메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 53-82

Supporting Employee Participation: Attitudes and Perceptions in Trainees, Employees and Teams

Author keywords

employee motivation; employee participation; individual differences in participation; modelling employee participation; team participation; training employee participation

Indexed keywords


EID: 84993728968     PISSN: 13684302     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1368430202005001807     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (172)
  • 2
    • 21444431959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interactive approach to work motivation: The effects of competition, rewards and goal difficulty on task performance
    • Allscheid, S. P., & Cellar, D. F. (1996). An interactive approach to work motivation: The effects of competition, rewards and goal difficulty on task performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 11, 219-237.
    • (1996) Journal of Business and Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 219-237
    • Allscheid, S.P.1    Cellar, D.F.2
  • 3
    • 0001296941 scopus 로고
    • Outward bound: Strategies for team survival in an organization
    • Ancona, D. G. (1990). Outward bound: Strategies for team survival in an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 334-365.
    • (1990) Academy of Management Journal , vol.33 , pp. 334-365
    • Ancona, D.G.1
  • 4
    • 84948783101 scopus 로고
    • Beyond task and maintenance: Defining external functions in teams
    • Ancona, D. G., & Caldwell, D. F. (1989). Beyond task and maintenance: Defining external functions in teams. Team and Organization Studies, 13, 488-494.
    • (1989) Team and Organization Studies , vol.13 , pp. 488-494
    • Ancona, D.G.1    Caldwell, D.F.2
  • 5
    • 9944248414 scopus 로고
    • Bridging the boundary: External activity and performance in organizational teams
    • Ancona, D. G., & Caldwell, D. F. (1992). Bridging the boundary: External activity and performance in organizational teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 634-665.
    • (1992) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.37 , pp. 634-665
    • Ancona, D.G.1    Caldwell, D.F.2
  • 7
    • 0030309439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing team performance: In the eye of the beholder?
    • Baker, D. P., & Salas, E. (1996). Analyzing team performance: In the eye of the beholder? Military Psychology, 8, 235-245.
    • (1996) Military Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 235-245
    • Baker, D.P.1    Salas, E.2
  • 8
    • 84991198386 scopus 로고
    • Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research
    • Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41, 63-105.
    • (1988) Personnel Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 63-105
    • Baldwin, T.T.1    Ford, J.K.2
  • 9
    • 38249025472 scopus 로고
    • Potential pitfalls in employee participation
    • Baloff, N., & Doherty, E.M. (1989). Potential pitfalls in employee participation. Organizational Dynamics, 17, 51-62.
    • (1989) Organizational Dynamics , vol.17 , pp. 51-62
    • Baloff, N.1    Doherty, E.M.2
  • 11
    • 4243159210 scopus 로고
    • Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures
    • Bentler, P. M., & Bonnett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 588-606
    • Bentler, P.M.1    Bonnett, D.G.2
  • 13
    • 84965588635 scopus 로고
    • Five years of group research: What we have learned and what needs ro be addressed
    • Bettenhausen, K. L. (1991). Five years of group research: What we have learned and what needs ro be addressed. Journal of Management, 17, 345-381.
    • (1991) Journal of Management , vol.17 , pp. 345-381
    • Bettenhausen, K.L.1
  • 16
    • 84963196678 scopus 로고
    • Understanding team performance: A multi-method study
    • Brannick, M. T., Roach, R. M., & Salas, E. (1993). Understanding team performance: A multi-method study. Human Performance, 6, 287-308.
    • (1993) Human Performance , vol.6 , pp. 287-308
    • Brannick, M.T.1    Roach, R.M.2    Salas, E.3
  • 17
    • 0011436336 scopus 로고
    • Membership in quality circles and participation in decision making
    • Bruning, N. S., & Liverpool, P. R. (1993). Membership in quality circles and participation in decision making. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29, 76-95.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , vol.29 , pp. 76-95
    • Bruning, N.S.1    Liverpool, P.R.2
  • 18
    • 84885684352 scopus 로고
    • Quality circles in quality of work life projects: Problems and prospects for increasing employee participation
    • Bushe, G. R. (1984). Quality circles in quality of work life projects: Problems and prospects for increasing employee participation. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 3, 101-113.
    • (1984) Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , vol.3 , pp. 101-113
    • Bushe, G.R.1
  • 20
    • 0001503722 scopus 로고
    • The missing role of context in OB: the need for a meso-level approach
    • Campelli, P., & Sherer, P. D. (1991). The missing role of context in OB: the need for a meso-level approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 55-110.
    • (1991) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 55-110
    • Campelli, P.1    Sherer, P.D.2
  • 21
    • 85016181182 scopus 로고
    • Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups
    • Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46, 823-850.
    • (1993) Personnel Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 823-850
    • Campion, M.A.1    Medsker, G.J.2    Higgs, A.C.3
  • 22
    • 0030162027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between work team characteristics and effectiveness: A replication and extension
    • Campion, M. A., Papper, E. M., & Medsker, G. J. (1996). Relationships between work team characteristics and effectiveness: A replication and extension. Personnel Psychology, 49, 429-452.
    • (1996) Personnel Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 429-452
    • Campion, M.A.1    Papper, E.M.2    Medsker, G.J.3
  • 23
  • 24
    • 0000078574 scopus 로고
    • Physical appearance and social influence
    • In C. P. Herman, M. P. Zanna, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Chaiken, S. (1986). Physical appearance and social influence. In C. P. Herman, M. P. Zanna, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Physical appearance, stigma and social behavior (Vol. 3. pp. 143-177). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1986) Physical appearance, stigma and social behavior , vol.3 , pp. 143-177
    • Chaiken, S.1
  • 25
    • 0007735153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to improve the quality of our organizations through the use of TQM, continuous improvement strategies
    • In The Olympics of leadership: Overcoming obstacles, balancing skills, and taking risks. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the National Community College Chair Academy Phoenix, AZ
    • Coates, J. (1996). How to improve the quality of our organizations through the use of TQM, continuous improvement strategies. In The Olympics of leadership: Overcoming obstacles, balancing skills, and taking risks. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the National Community College Chair Academy, Phoenix, AZ.
    • (1996)
    • Coates, J.1
  • 26
    • 84964132322 scopus 로고
    • Overcoming resistance to change
    • Coch, L., & French, J. R. P. (1948). Overcoming resistance to change. Human Relations, 1, 512-532.
    • (1948) Human Relations , vol.1 , pp. 512-532
    • Coch, L.1    French, J.R.P.2
  • 27
    • 0031536926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite
    • Cohen, S. G., & Bailey, D. E. (1997). What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of Management, 23, 239-290.
    • (1997) Journal of Management , vol.23 , pp. 239-290
    • Cohen, S.G.1    Bailey, D.E.2
  • 28
    • 0038877602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predictive model of self-managing work team effectiveness
    • Cohen, S. G., Ledford, G. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). A predictive model of self-managing work team effectiveness. Human Relations, 49, 643-676.
    • (1996) Human Relations , vol.49 , pp. 643-676
    • Cohen, S.G.1    Ledford, G.E.2    Spreitzer, G.M.3
  • 29
    • 0002351240 scopus 로고
    • Modification of interracial interaction disability: An application of Status Characteristics Theory
    • Cohen, E. G., & Roper, S. S. (1972). Modification of interracial interaction disability: An application of Status Characteristics Theory. American Sociological Review, 37, 643-655.
    • (1972) American Sociological Review , vol.37 , pp. 643-655
    • Cohen, E.G.1    Roper, S.S.2
  • 30
    • 84934562802 scopus 로고
    • Status processes in enduring work teams
    • Cohen, B. P., & Zhou, X. (1991). Status processes in enduring work teams. American Sociological Review, 56, 179-188.
    • (1991) American Sociological Review , vol.56 , pp. 179-188
    • Cohen, B.P.1    Zhou, X.2
  • 33
    • 0002743790 scopus 로고
    • Issues and problems in the application of structural equation models
    • In P. Cuttance & R. Ecob (Eds.), New York : Cambridge University Press
    • Cuttance, P. (1987). Issues and problems in the application of structural equation models. In P. Cuttance & R. Ecob (Eds.), Structural modeling by example. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1987) Structural modeling by example
    • Cuttance, P.1
  • 37
    • 84973746821 scopus 로고
    • Do union voice and worker participation coincide? A study of Australian managers’ perceptions
    • Drago, R., & Wooden, M. (1993) Do union voice and worker participation coincide? A study of Australian managers’ perceptions. Economic & Industrial Democracy, 14, 573-588.
    • (1993) Economic & Industrial Democracy , vol.14 , pp. 573-588
    • Drago, R.1    Wooden, M.2
  • 38
    • 84965923858 scopus 로고
    • Effects of organization and life variables on job satisfaction and burnout
    • Drory, A., & Shamir, B. (1988). Effects of organization and life variables on job satisfaction and burnout. Group and Organization Studies, 13, 441-455.
    • (1988) Group and Organization Studies , vol.13 , pp. 441-455
    • Drory, A.1    Shamir, B.2
  • 39
    • 0002128218 scopus 로고
    • Gender and influencability: Stereotypes versus behavior
    • In V. E. O’Leary, R. K. Unger, & B. S. Wallston (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Eagly, A. H. & Wood, W. (1985) Gender and influencability: Stereotypes versus behavior. In V. E. O’Leary, R. K. Unger, & B. S. Wallston (Eds.), Women, gender and social psychology (pp. 225-256).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1985) Women, gender and social psychology , pp. 225-256
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2
  • 40
    • 0001879865 scopus 로고
    • Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and performance
    • Early, P. C. (1994). Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 89-117.
    • (1994) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.39 , pp. 89-117
    • Early, P.C.1
  • 41
    • 0003861844 scopus 로고
    • The effects of quality of working life (QWL) on employee behavioral responses
    • Efraty, D., & Sirgy, M. J. (1990). The effects of quality of working life (QWL) on employee behavioral responses. Social Indicators Research, 22, 31-47.
    • (1990) Social Indicators Research , vol.22 , pp. 31-47
    • Efraty, D.1    Sirgy, M.J.2
  • 42
    • 84970105276 scopus 로고
    • Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis
    • Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (1991). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 22, 175-186.
    • (1991) Small Group Research , vol.22 , pp. 175-186
    • Evans, C.R.1    Dion, K.L.2
  • 44
    • 84924157064 scopus 로고
    • Participation in heterogeneous and homogeneous groups: A theoretical integration
    • Fisek, M. H., Berger, J., & Norman, R. (1991). Participation in heterogeneous and homogeneous groups: A theoretical integration. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 114-142.
    • (1991) American Journal of Sociology , vol.97 , pp. 114-142
    • Fisek, M.H.1    Berger, J.2    Norman, R.3
  • 45
    • 84970152570 scopus 로고
    • Worker participation in management in the printing industry
    • Frenkel, S. J., & Weakliem, D. L. (1989). Worker participation in management in the printing industry. Journal of Industrial Relations, 31, 478-499.
    • (1989) Journal of Industrial Relations , vol.31 , pp. 478-499
    • Frenkel, S.J.1    Weakliem, D.L.2
  • 46
    • 0026410881 scopus 로고
    • A method for employee participation in the policy development process
    • Fronz, H. O. (1991). A method for employee participation in the policy development process. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 18, 60-63.
    • (1991) Journal of Mental Health Administration , vol.18 , pp. 60-63
    • Fronz, H.O.1
  • 47
    • 84964129328 scopus 로고
    • Union membership and attitudes toward participation in determining conditions of work in the federal government
    • Gaertner, K. N., & Gaertner G. H. (1987). Union membership and attitudes toward participation in determining conditions of work in the federal government. Human Relations, 40, 431-444.
    • (1987) Human Relations , vol.40 , pp. 431-444
    • Gaertner, K.N.1    Gaertner, G.H.2
  • 48
    • 0000227903 scopus 로고
    • The effects of understaffing on individual and group performance in professional and trade occupations
    • Ganster, D. C., & Dwyer, D. J. (1995). The effects of understaffing on individual and group performance in professional and trade occupations. Journal of Management, 21, 175-190.
    • (1995) Journal of Management , vol.21 , pp. 175-190
    • Ganster, D.C.1    Dwyer, D.J.2
  • 50
    • 0042050451 scopus 로고
    • Personality, affect, and behavior in groups
    • George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-166.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 107-166
    • George, J.M.1
  • 51
    • 84936823659 scopus 로고
    • Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness
    • Gladstein, D. (1984). Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 210-216.
    • (1984) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.29 , pp. 210-216
    • Gladstein, D.1
  • 52
    • 84993793227 scopus 로고
    • Training needs of supervisors and middle managers: Participation and productivity
    • Gleeson, J., McPhee, J., & Spatz, L. (1990). Training needs of supervisors and middle managers: Participation and productivity. Work and People, 13, 32-36.
    • (1990) Work and People , vol.13 , pp. 32-36
    • Gleeson, J.1    McPhee, J.2    Spatz, L.3
  • 53
    • 0000762553 scopus 로고
    • Participation in organizations: A preview of the issues and proposed framework for future analysis
    • Glew, D. J., O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Van Fleet, D. D. (1995). Participation in organizations: A preview of the issues and proposed framework for future analysis. Journal of Management, 21, 395-421.
    • (1995) Journal of Management , vol.21 , pp. 395-421
    • Glew, D.J.1    O’Leary-Kelly, A.M.2    Griffin, R.W.3    Van Fleet, D.D.4
  • 54
    • 0000482889 scopus 로고
    • Impact of task and technology and group performance
    • In P. S. Goodman and Associates (Eds.), San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass
    • Goodman, P. S. (1986). Impact of task and technology and group performance. In P. S. Goodman and Associates (Eds.), Designing effective work groups (pp. 120-167). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    • (1986) Designing effective work groups , pp. 120-167
    • Goodman, P.S.1
  • 55
    • 0009169787 scopus 로고
    • Achieving competitive advantage through employee empowerment
    • Summer)
    • Goski, K. L., & Belfry, M. (1991, Summer). Achieving competitive advantage through employee empowerment. Employment Relations Today, pp. 213-220.
    • (1991) Employment Relations Today , pp. 213-220
    • Goski, K.L.1    Belfry, M.2
  • 56
    • 84973702936 scopus 로고
    • Predictors and moderators of employee responses to employee participation programs
    • Graham, J. W., & Verma, A. (1991). Predictors and moderators of employee responses to employee participation programs. Human Relations, 44, 551-568.
    • (1991) Human Relations , vol.44 , pp. 551-568
    • Graham, J.W.1    Verma, A.2
  • 58
    • 84965770634 scopus 로고
    • Cohesion and productivity in work groups
    • Greene, C. N. (1989). Cohesion and productivity in work groups. Small Group Behavior, 20, 70-86.
    • (1989) Small Group Behavior , vol.20 , pp. 70-86
    • Greene, C.N.1
  • 59
    • 84970245098 scopus 로고
    • Labor law and managerial ideology: Employee participation as a social control system
    • Grenier, G., & Hogler, R. L. (1991). Labor law and managerial ideology: Employee participation as a social control system. Work and Occupations, 18, 313-333.
    • (1991) Work and Occupations , vol.18 , pp. 313-333
    • Grenier, G.1    Hogler, R.L.2
  • 60
    • 0344730531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing teamwork skills for workforce readiness
    • In H. F. O’Neil (Ed.), Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum
    • Grummon, P. T. H. (1997). Assessing teamwork skills for workforce readiness. In H. F. O’Neil (Ed.), Work readiness: Competencies and assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1997) Work readiness: Competencies and assessment
    • Grummon, P.T.H.1
  • 61
    • 0642314186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teams in organizations: Recent research in performance and effectiveness
    • Guzzo, R. A., & Dickson, M. W. (1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research in performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 307-338.
    • (1996) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 307-338
    • Guzzo, R.A.1    Dickson, M.W.2
  • 62
    • 0000691121 scopus 로고
    • Group performance and intergroup relations in organizations
    • In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), 2nd ed.
    • Guzzo, R.A., & Shea, G.P. (1992). Group performance and intergroup relations in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 269-313).
    • (1992) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology , vol.3 , pp. 269-313
    • Guzzo, R.A.1    Shea, G.P.2
  • 64
    • 0000644040 scopus 로고
    • The design of work teams
    • In Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall
    • Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 315-342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    • (1987) Handbook of organizational behavior , pp. 315-342
    • Hackman, J.R.1
  • 65
    • 77956858522 scopus 로고
    • Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration
    • Hackman, J. R., & Morris, C. G. (1975). Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 45-99.
    • (1975) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 45-99
    • Hackman, J.R.1    Morris, C.G.2
  • 70
    • 0002260185 scopus 로고
    • Why crew resource management? Empirical and theoretical bases of human factors training in aviation
    • In E. L. Wiener & B. G. Kanki (Eds.), San Diego, CA : Academic Press
    • Helmreich, R. L., & Foushee, H. C. (1993). Why crew resource management? Empirical and theoretical bases of human factors training in aviation. In E. L. Wiener & B. G. Kanki (Eds.), Cockpit resource management (pp. 3-45). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1993) Cockpit resource management , pp. 3-45
    • Helmreich, R.L.1    Foushee, H.C.2
  • 71
    • 84993709739 scopus 로고
    • Participative management is a double-edged sword
    • January)
    • Herman S. M. (1989, January). Participative management is a double-edged sword. Training, pp. 52-57.
    • (1989) Training , pp. 52-57
    • Herman, S.M.1
  • 72
    • 0003139620 scopus 로고
    • Group cohesiveness: A critical review and some new directions
    • Hogg, M. A. (1993). Group cohesiveness: A critical review and some new directions. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 85-111.
    • (1993) European Review of Social Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 85-111
    • Hogg, M.A.1
  • 73
    • 0034341684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts
    • Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
    • (2000) Academy of Management Review , vol.25 , pp. 121-140
    • Hogg, M.A.1    Terry, D.J.2
  • 75
    • 21844499195 scopus 로고
    • Team performance on monitoring tasks: An examination of decision errors in contexts requiring sustained attention
    • Hollenbeck, J. R., Illgen, D. R., Tuttle, D. B., & Sego, D. J. (1995). Team performance on monitoring tasks: An examination of decision errors in contexts requiring sustained attention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 685-696.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 685-696
    • Hollenbeck, J.R.1    Illgen, D.R.2    Tuttle, D.B.3    Sego, D.J.4
  • 76
    • 58149372105 scopus 로고
    • An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals
    • Hollenbeck, J. R., Williams, C. R., & Klein, H. J. (1989). An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 18-23.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 18-23
    • Hollenbeck, J.R.1    Williams, C.R.2    Klein, H.J.3
  • 77
    • 0001833336 scopus 로고
    • Homophilly and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm
    • Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophilly and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 422-437.
    • (1992) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.37 , pp. 422-437
    • Ibarra, H.1
  • 78
    • 0002900403 scopus 로고
    • Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior
    • In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), (Vol. 13). Greenwich, CT : JAI Press
    • Isen, A. M., & Barron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 13). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1991) Research in organizational behavior
    • Isen, A.M.1    Barron, R.A.2
  • 79
    • 0007787192 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of workplace groups with groups in education
    • Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages Baltimore, MD
    • Jacobs, G. M., & James, J. E. (1994). A comparison of workplace groups with groups in education. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Baltimore, MD.
    • (1994)
    • Jacobs, G.M.1    James, J.E.2
  • 80
    • 0031723726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participative company management in Europe: The new role of middle management
    • Jaeger D., & Pekruhl U. (1998) Participative company management in Europe: The new role of middle management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 13, 94-103.
    • (1998) New Technology, Work and Employment , vol.13 , pp. 94-103
    • Jaeger, D.1    Pekruhl, U.2
  • 82
    • 0000788187 scopus 로고
    • Communication patterns, project importance, and task characteristics: An empirical investigation and integration in an R&D setting
    • Katz, R., & Tushman, M. (1979). Communication patterns, project importance, and task characteristics: An empirical investigation and integration in an R&D setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making Processes, 23, 139-162.
    • (1979) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making Processes , vol.23 , pp. 139-162
    • Katz, R.1    Tushman, M.2
  • 83
    • 0001397003 scopus 로고
    • Technology information processing fit and the performance of R&D groups: A test of contingency theory
    • Keller, R. T. (1994). Technology information processing fit and the performance of R&D groups: A test of contingency theory. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 167-179.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Journal , vol.37 , pp. 167-179
    • Keller, R.T.1
  • 84
    • 0001567515 scopus 로고
    • Task and group characteristics as factors influencing group performance
    • Kent, R. N., & McGrath, J. E. (1969). Task and group characteristics as factors influencing group performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 429-440.
    • (1969) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 429-440
    • Kent, R.N.1    McGrath, J.E.2
  • 85
    • 0000883094 scopus 로고
    • The effects of explicit goals and specific feedback on evaluation processes
    • Kernan, M. C., & Lord, R. G. (1989). The effects of explicit goals and specific feedback on evaluation processes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1125-1143.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 1125-1143
    • Kernan, M.C.1    Lord, R.G.2
  • 86
    • 0000508247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When what you know can hurt you: A study of experiential effects on group discussion and performance
    • Kim, P. H. (1997). When what you know can hurt you: A study of experiential effects on group discussion and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69, 165-177.
    • (1997) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.69 , pp. 165-177
    • Kim, P.H.1
  • 87
    • 0031524216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of cultural values on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of global self-managing team effectiveness
    • Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (1997). The impact of cultural values on employee resistance to teams: Toward a model of global self-managing team effectiveness. Academy of Management Review, 22, 730-757.
    • (1997) Academy of Management Review , vol.22 , pp. 730-757
    • Kirkman, B.L.1    Shapiro, D.L.2
  • 88
    • 0032220629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A field study of the influence of situational constraints, leader-member exchange, and goal commitment on performance
    • Klein, H. J., & Kim, J. S. (1998). A field study of the influence of situational constraints, leader-member exchange, and goal commitment on performance. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 88-95.
    • (1998) Academy of Management Journal , vol.41 , pp. 88-95
    • Klein, H.J.1    Kim, J.S.2
  • 89
    • 84991150810 scopus 로고
    • Antecedents of goal commitment: An empirical examination of personal and situational factors
    • Klein, H. J., & Wright, P. M. (1994). Antecedents of goal commitment: An empirical examination of personal and situational factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 95-114.
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 95-114
    • Klein, H.J.1    Wright, P.M.2
  • 90
    • 0002287457 scopus 로고
    • Why supervisors resist employee involvement
    • September/October).
    • Klein, J. A. (1984, September/October). Why supervisors resist employee involvement. Harvard Business Review, pp. 81-85.
    • (1984) Harvard Business Review , pp. 81-85
    • Klein, J.A.1
  • 91
    • 0002165057 scopus 로고
    • Team performance assessment in distributed decision making
    • In R. Gibson, J. P. Kincaid, & B. Goldiez (Eds.), Proceedings for interactive networked simulation for training conference Orlando, FL: Institute for Simulation and Training
    • Kleinman, D. L., & Serfaty, D. (1989). Team performance assessment in distributed decision making. In R. Gibson, J. P. Kincaid, & B. Goldiez (Eds.), Proceedings for interactive networked simulation for training conference (pp. 22-27). Orlando, FL: Institute for Simulation and Training.
    • (1989) , pp. 22-27
    • Kleinman, D.L.1    Serfaty, D.2
  • 92
    • 0009935638 scopus 로고
    • High performance work systems and firm performance
    • Kling, J. (1995). High performance work systems and firm performance. Monthly Labor Review, 118, 29-35.
    • (1995) Monthly Labor Review , vol.118 , pp. 29-35
    • Kling, J.1
  • 93
    • 0002118116 scopus 로고
    • Organizational change, informal learning, and adaptation: Emerging trends in training and continuing education
    • Kozlowski, S. W. (1995). Organizational change, informal learning, and adaptation: Emerging trends in training and continuing education. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 43, 2-11.
    • (1995) Journal of Continuing Higher Education , vol.43 , pp. 2-11
    • Kozlowski, S.W.1
  • 95
    • 84993774278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysing team mental models: Techniques, methods, and analytic approaches
    • (in press)
    • Langan-Fox, J., Wirth, A., Code, S. L., & Langfield-Smith, K. (in press). Analysing team mental models: Techniques, methods, and analytic approaches. Human Factors.
    • Human Factors
    • Langan-Fox, J.1    Wirth, A.2    Code, S.L.3    Langfield-Smith, K.4
  • 97
    • 0000540640 scopus 로고
    • The effects of holding goal difficulty constant on assigned and participatively set goals
    • Latham, G. P., & Saari, L. M. (1979). The effects of holding goal difficulty constant on assigned and participatively set goals. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 163-168.
    • (1979) Academy of Management Journal , vol.22 , pp. 163-168
    • Latham, G.P.1    Saari, L.M.2
  • 98
    • 84985239893 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study
    • Latham, G. P., Winters, D. C., & Locke, E. A. (1994). Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 49-63.
    • (1994) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.15 , pp. 49-63
    • Latham, G.P.1    Winters, D.C.2    Locke, E.A.3
  • 99
    • 0000476314 scopus 로고
    • Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks
    • Laughlin, P. R., & Ellis, A. L. (1986). Demonstrability and social combination processes on mathematical intellective tasks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 177-189.
    • (1986) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 177-189
    • Laughlin, P.R.1    Ellis, A.L.2
  • 100
    • 21144483388 scopus 로고
    • The effects of employee involvement programs on unionized workers’ attitudes, perceptions and preferences in decision making
    • Leana, C. R., Ahlbrandt, R. S., & Murrel, A. J. (1992). The effects of employee involvement programs on unionized workers’ attitudes, perceptions and preferences in decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 861-873.
    • (1992) Academy of Management Journal , vol.35 , pp. 861-873
    • Leana, C.R.1    Ahlbrandt, R.S.2    Murrel, A.J.3
  • 101
    • 0001299436 scopus 로고
    • Research on employee participation: Beating a dead horse?
    • Ledford, G. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1994). Research on employee participation: Beating a dead horse? Academy of Management Review, 19, 633-636.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Review , vol.19 , pp. 633-636
    • Ledford, G.E.1    Lawler, E.E.2
  • 102
    • 0042049672 scopus 로고
    • Employee participation in decision making: An analysis of the perceptions of members and non-members of quality circles
    • Liverpool, P. R. (1990). Employee participation in decision making: An analysis of the perceptions of members and non-members of quality circles. Journal of Business and Psychology, 4, 411-422.
    • (1990) Journal of Business and Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 411-422
    • Liverpool, P.R.1
  • 106
    • 0000215843 scopus 로고
    • Participation in decision making: One more look
    • In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Greenwich, CT : JAI Press
    • Locke, E., & Schweiger, D. M. (1979). Participation in decision making: One more look. In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 265-339). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1979) Research in organizational behavior , pp. 265-339
    • Locke, E.1    Schweiger, D.M.2
  • 110
    • 84993709781 scopus 로고
    • Teamwork and cooperative learning in technical education
    • Paper presented at the American Vocational Association Convention Denver, CO
    • Magney, J. (1995). Teamwork and cooperative learning in technical education. Paper presented at the American Vocational Association Convention, Denver, CO.
    • (1995)
    • Magney, J.1
  • 111
    • 84973731268 scopus 로고
    • Understanding the meaning of participation: Views from the workplace
    • Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Ackers, P., & Goodman, J. (1994). Understanding the meaning of participation: Views from the workplace. Human Relations, 47, 867-894.
    • (1994) Human Relations , vol.47 , pp. 867-894
    • Marchington, M.1    Wilkinson, A.2    Ackers, P.3    Goodman, J.4
  • 112
    • 33750317961 scopus 로고
    • Applications of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups
    • Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, C. (1985). Applications of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562-582.
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.97 , pp. 562-582
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Hocevar, C.2
  • 113
    • 0002823343 scopus 로고
    • Combined effects of normative information on task difficulty and the goal commitment-performance relationship
    • Martin, B. A., & Manning, D. J. (1995). Combined effects of normative information on task difficulty and the goal commitment-performance relationship. Journal of Management, 21, 65-80.
    • (1995) Journal of Management , vol.21 , pp. 65-80
    • Martin, B.A.1    Manning, D.J.2
  • 114
    • 21844504304 scopus 로고
    • Employee health by design: Using employee involvement teams in ergonomic job redesign
    • May, D. R., & Schowerer, C. E. (1994). Employee health by design: Using employee involvement teams in ergonomic job redesign. Personnel Psychology, 47, 861-876.
    • (1994) Personnel Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 861-876
    • May, D.R.1    Schowerer, C.E.2
  • 116
    • 0001510649 scopus 로고
    • Participation, satisfaction and productivity: A meta-analytic review
    • Miller, K. I., & Monge, P. R. (1986). Participation, satisfaction and productivity: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 727-753.
    • (1986) Academy of Management Journal , vol.29 , pp. 727-753
    • Miller, K.I.1    Monge, P.R.2
  • 117
    • 21844520193 scopus 로고
    • The role of behavioral formality and informality in the enactment of bureaucratic versus organic organizations
    • Morand, D. A. (1995). The role of behavioral formality and informality in the enactment of bureaucratic versus organic organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20, 831-872.
    • (1995) Academy of Management Review , vol.20 , pp. 831-872
    • Morand, D.A.1
  • 118
    • 12044252155 scopus 로고
    • Organizational behavior: Linking individuals and teams to organizational contexts
    • Mowday, R. T., & Sutton, R. I. (1993). Organizational behavior: Linking individuals and teams to organizational contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 195-229.
    • (1993) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 195-229
    • Mowday, R.T.1    Sutton, R.I.2
  • 119
    • 84973703101 scopus 로고
    • Productive forces and industrial citizenship: An evolutionary perspective on labor relations
    • Muller-Jentsch, W. (1991). Productive forces and industrial citizenship: An evolutionary perspective on labor relations. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 12, 439-467.
    • (1991) Economic and Industrial Democracy , vol.12 , pp. 439-467
    • Muller-Jentsch, W.1
  • 121
    • 84921163123 scopus 로고
    • Why people don’t participate when given the chance?
    • Newmann, J. (1989). Why people don’t participate when given the chance? Industrial Participation, 60, 6-8.
    • (1989) Industrial Participation , vol.60 , pp. 6-8
    • Newmann, J.1
  • 123
    • 84875312817 scopus 로고
    • Quality circles: Will transactional analysis improve their performance?
    • Nykodym, N., Ruud, W. N., & Liverpool, P. R. (1987). Quality circles: Will transactional analysis improve their performance? Transactional Analysis Journal, 16, 182-187.
    • (1987) Transactional Analysis Journal , vol.16 , pp. 182-187
    • Nykodym, N.1    Ruud, W.N.2    Liverpool, P.R.3
  • 124
    • 0001345948 scopus 로고
    • Organizational behavior: Where we’ve been, where we’re going
    • O’Reilly, C. A. (1991). Organizational behavior: Where we’ve been, where we’re going. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 427-458.
    • (1991) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 427-458
    • O’Reilly, C.A.1
  • 125
    • 0017695787 scopus 로고
    • Task group structure, communication, and effectiveness in three organizations
    • O’Reilly, C. A., & Roberts, K. H. (1977). Task group structure, communication, and effectiveness in three organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 674-681.
    • (1977) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 674-681
    • O’Reilly, C.A.1    Roberts, K.H.2
  • 126
    • 0039122584 scopus 로고
    • Improving workplace performance: Historical and theoretical contexts
    • Parks, S. (1995). Improving workplace performance: Historical and theoretical contexts. Monthly Labor Review, 118, 18-28.
    • (1995) Monthly Labor Review , vol.118 , pp. 18-28
    • Parks, S.1
  • 127
    • 84993788205 scopus 로고
    • Collaborative labor relations: The first line is the bottom line
    • March)
    • Pennington, R. (1989, March). Collaborative labor relations: The first line is the bottom line. Personnel, 78-83.
    • (1989) Personnel , pp. 78-83
    • Pennington, R.1
  • 128
    • 0001875195 scopus 로고
    • A resource dependence perspective on inter-corporate relations
    • In M. S. Mizruchi & M. Schwartz (Eds.), New York : Academic Press
    • Pfeffer, J. (1986). A resource dependence perspective on inter-corporate relations. In M. S. Mizruchi & M. Schwartz (Eds.), Structural analysis of business (pp. 117-132). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Structural analysis of business , pp. 117-132
    • Pfeffer, J.1
  • 130
    • 84970764658 scopus 로고
    • Cycles of control: Worker participation in sociological and historical perspective
    • Ramsay, H. (1977). Cycles of control: Worker participation in sociological and historical perspective. Sociology, 11, 481-506.
    • (1977) Sociology , vol.11 , pp. 481-506
    • Ramsay, H.1
  • 132
    • 84973839363 scopus 로고
    • What you know is what you get from experience: Team experience related to teamwork schemas
    • Rentsch, J. R., Heffner, T. S., & Duffy, L. T. (1994). What you know is what you get from experience: Team experience related to teamwork schemas. Group and Organization Management, 19, 450-474.
    • (1994) Group and Organization Management , vol.19 , pp. 450-474
    • Rentsch, J.R.1    Heffner, T.S.2    Duffy, L.T.3
  • 133
    • 84934350443 scopus 로고
    • Expectations, legitimation and dominance behavior in task groups
    • Ridgeway, C. L., & Berger, J. (1986). Expectations, legitimation and dominance behavior in task groups. American Sociological Review, 51, 603-617.
    • (1986) American Sociological Review , vol.51 , pp. 603-617
    • Ridgeway, C.L.1    Berger, J.2
  • 137
    • 84993780201 scopus 로고
    • Team effectiveness: A comparative analysis of interactional structure and team performance in organizational work teams
    • Paper presented at the International Social Networks Conference London, UK
    • Robins, G. L., Pattison P., & Langan-Fox, J. (1995). Team effectiveness: A comparative analysis of interactional structure and team performance in organizational work teams. Paper presented at the International Social Networks Conference, London, UK.
    • (1995)
    • Robins, G.L.1    Pattison, P.2    Langan-Fox, J.3
  • 140
    • 21144477332 scopus 로고
    • A social information-processing model of employee participation
    • Schetzer L. (1993). A social information-processing model of employee participation. Organization Science, 4, 252-268.
    • (1993) Organization Science , vol.4 , pp. 252-268
    • Schetzer, L.1
  • 141
    • 84992999633 scopus 로고
    • The people make the difference
    • Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the difference. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453.
    • (1987) Personnel Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 437-453
    • Schneider, B.1
  • 144
    • 84973801554 scopus 로고
    • Calculations, values and identities: The sources of collectivistic work motivation
    • Shamir, B. (1990). Calculations, values and identities: The sources of collectivistic work motivation. Human Relations, 43, 313-332.
    • (1990) Human Relations , vol.43 , pp. 313-332
    • Shamir, B.1
  • 146
    • 12044256809 scopus 로고
    • Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivational analysis
    • Sheppard, J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 67-81.
    • (1993) Psychological Bulletin , vol.113 , pp. 67-81
    • Sheppard, J.A.1
  • 147
    • 84928505966 scopus 로고
    • Models of participation in status-differentiated groups
    • Skvoretz, J. (1988). Models of participation in status-differentiated groups. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 43-57.
    • (1988) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.51 , pp. 43-57
    • Skvoretz, J.1
  • 150
    • 84973703049 scopus 로고
    • Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work
    • Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work. Human Relations, 39, 1005-1016.
    • (1986) Human Relations , vol.39 , pp. 1005-1016
    • Spector, P.E.1
  • 152
    • 33846282017 scopus 로고
    • The knowledge, skill, and ability requirements for teamwork: Implications for human resource management
    • Stevens, M. J., & Campion, M. A. (1994). The knowledge, skill, and ability requirements for teamwork: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Management, 20, 503-530.
    • (1994) Journal of Management , vol.20 , pp. 503-530
    • Stevens, M.J.1    Campion, M.A.2
  • 154
    • 77956784655 scopus 로고
    • Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments
    • In K. Kelley (Ed.), Elsevier
    • Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., & Salas, E. (1992). Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Issues, theory, and research in industrial-organizational psychology (pp. 117-153). Elsevier.
    • (1992) Issues, theory, and research in industrial-organizational psychology , pp. 117-153
    • Tannenbaum, S.I.1    Beard, R.L.2    Salas, E.3
  • 156
    • 0030503498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of goals, commitment, self-efficacy and self-satisfaction on motor performance
    • Theodorakis, Y. (1996). The influence of goals, commitment, self-efficacy and self-satisfaction on motor performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 171-182.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , vol.8 , pp. 171-182
    • Theodorakis, Y.1
  • 157
    • 84928848775 scopus 로고
    • Participation and control: A shop floor perspective on employee participation
    • Thomas, R. J. (1989). Participation and control: A shop floor perspective on employee participation. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 7, 117-144.
    • (1989) Research in the Sociology of Organizations , vol.7 , pp. 117-144
    • Thomas, R.J.1
  • 160
    • 0002442380 scopus 로고
    • Effects of crew composition on crew performance: Does the whole equal the sum of its parts?
    • Tziner, A., & Eden, D. (1985). Effects of crew composition on crew performance: Does the whole equal the sum of its parts? Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 85-93.
    • (1985) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 85-93
    • Tziner, A.1    Eden, D.2
  • 161
    • 84935198994 scopus 로고
    • The impact of physical attractiveness on achievement and psychological wellbeing
    • Umberson, D., & Hughes, M. (1987). The impact of physical attractiveness on achievement and psychological wellbeing. Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 227-236.
    • (1987) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.50 , pp. 227-236
    • Umberson, D.1    Hughes, M.2
  • 162
    • 0008171802 scopus 로고
    • Workload, team structure, and communication in team performance
    • Urban, J. M., Bowers, C. A., Monday, S. D., & Morgan, B. B. (1995). Workload, team structure, and communication in team performance. Military Psychology, 7, 123-139.
    • (1995) Military Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 123-139
    • Urban, J.M.1    Bowers, C.A.2    Monday, S.D.3    Morgan, B.B.4
  • 164
    • 0009170231 scopus 로고
    • What really goes wrong with participative work groups?
    • May)
    • Vogt J. F., & Hunt B. D. (1988, May). What really goes wrong with participative work groups? Training and Development Journal, pp. 96-100.
    • (1988) Training and Development Journal , pp. 96-100
    • Vogt, J.F.1    Hunt, B.D.2
  • 165
    • 21344497828 scopus 로고
    • Participation’s effects on performance and satisfaction: A re-consideration of research evidence
    • Wagner, J. A., III (1994). Participation’s effects on performance and satisfaction: A re-consideration of research evidence. Academy of Management Review, 19, 312-300.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Review , vol.19 , pp. 312-300
    • Wagner, J.A.1
  • 166
    • 0001338088 scopus 로고
    • Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships
    • Wagner, J. A., III, & Gooding, R. Z. (1987). Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 524-541.
    • (1987) Academy of Management Journal , vol.30 , pp. 524-541
    • Wagner, J.A.1    Gooding, R.Z.2
  • 167
    • 0002262728 scopus 로고
    • An observational study of social evaluation: An application of dominance hierarchy model
    • Weisfeld, G. E., & Weisfeld, C. C. (1984). An observational study of social evaluation: An application of dominance hierarchy model. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145, 89-99.
    • (1984) Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.145 , pp. 89-99
    • Weisfeld, G.E.1    Weisfeld, C.C.2
  • 169
    • 84970235077 scopus 로고
    • A research note: The relations among social and task perceptions in small groups
    • Wheeless, L. R., Wheeless, V. E., & Dickson-Markman, F. (1982). A research note: The relations among social and task perceptions in small groups. Small Group Behavior, 13, 373-384.
    • (1982) Small Group Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 373-384
    • Wheeless, L.R.1    Wheeless, V.E.2    Dickson-Markman, F.3
  • 170
    • 21344498159 scopus 로고
    • Improving group task performance: The role of group goals and group efficacy
    • Whitney, K. (1994). Improving group task performance: The role of group goals and group efficacy. Human Performance, 7, 55-78.
    • (1994) Human Performance , vol.7 , pp. 55-78
    • Whitney, K.1
  • 171
    • 84993814407 scopus 로고
    • Employee participation: A practical guide
    • Wooden, M. (1990). Employee participation: A practical guide. Australian Bulletin of Labor, 16, 90-103.
    • (1990) Australian Bulletin of Labor , vol.16 , pp. 90-103
    • Wooden, M.1
  • 172
    • 0008438345 scopus 로고
    • Task cohesion as a facilitator of team decision making under temporal urgency
    • Zaccaro, S. J., Gualtieri, J., & Minionis, D. (1995). Task cohesion as a facilitator of team decision making under temporal urgency. Military Psychology, 7, 77-93.
    • (1995) Military Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 77-93
    • Zaccaro, S.J.1    Gualtieri, J.2    Minionis, D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.