Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and anti-VEGF nonresponders

Expert Review of Ophthalmology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 35-41

  Sheybani, Arsham ^a   Almony, Arghavan ^a   Blinder, Kevin J ^a   Shah, Gaurav K ^a  

^a BARNES RETINA INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

age related macular degeneration; combination therapy; VEGF nonresponder

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990979278     PISSN: 17469899     EISSN: 17469902     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.67     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. West SK. Looking forward to 20/20: a focus on the epidemiology of eye diseases. Epidemiol. Rev. 22 (1), 64–70 (2000).
2. Lee PP, Feldman ZW, Ostermann J, Brown DS, Sloan FA. Longitudinal prevalence of major eye diseases. Arch. Ophthalmol. 121 (9), 1303–1310 (2003).
3. Ferris FL 3rd, Fine SL, Hyman L. Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 102 (11), 1640–1642 (1984).
4. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Lecouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat. Med. 9 (6), 669–676 (2003).
5. Kliffen M, Sharma HS, Mooy CM, Kerkvliet S, De Jong PT. Increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in age-related maculopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81 (2), 154–162 (1997).
6. Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (14), 1432–1444 (2006).
7. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (14), 1419–1431 (2006).
8. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for senile macular degeneration. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100 (6), 912–918 (1982).
9. Bressler NM. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-tap report 2. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119 (2), 198–207 (2001).
10. Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET Jr, Feinsod M, Guyer DR. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (27), 2805–2816 (2004).
11. Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G et al. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 380 (6573), 435–439 (1996).
12. Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H et al. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 380 (6573), 439–442 (1996).
13. 2 sensing. Science 292 (5516), 464–468 (2001).
14. 2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science 292 (5516), 468–472 (2001).
15. Dvorak HF. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a critical cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a potential target for diagnosis and therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (21), 4368–4380 (2002).
16. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86 (3), 353–364 (1996).
17. Luo JC, Yamaguchi S, Shinkai A, Shitara K, Shibuya M. Significant expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in mouse ascites tumors. Cancer Res. 58 (12), 2652–2660 (1998).
18. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (23), 2335–2342 (2004).
19. Nozaki M, Raisler BJ, Sakurai E et al. Drusen complement components c3a and c5a promote choroidal neovascularization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103 (7), 2328–2333 (2006).
20. Kvanta A, Algvere PV, Berglin L, Seregard S. Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (9), 1929–1934 (1996).
21. Dipietro LA. Thrombospondin as a regulator of angiogenesis. EXS 79, 295–314 (1997).
22. Watanabe K, Hasegawa Y, Yamashita H et al. Vasohibin as an endothelium-derived negative feedback regulator of angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 114 (7), 898–907 (2004).
23. Nowak JZ. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): pathogenesis and therapy. Pharmacol. Rep. 58 (3), 353–363 (2006).
24. Mori K, Duh E, Gehlbach P et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits retinal and choroidal neovascularization. J. Cell Physiol. 188 (2), 253–263 (2001).
25. Zhang SX, Wang JJ, Gao G, Shao C, Mott R, Ma JX. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous antiinflammatory factor. FASEB J. 20 (2), 323–325 (2006).
26. Tong JP, Chan WM, Liu DT et al. Aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal neovascularization. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 141 (3), 456–462 (2006).
27. Ogata N, Matsuoka M, Imaizumi M, Arichi M, Matsumura M. Decrease of pigment epithelium-derived factor in aqueous humor with increasing age. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137 (5), 935–936 (2004).
28. Zarbin MA. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 122 (4), 598–614 (2004).
29. Rakic JM, Lambert V, Devy L et al. Placental growth factor, a member of the VEGF family, contributes to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (7), 3186–3193 (2003).
30. Avery RL, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Giust MJ. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 113 (3), 363–372.e5 (2006).
31. Geitzenauer W, Michels S, Prager F et al. Early effects of systemic and intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 223 (10), 822–827 (2006).
32. Lazic R, Gabric N. Intravitreally administered bevacizumab (Avastin) in minimally classic and occult choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 245 (1), 68–73 (2007).
33. Moshfeghi AA, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA et al. Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: twenty-four-week results of an uncontrolled open-label clinical study. Ophthalmology 113 (11), 2002.e1–2002.e12 (2006).
34. Yoganathan P, Deramo VA, Lai JC, Tibrewala RK, Fastenberg DM. Visual improvement following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26 (9), 994–998 (2006).
35. Lux A, Llacer H, Heussen FM, Joussen AM. Non-responders to bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy of choroidal neovascular lesions. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 91 (10), 1318–1322 (2007).
36. Lee S, Chen TT, Barber CL et al. Autocrine VEGF signaling is required for vascular homeostasis. Cell 130 (4), 691–703 (2007).
37. Yu JL, Rak JW, Coomber BL, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS. Effect of p53 status on tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy. Science 295 (5559), 1526–1528 (2002).
38. Glade Bender J, Cooney EM, Kandel JJ, Yamashiro DJ. Vascular remodeling and clinical resistance to antiangiogenic cancer therapy. Drug Resist. Update 7 (4–5), 289–300 (2004).
39. Cho CH, Kim KE, Byun J et al. Long-term and sustained COMP-Ang1 induces long-lasting vascular enlargement and enhanced blood flow. Circ. Res. 97 (1), 86–94 (2005).
40. Uemura A, Ogawa M, Hirashima M et al. Recombinant angiopoietin-1 restores higher-order architecture of growing blood vessels in mice in the absence of mural cells. J. Clin. Invest. 110 (11), 1619–1628 (2002).
41. Alitalo K, Tammela T, Petrova TV. Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature 438 (7070), 946–953 (2005).
42. Ikeda Y, Yonemitsu Y, Onimaru M et al. The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, -C, and -D) expression in the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 83 (5), 1031–1040 (2006).
43. Witmer AN, Van Blijswijk BC, Dai J et al. VEGFR-3 in adult angiogenesis. J. Pathol. 195 (4), 490–497 (2001).
44. Schaal S, Kaplan HJ, Tezel TH. Is there tachyphylaxis to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor pharmacotherapy in age-related macular degeneration? Ophthalmology 115 (12), 2199–2205 (2008).
45. Hlushchuk R, Baum O, Gruber G, Wood J, Djonov V. The synergistic action of a VEGF-receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor and a sensitizing PDGF-receptor blocker depends upon the stage of vascular maturation. Microcirculation 14 (8), 813–825 (2007).
46. Forooghian F, Cukras C, Meyerle CB, Chew EY, Wong WT. Tachyphylaxis after intravitreal bevacizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 29 (6), 723–731 (2009).
47. Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Suner IJ, Hernandez EP, Monroy D, Csaky KG, Cousins SW. Macrophage depletion diminishes lesion size and severity in experimental choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (8), 3586–3592 (2003).
48. Grossniklaus HE, Ling JX, Wallace TM et al. Macrophage and retinal pigment epithelium expression of angiogenic cytokines in choroidal neovascularization. Mol. Vis. 8, 119–126 (2002).
49. Sakurai E, Anand A, Ambati BK, van Rooijen N, Ambati J. Macrophage depletion inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (8), 3578–3585 (2003).
50. Tatar O, Yoeruek E, Szurman P et al. Effect of bevacizumab on inflammation and proliferation in human choroidal neovascularization. Arch. Ophthalmol. 126 (6), 782–790 (2008).
51. Lafaut BA, Aisenbrey S, van Den Broecke C, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Heimann K. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy pattern in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation. Retina 20 (6), 650–654 (2000).
52. Ciardella AP, Donsoff IM, Huang SJ, Costa DL, Yannuzzi LA. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Surv. Ophthalmol. 49 (1), 25–37 (2004).
53. Cho M, Barbazetto IA, Freund KB. Refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 148 (1), 70.e1–78.e1 (2009).
54. Gerhardt H, Betsholtz C. Endothelial–pericyte interactions in angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 314 (1), 15–23 (2003).
55. 1/2 cells and their differentiation to a smooth muscle fate. J. Cell Biol. 141 (3), 805–814 (1998).
56. Sims DE. Diversity within pericytes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 27 (10), 842–846 (2000).
57. Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD. New model of tumor angiogenesis: dynamic balance between vessel regression and growth mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Oncogene 18 (38), 5356–5362 (1999).
58. Brown DM, Regillo CD. Anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: applying clinical trial results to the treatment of everyday patients. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 144 (4), 627–637 (2007).
59. Fung AE, Lalwani GA, Rosenfeld PJ et al. An optical coherence tomography-guided, variable dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143 (4), 566–583 (2007).
60. Shah GK, Sang DN, Hughes MS. Verteporfin combination regimens in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 29 (2), 133–148 (2009).
61. Augustin AJ, Puls S, Offermann I. Triple therapy for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration: verteporfin PDT, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone. Retina 27 (2), 133–140 (2007).
62. Clinicaltrials.gov. Reduced fluence visudyne–anti-VEGF–dexamethasone in combination for amd lesions (radical) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00492284
63. Clinicaltrials.gov. Efficacy/safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy and ranibizumab compared with ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00433017