., Dalack, G., Blow, F.C., Excess heart-disease-related mortality in a national study of patients with mental disorders: identifying modifiable risk factors. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 31:6 (2009), 555–563.
42. Kirkpatrick, B., Messias, E., Harvey, P.D., Fernandez-Egea, E., Bowie, C.R., Is schizophrenia a syndrome of accelerated aging?. Schizophr. Bull. 34:6 (2008), 1024–1032.
43. Kochunov, P., Glahn, D.C., Rowland, L.M., Olvera, R.L., Winkler, A., Yang, Y.H., Sampath, H., Carpenter, W.T., Duggirala, R., Curran, J., Blangero, J., Hong, L.E., Testing the hypothesis of accelerated cerebral white matter aging in schizophrenia and major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 73:5 (2013), 482–491.
44. Konarzewska, B., Stefańska, E., Wendołowicz, A., Cwalina, U., Golonko, A., Małus, A., Kowzan, U., Szulc, A., Rudzki, L., Ostrowska, L., Visceral obesity in normal-weight patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 2014, 1.
45. Kota, L.N., Purushottam, M., Moily, N.S., Jain, S., Shortened telomere in unremitted schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 69:5 (2015), 292–297.
46. Koutsouleris, N., Davatzikos, C., Borgwardt, S., Gaser, C., Bottlender, R., Frodl, T., Falkai, P., Riecher-Rossler, A., Moller, H.J., Reiser, M., Pantelis, C., Meisenzahl, E., Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia and beyond: a neuroanatomical marker of psychiatric disorders. Schizophr. Bull. 40:5 (2014), 1140–1153.
47. Kraemer, H.C., Blasey, C.M., Centring in regression analyses: a strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference. Int. J. Methods Psychiatric Res. 13:3 (2004), 141–151.
48. Kraemer, H.C., Yesavage, J.A., Taylor, J.L., Kupfer, D., How can we learn about developmental processes from cross-sectional studies, or can we?. Am. J. Psychiatry 157:2 (2000), 163–171.
49. Kunz, M., Cereser, K.M., Goi, P.D., Fries, G.R., Teixeira, A.L., Fernandes, B.S., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P.S., Kauer-Sant'Anna, M., Kapczinski, F., Gama, C.S., Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 33:3 (2011), 268–274.
50. Lee, E.E., Eyler, L.T., Wolkowitz, O.M., Martin, A.S., Reuter, C., Kraemer, H., Jeste, D.V., Elevated plasma F2-isoprostane levels in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 176:2-3 (2016 Oct), 320–326.
51. Lee, E.E., Hong, S., Martin, A.S., Eyler, L.T., Jeste, D.V., Inflammation in schizophrenia: cytokine levels and their relationships to demographic and clinical variables. Am. J. Geriatric Psychiatry, 2016 (in press).
52. Li, Z., Hu, M., Zong, X., He, Y., Wang, D., Dai, L., Dong, M., Zhou, J., Cao, H., Lv, L., Chen, X., Tang, J., Association of telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number with risperidone treatment response in first-episode antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 18553.
53. Lin, J., Epel, E., Cheon, J., Kroenke, C., Sinclair, E., Bigos, M., Wolkowitz, O., Mellon, S., Blackburn, E., Analyses and comparisons of telomerase activity and telomere length in human T and B cells: insights for epidemiology of telomere maintenance. J. Immunol. Methods. 352:1-2 (2010 Jan 31), 71–80.
54. Lin, P.Y., Shortened leukocyte telomere length in patients with schizophrenia is related to disease status. Schizophr. Res. 168:1–2 (2015), 597–598.
55. Lindqvist, D., Epel, E.S., Mellon, S.H., Penninx, B.W., Revesz, D., Verhoeven, J.E., Reus, V.I., Lin, J., Mahan, L., Hough, C.M., Rosser, R., Bersani, F.S., Blackburn, E.H., Wolkowitz, O.M., Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 55 (2015), 333–364.
56. Louis, T.A., Robins, J., Dockery, D.W., Spiro, A.I., Ware, J.H., Explaining discrepancies between longitudinal and cross-sectional models. J. Chronic Dis. 39:10 (1986), 831–839.
57. Malaspina, D., Dracxler, R., Walsh-Messinger, J., Harlap, S., Goetz, R.R., Keefe, D., Perrin, M.C., Telomere length, family history, and paternal age in schizophrenia. Mol. Genet. Genom. Med. 2:4 (2014), 326–331.
58. Mansour, H., Chowdari, K., Fathi, W., Elassy, M., Ibrahim, I., Wood, J., Bamne, M., Tobar, S., Yassin, A., Salah, H., Elsayed, H., Eissa, A., El-Boraie, H., Ibrahim, N.E., Elsayed, M., El-Bahaei, W., Gomaa, Z., El-Chennawi, F., Nimgaonkar, V.L., Does telomere length mediate associations between inbreeding and increased risk for bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia?. Psychiatry Res. 188:1 (2011), 129–132.
59. Mather, K.A., Jorm, A.F., Parslow, R.A., Christensen, H., Is telomere length a biomarker of aging? A review. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 66:2 (2011), 202–213.
60. McCabe, M.P., Leas, L., A qualitative study of primary health care access, barriers and satisfaction among people with mental illness. Psychol. Health Med. 13:3 (2008), 303–312.
61. Muezzinler, A., Zaineddin, A.K., Brenner, H., A systematic review of leukocyte telomere length and age in adults. Ageing Res. Rev. 12:2 (2013), 509–519.
62. Muller, N., Weidinger, E., Leitner, B., Schwarz, M.J., The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front. Neurosci., 9, 2015, 372.
63. Nieratschker, V., Lahtinen, J., Meier, S., Strohmaier, J., Frank, J., Heinrich, A., Breuer, R., Witt, S.H., Nothen, M.M., Rietschel, M., Hovatta, I., Longer telomere length in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 149:1–3 (2013), 116–120.
64. Okusaga, O.O., Accelerated aging in schizophrenia patients: the potential role of oxidative stress. Aging Dis. 5:4 (2014), 256–262.
65. Olfson, M., Gerhard, T., Huang, C., Crystal, S., Stroup, T.S., Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry 72:12 (2015), 1172–1181.
66. Organization, W.H, Introduction to Drug Utilization Research. 2003, World Health Organization, Oslo, Norway.
67. Parmelee, P.A., Thuras, P.D., Katz, I.R., Lawton, M.P., Validation of the cumulative illness rating scale in a geriatric residential population. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43:2 (1995), 130–137.
68. Polho, G.B., De-Paula, V.J., Cardillo, G., dos Santos, B., Kerr, D.S., Leukocyte telomere length in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 165:2–3 (2015), 195–200.
69. Posner, B.M., Jette, A.M., Smith, K.W., Miller, D.R., Nutrition and health risks in the elderly: the nutrition screening initiative. Am. J. Public Health 83:7 (1993), 972–978.
70. Prather, A.A., Puterman, E., Lin, J., O'Donovan, A., Krauss, J., Tomiyama, A.J., Epel, E.S., Blackburn, E.H., Shorter leukocyte telomere length in midlife women with poor sleep quality. J. Aging Res., 2011, 2011, 721390.
71. Price, L.H., Kao, H.T., Burgers, D.E., Carpenter, L.L., Tyrka, A.R., Telomeres and early-life stress: an overview. Biol. Psychiatry. 73:1 (2013 Jan 1), 15–23.
72. Puterman, E., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., O'Donovan, A., Adler, N., Epel, E., The power of exercise: buffering the effect of chronic stress on telomere length. PloS One, 5(5), 2010, e10837.
73. Ramsey, J.M., Schwarz, E., Guest, P.C., van Beveren, N.J., Leweke, F.M., Rothermundt, M., Bogerts, B., Steiner, J., Bahn, S., Distinct molecular phenotypes in male and female schizophrenia patients. PloS One, 8(11), 2013, e78729.
74. Rao, S., Ye, N., Hu, H., Shen, Y., Xu, Q., Variants in TERT influencing telomere length are associated with paranoid schizophrenia risk. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 171:3 (2016), 317–324.
75. Reyazuddin, M., Azmi, S.A., Islam, N., Rizvi, A., Oxidative stress and level of antioxidant enzymes in drug-naive schizophrenics. Indian J. Psychiatry 56:4 (2014), 344–349.
76. Ringen, P.A., Engh, J.A., Birkenaes, A.B., Dieset, I., Andreassen, O.A., Increased mortality in schizophrenia due to cardiovascular disease - a non-systematic review of epidemiology, possible causes, and interventions. Front. Psychiatry, 5, 2014, 137.
77. Robson, D., Gray, R., Serious mental illness and physical health problems: a discussion paper. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 44:3 (2007), 457–466.
78. Schnack, H.G., van Haren, N.E., Nieuwenhuis, M., Hulshoff Pol, H.E., Cahn, W., Kahn, R.S., Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia: a longitudinal pattern recognition study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 173:6 (2016 Jun 1), 607–616.
79. Shivakumar, V., Kalmady, S.V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Ravi, V., Gangadhar, B.N., Do schizophrenia patients age early?. Asian J. Psychiatr. 10C (2014), 3–9.
80. Svensson, J., Karlsson, M.K., Ljunggren, O., Tivesten, A., Mellstrom, D., Moverare-Skrtic, S., Leukocyte telomere length is not associated with mortality in older men. Exp. Gerontol. 57 (2014), 6–12.
81. Sweileh, W.M., Odeh, J.B., Shraim, N.Y., Zyoud, S.H., Sawalha, A.F., Al-Jabi, S.W., Evaluation of Defined Daily Dose, percentage of British National Formulary maximum and chlorpromazine equivalents in antipsychotic drug utilization. Saudi Pharm. J. 22:2 (2014), 127–132.
82. Vollmer, W.M., Reconciling Cross-sectional with longitudinal observations on annual decline. Occup. Med. 8:2 (1993), 339–351.
83. von Zglinicki, T., Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends Biochem. Sci. 27:7 (2002), 339–344.
84. Wobrock, T., Ecker, U.K., Scherk, H., Schneider-Axmann, T., Falkai, P., Gruber, O., Cognitive impairment of executive function as a core symptom of schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 1–10.
85. Wolkowitz, O.M., Mellon, S.H., Epel, E.S., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F.S., Su, Y., Reus, V.I., Rosser, R., Burke, H.M., Kupferman, E., Compagnone, M., Nelson, J.C., Blackburn, E.H., Leukocyte telomere length in major depression: correlations with chronicity, inflammation and oxidative stress–preliminary findings. PloS One, 6(3), 2011, e17837.
86. Yu, W.Y., Chang, H.W., Lin, C.H., Cho, C.L., Short telomeres in patients with chronic schizophrenia who show a poor response to treatment. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 33:3 (2008), 244–247.