Lifestyle Interventions and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 468-480

  Weber, Mary Beth ^a   Twombly, Jennifer G ^a   Venkat Narayan, K M ^b   Phillips, Lawrence S ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

lifestyle; prediabetes; prevention; type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990386604     PISSN: 15598276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1559827610375531     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Phillips LS Comment on: Buchanan (2007) (How) can we prevent type 2 diabetes?Diabetes. 56: 1502-1507. Diabetes. 2007; 56(10):e19.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005.
3. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Geiss LS, Saaddine JB, Thompson TJ Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: U.S., 2005-2050 Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(9):2114-2116.
4. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988-1994 and 2005-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(2):287-294.
5. International Diabetes Federation. The Diabetes Atlas, e-Atlas. http://www.eatlas.idf.org/Incidence/.
6. Kramer CK, Araneta MR, Barrett-Connor E. A1C and diabetes diagnosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(1):101-103.
7. El Bassuoni EA, Ziemer DC, Kolm P., et al. The “metabolic syndrome” is less useful than random plasma glucose to screen for glucose intolerance. Prim Care Diabetes. 2008; 2(3):147-153.
8. Ziemer DC, Kolm P., Foster JK, et al. Random plasma glucose in serendipitous screening for glucose intolerance: screening for impaired glucose tolerance study 2. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23(5):528-535.
9. Ziemer DC, Kolm P., Weintraub WS, et al. Age, BMI, and race are less important than random plasma glucose in identifying risk of glucose intolerance: the Screening for Impaired Glucose Tolerance Study (SIGT 5). Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):884-886.
10. Venkataraman R., Nanda NC, Baweja G., Parikh N., Bhatia V. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and related conditions in Asian Indians living in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94(7):977-980.
11. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5):1047-1053.
12. World Health Organization. Diabetes Fact Sheet Number 312. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/print.html. Accessed September 5, 2009.
13. Oster RT, Toth EL Differences in the prevalence of diabetes risk-factors among First Nation, Metis and non-Aboriginal adults attending screening clinics in rural Alberta, Canada. Rural Remote Health. 2009;9(2):1170.
14. Zorzi A., Wahi G., Macnab AJ, Panagiotopoulos C. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and the components of metabolic syndrome in Canadian Tsimshian Nation youth. Can J Rural Med. 2009; 14(2):61-67.
15. Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan S., Hoy WE, Wang Z., Shaw J. Quantifying the excess risk of type 2 diabetes by body habitus measurements among Australian aborigines living in remote areas. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(3):585-586.
16. The World Health Organization. Diabetes Facts and Figures: Level of Direct Worldwide, Country and Regional Data. http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/.
17. Katulanda P., Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, et al. Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Diabetes and Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS). Diabet Med. 2008; 25(9):1062-1069.
18. Qiao Q., Hu G., Tuomilehto J., et al. Age-and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 Asian cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(6):1770-1780.
19. Kim SM, Lee JS, Lee J., et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(2):226-231.
20. Glumer C., Jorgensen T., Borch-Johnsen K. Prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a Danish population: the Inter99 study. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(8):2335-2340.
21. Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(1):61-69.
22. Dunstan DW, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, et al. The rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(5):829-834.
23. Uusitupa M. Lifestyles matter in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(9):1650-1651.
24. Sullivan PW, Morrato EH, Ghushchyan V., Wyatt HR, Hill JO Obesity, inactivity, and the prevalence of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular comorbidities in the U.S., 2000-2002. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7):1599-1603.
25. Amati F., Dube JJ, Coen PM, Stefanovic-Racic M., Toledo FG, Goodpaster BH Physical inactivity and obesity underlie the insulin resistance of aging. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(8):1547-1549.
26. Schulz LO, Bennett PH, Ravussin E., et al. Effects of traditional and Western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(8):1866-1871.
27. Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Kinyoun JL, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance among second-generation Japanese-American men. Diabetes. 1987; 36(6):721-729.
28. Fujimoto WY, Hershon K., Kinyoun J., et al. Type II diabetes mellitus in Seattle and Tokyo. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1983; (141 suppl):133-139.
29. Yusuf S., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364(9438):937-952.
30. Retnakaran R., Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Sermer M., Zinman B. Ethnicity modifies the effect of obesity on insulin resistance in pregnancy: a comparison of Asian, South Asian, and Caucasian women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(1):93-97.
31. Raji A., Seely EW, Arky RA, Simonson DC Body fat distribution and insulin resistance in healthy Asian Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(11):5366-5371.
32. Raji A., Gerhard-Herman MD, Warren M., et al. Insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in nondiabetic Asian Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89(8):3965-3972.
33. Chandalia M., Lin P., Seenivasan T., et al. Insulin resistance and body fat distribution in South Asian men compared to Caucasian men. PLoS ONE. 2007; 2(8):e812.
34. Banerji MA, Faridi N., Atluri R., Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(1):137-144.
35. McKeigue PM, Shah B., Marmot MG Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet. 1991; 337(8738):382-386.
36. Mohan V., Deepa M., Deepa R., et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India-the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006; 49(6):1175-1178.
37. Mather HM, Chaturvedi N., Fuller JH. Mortality and morbidity from diabetes in South Asians and Europeans: 11-year follow-up of the Southall Diabetes Survey, London, UK. Diabet Med. 1998; 15(1):53-59.
38. Mukhopadhyay B., Forouhi NG, Fisher BM, Kesson CM, Sattar N. A comparison of glycaemic and metabolic control over time among South Asian and European patients with type 2 diabetes: results from follow-up in a routine diabetes clinic. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(1):94-98.
39. Snehalatha C., Viswanathan V., Ramachandran A. Cutoff values for normal anthropometric variables in Asian Indian adults. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1380-1384.
40. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Vazquez G., et al. BMI and diabetes risk in Singaporean Chinese. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(6):1104-1106.
41. Shepherd PR, Kahn BB Glucose transporters and insulin action-implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(4):248-257.
42. Fabbrini E., Magkos F., Mohammed BS, et al. Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106(36):15430-15435.
43. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004; 114(12):1752-1761.
44. Weyer C., Bogardus C., Mott DM, Pratley RE The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104(6):787-794.
45. Leahy JL Natural history of beta-cell dysfunction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13(9):992-1010.
46. Polonsky KS, Given BD, Hirsch LJ, et al. Abnormal patterns of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318(19):1231-1239.
47. Lang DA, Matthews DR, Burnett M., Turner RC Brief, irregular oscillations of basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations in diabetic man. Diabetes. 1981; 30(5):435-439.
48. Ward WK, LaCava EC, Paquette TL, Beard JC, Wallum BJ, Porte D. Jr. Disproportionate elevation of immunoreactive proinsulin in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and in experimental insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 1987; 30(9):698-702.
49. Butler AE, Janson J., Bonner-Weir S., Ritzel R., Rizza RA, Butler PC Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003; 52(1):102-110.
50. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R., Hanefeld M., Karasik A., Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet. 2002; 359(9323):2072-2077.
51. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S., Bosch J., et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006; 368(9541):1096-1105.
52. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E., Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403.
53. Festa A., D-Agostino R. Jr, Hanley AJ, Karter AJ, Saad MF, Haffner SM Differences in insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects with isolated impaired glucose tolerance or isolated impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes. 2004; 53(6):1549-1555.
54. Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(2):228-233.
55. Ramachandran A., Snehalatha C., Mary S., Mukesh B., Bhaskar AD, Vijay V. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006; 49(2):289-297.
56. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(4):537-544.
57. Lindstrom J., Louheranta A., Mannelin M., et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(12):3230-3236.
58. Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: the 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia. 1991; 34(12):891-898.
59. Yamaoka K., Tango T. Efficacy of lifestyle education to prevent type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(11):2780-2786.
60. Livingston EH Obesity and its surgical management. Am J Surg. 2002; 184(2):103-113.
61. Unwin N., Shaw J., Zimmet P., Alberti KG Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med. 2002; 19(9):708-723.
62. The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(4):623-634.
63. Lindstrom J., Ilanne-Parikka P., Peltonen M., et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet. 2006; 368(9548):1673-1679.
64. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009; 374(9702):1677-1686.
65. Li G., Zhang P., Wang J., et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008; 371(9626):1783-1789.
66. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Boyko EJ, et al. A reduced-fat diet and aerobic exercise in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance decreases intra-abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity but not beta-cell function. Diabetes. 2005; 54(2):340-347.
67. Wahl PW, Savage PJ, Psaty BM, Orchard TJ, Robbins JA, Tracy RP Diabetes in older adults: comparison of 1997 American Diabetes Association classification of diabetes mellitus with 1985 WHO classification. Lancet. 1998; 352(9133):1012-1015.
68. Uusitupa M., Lindi V., Louheranta A., Salopuro T., Lindstrom J., Tuomilehto J. Long-term improvement in insulin sensitivity by changing lifestyles of people with impaired glucose tolerance: 4-year results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes. 2003; 52(10):2532-2538.
69. Oldroyd JC, Unwin NC, White M., Mathers JC, Alberti KG Randomised controlled trial evaluating lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006; 72(2):117-127.
70. Herder C., Peltonen M., Koenig W., et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of lifestyle changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(3):433-442.
71. Hamalainen H., Ronnemaa T., Virtanen A., et al. Improved fibrinolysis by an intensive lifestyle intervention in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia. 2005; 48(11):2248-2253.
72. Payne WR, Walsh KJ, Harvey JT, et al. Effect of a low-resource-intensive lifestyle modification program incorporating gymnasium-based and home-based resistance training on type 2 diabetes risk in Australian adults. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(12):2244-2250.
73. Roumen C., Corpeleijn E., Feskens EJ, Mensink M., Saris WH, Blaak EE Impact of 3-year lifestyle intervention on postprandial glucose metabolism: the SLIM study. Diabet Med. 2008; 25(5):597-605.
74. Boltri JM, Davis-Smith YM, Seale JP, Shellenberger S., Okosun IS, Cornelius ME Diabetes prevention in a faith-based setting: results of translational research. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2008;14(1):29-32.
75. Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(12):4774-4779.
76. Li G., Hu Y., Yang W., et al. Effects of insulin resistance and insulin secretion on the efficacy of interventions to retard development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the DA Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002; 58(3):193-200.
77. Weber MB, Narayan KM Preventing type 2 diabetes: genes or lifestyle? Prim Care Diabetes. 2008; 2(2):65-66.
78. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2007. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(3):596-615.
79. Lindgren P., Lindstrom J., Tuomilehto J., et al. Lifestyle intervention to prevent diabetes in men and women with impaired glucose tolerance is cost-effective. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2007; 23(2):177-183.
80. Ramachandran A., Snehalatha C., Yamuna A., Mary S., Ping Z. Cost effectiveness of the interventions in the primary prevention of diabetes among Asian Indians: within trial results of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(10):2548-2552.
81. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Within-trial cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(9):2518-2523.
82. Ryden L., Standl E., Bartnik M., et al. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(1):88-136.
83. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 clinical practice summary for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes. 2003; 27(suppl 2).
84. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2007. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(suppl 1):S4-S41.
85. Alberti KG, Zimmet P., Shaw J. International Diabetes Federation: a consensus on type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabet Med. 2007; 24(5):451-463.
86. Araiza P., Hewes H., Gashetewa C., Vella CA, Burge MR Efficacy of a pedometer-based physical activity program on parameters of diabetes control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006; 55(10):1382-1387.
87. Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Tristan ML, Nathan DM Randomized controlled community-based nutrition and exercise intervention improves glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in rural Costa Rica. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(1):24-29.
88. Eriksson J., Tuominen J., Valle T., et al. Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Horm Metab Res. 1998; 30(1):37-41.
89. Mayer-Davis EJ, D-Antonio AM, Smith SM, et al. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(10):1736-1742.
90. Kim SH, Lee SJ, Kang ES, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2006; 55(8):1053-1059.
91. Agurs-Collins TD, Kumanyika SK, Ten Have TR, Adams-Campbell LL A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise for diabetes management in older African-American subjects. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(10):1503-1511.
92. Cramer JS, Sibley RF, Bartlett DP, Kahn LS, Loffredo L. An adaptation of the diabetes prevention program for use with high-risk, minority patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2007; 33(3):503-508.
93. Di Loreto C., Fanelli C., Lucidi P., et al. Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity on type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(6):1295-1302.
94. Ryan DH, Espeland MA, Foster GD, et al. Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24(5):610-628.
95. Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH, et al. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(4):713-722.
96. Gorin AA, Wing RR, Fava JL, et al. Weight loss treatment influences untreated spouses and the home environment: evidence of a ripple effect. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32(11):1678-1684.
97. Wadden TA, West DS, Delahanty L., et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14(5):737-752.
98. Balducci S., Zanuso S., Massarini M., et al. The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES): design and methods for a prospective Italian multicentre trial of intensive lifestyle intervention in people with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008; 18(9):585-595.
99. Avenell A., Broom J., Brown TJ, et al. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess. 2004; 8(21):iii-iv, 1-182.
100. Narayan KMV, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Williamson DF Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the U. S. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(6):1562-1566.
101. Thompson D., Edelsberg J., Colditz GA, Bird AP, Oster G. Lifetime health and economic
102. consequences of obesity. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159(18):2177-2183.
103. Ford ES, Williamson DF, Liu S. Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146(3):214-222.
104. Oster G., Thompson D., Edelsberg J., Bird AP, Colditz GA Lifetime health and economic benefits of weight loss among obese persons. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89(10):1536-1542.
105. Laaksonen DE, Lindstrom J., Lakka TA, et al. Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: the Finnish diabetes prevention study. Diabetes. 2005; 54(1):158-165.
106. Roumen C., Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E. Lifestyle intervention for prevention of diabetes: determinants of success for future implementation. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(3):132-146.
107. Fujimoto WY, Jablonski KA, Bray GA, et al. Body size and shape changes and the risk of diabetes in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes. 2007; 56(6):1680-1685.
108. Lindstrom J., Peltonen M., Eriksson JG, et al. High-fibre, low-fat diet predicts long-term weight loss and decreased type 2 diabetes risk: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetologia. 2006; 49(5):912-920.
109. Ziemer DC, Berkowitz KJ, Panayioto RM, et al. A simple meal plan emphasizing healthy food choices is as effective as an exchange-based meal plan for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(6):1719-1724.
110. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983; 51(3):390-395.
111. Lewis BA, Marcus BH, Pate RR, Dunn AL Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 23(2 suppl):26-35.
112. Delahanty LM, Conroy MB, Nathan DM Psychological predictors of physical activity in the diabetes prevention program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106(5):698-705.
113. Jonnalagadda SS, Diwan S. Health behaviors, chronic disease prevalence and self-rated health of older Asian Indian immigrants in the U.S. J Immigr Health. 2005; 7(2):75-83.
114. Gidding SS, Lichtenstein AH, Faith MS, et al. Implementing American Heart Association pediatric and adult nutrition guidelines: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2009; 119(8):1161-1175.
115. Bhopal RS The inter-relationship of folk, traditional and Western medicine within an Asian community in Britain. Soc Sci Med. 1986;22(1):99-105.
116. Pardhan S., Mahomed I. Knowledge, self-help and socioeconomic factors in South Asian and Caucasian diabetic patients. Eye. 2004; 18(5):509-513.
117. Malpass A., Andrews R., Turner KM Patients with type 2 diabetes experiences of making multiple lifestyle changes: a qualitative study. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(2):258-263.
118. Morrato EH, Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Ghushchyan V., Sullivan PW Physical activity in U.S. adults with diabetes and at risk for developing diabetes, 2003. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(2):203-209.
119. Praet SF, van Rooij ES, Wijtvliet A., et al. Brisk walking compared with an individualised medical fitness programme for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2008; 51(5):736-746.
120. Praet SF, van Loon LJ Exercise: the brittle cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetologia. 2008; 51(3):398-401.
121. King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF Group- vs home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women: a community-based clinical trial. JAMA. 1991;266(11):1535-1542.
122. Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Garcia ME, Kohl HW III, Blair SN Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999; 281(4):327-334.
123. Miyatake N., Nishikawa H., Morishita A., et al. Daily walking reduces visceral adipose tissue areas and improves insulin resistance in Japanese obese subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002; 58(2):101-107.
124. Lee IM, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is “no pain, no gain” passe? JAMA. 2001; 285(11):1447-1454.
125. Maeda K., Ohta T., Kawamura T., et al. Effect of body weight reduction on blood pressure and biochemical data. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1995; 42(8):534-541.
126. Ohta T., Kawamura T., Hatano K., et al. Effects of exercise on coronary risk factors in obese, middle-aged subjects. Jpn Circ J. 1990; 54(11):1459-1464.
127. Swartz AM, Strath SJ, Bassett DR, et al. Increasing daily walking improves glucose tolerance in overweight women. Prev Med. 2003; 37(4):356-362.
128. Yamanouchi K., Shinozaki T., Chikada K., et al. Daily walking combined with diet therapy is a useful means for obese NIDDM patients not only to reduce body weight but also to improve insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(6):775-778.
129. Sequeira MM, Rickenbach M., Wietlisbach V., Tullen B., Schutz Y. Physical activity assessment using a pedometer and its comparison with a questionnaire in a large population survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1995; 142(9):989-999.
130. Yates T., Davies M., Gorely T., Bull F., Khunti K. Effectiveness of a pragmatic education
131. program designed to promote walking activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(8):1404-1410.
132. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007; 116(5):572-584.
133. Brunner EJ, Mosdol A., Witte DR, et al. Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87(5):1414-1421.
134. Willett W., Manson J., Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(1): 274S-280S.
135. Garg A. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67 (3 suppl):577S-582S.
136. Liese AD, Nichols M., Sun X., D-Agostino RB Jr, Haffner SM Adherence to the DASH diet is inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(8):1434-1436.
137. Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(3):753-759.
138. Rhee MK, Herrick K., Ziemer DC, et al. Many Americans have prediabetes and should be considered for metformin therapy. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(1):49-54.