Terrorist events and attitudes toward immigrants: A natural experiment

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 118, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1199-1245

  Legewie, Joscha ^a  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877040063     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/669605     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Allen, Chris, and Jorgen S. Nielsen. 2002. "Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001." Technical report. EuropeanMonitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Vienna.
2. Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus.
3. Bar-Tal, Daniel, and Daniela Labin. 2001. "The Effect of a Major Event on Stereotyping: Terrorist Attacks in Israel and Israeli Adolescents' Perceptions of Palestinians, Jordanians and Arabs." European Journal of Social Psychology 31:265-80.
4. Bellisfield, Gwen. 1972. "White Attitudes toward Racial Integration and the Urban Riots of the 1960's." Public Opinion Quarterly 36:579-84.
5. Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a Theory ofMinority-Group Relations. NewYork:Capricorn.
6. Blumer, Herbert. 1958. "Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position." Pacific Sociological Review 1:3-7.
7. Bobo, Lawrence D. 1999. "Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations." Journal of Social Issues 55:445-72.
8. Bobo, Lawrence D., Camille Zubrinsky, James Johnson, and Melvin Oliver. 1994. "Public Opinion before and after a Spring of Discontent." Pp. 103-34 in The Los Angeles Riots: Lessons for the Urban Future, edited by Mark Baldassare. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
9. Bodenhausen, Galen V. 1993. "Emotions, Arousal, and Stereotypic Judgments: A Heuristic Model of Affect and Stereotyping." Pp. 3-37 in Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception, edited by Diane M. Mackie and David Lewis Hamilton. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
10. Boomgaarden, Hajo G., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2007. "Dramatic Real-World Events and Public Opinion Dynamics: Media Coverage and Its Impact on Public Reactions to an Assassination." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 19:354-66.
11. Boomgaarden, Hajo G., and Rens Vliegenthart. 2009. "HowNewsContent Influences Antiimmigration Attitudes: Germany, 1993-2005." European Journal of Political Research 48:516-42.
12. Ceobanu, Alin M., and Xavier Escandell. 2010. "Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration UsingMultinational Survey Data: A Review of Theories and Research." Annual Review of Sociology 36:309-28.
13. Diamond, Alexis, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. In press. "Genetic Matching for Estimating Causal Effects: A General Multivariate Matching Method for Achieving Balance in Observational Studies." Review of Economics and Statistics.
14. Dixon, Jeffrey C. 2006. "The Ties That Bind and Those That Don't: Toward Reconciling Group Threat and Contact Theories of Prejudice." Social Forces 84:2179-2204.
15. Earl, Jennifer, Andrew Martin, John D. McCarthy, and Sarah A. Soule. 2004. "The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action." Annual Review of Sociology 30:65-80.
16. Echebarria-Echabe, Agustin, and Emilia Fernández-Guede. 2006. "Effects of Terrorism on Attitudes and Ideological Orientation." European Journal of Social Psychology 36:259-65.
17. European Commission. 2004. "Eurobarometer 61, February-March 2004." Technical report. European Opinion Research Group EEIG, Brussels.
18. Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression andMultilevel/ Hierarchical Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Green, Donald P., Terence Y. Leong, Holger L. Kern, Alan S. Gerber, and Christopher W. Larimer. 2009. "Testing the Accuracy of Regression Discontinuity Analysis Using Experimental Benchmarks." Political Analysis 17:400-417.
20. Hitlan, Robert T., Kimberly Carrillo, Michael A. Zarate, and Shelley N. Aikman. 2007. "Attitudes toward Immigrant Groups and the September 11 Terrorist Attacks." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 13:135-52.
21. Hopkins, Daniel J. 2010. "Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition." American Political Science Review 104:40-60.
22. Human Rights Watch. 2002. "'We Are Not the Enemy': Hate Crimes against Arabs, Muslims, and Those Perceived to Be Arab or Muslim after September 11." United States Country Report 14 (6). http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/usahate/usa1102.pdf.
23. Imai, Kosuke, Gary King, and Elizabeth A. Stuart. 2008. "Misunderstandings between Experimentalists and Observationalists about Causal Inference." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, ser.A, 171:481-502.
24. Imbens, Guido, and Thomas Lemieux. 2008. "Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice." Journal of Econometrics 142:615-35.
25. Jacobs, Dirk, Yoann Veny, Louise Callier, Barbara Herman, and Aurelie Descamps. 2011. "The Impact of the Conflict in Gaza on Antisemitism in Belgium." Patterns of Prejudice 45:341-60.
26. Jowell, Roger. 2003. "European Social Survey, 2002/2003." Technical report. City University, London, Centre for Comparative Social Surveys.
27. Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2009. "Exploiting a Rare Communication Shift to Document the Persuasive Power of the News Media." American Journal of Political Science 53:394-410.
28. Little, Roderick J. A. 1992. "Regression with Missing X's: A Review." Journal of the American Statistical Association 87:1227-37.
29. Lopez-Rousseau, Alejandro. 2005. "Avoiding the Death Risk of Avoiding a Dread Risk: The Aftermath of March 11 in Spain." Psychological Science 16:426-28.
30. Meuleman, Bart, Eldad Davidov, and Jaak Billiet. 2009. "Changing Attitudes toward Immigration in Europe, 2002-2007: A Dynamic Group Conflict Theory Approach." Social Science Research 38:352-65.
31. Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. 2002. "Terror in America: Assessments of the Attacks and Their Impact in Germany." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 14:93-98.
32. Oliver, J. Eric, and Tali Mendelberg. 2000. "Reconsidering the Environmental eterminants ofWhite Racial Attitudes." American Journal of Political Science 44:574-89.
33. Perrin, Andrew J., and Sondra J. Smolek. 2009. "Who Trusts? Race, Gender, and the September 11 Rally Effect among Young Adults." Social Science Research 38:136-47.
34. Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1998. "Intergroup Contact Theory." Annual Review of Psychology 49:65-85.
35. Quillian, Lincoln. 1995. "Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe." American Sociological Review 60:586-611.
36. Rubin, Donald B. 2001. "Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation." Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 2:169-88.
37. Rubin, James, Chris R. Brewin, Neil Greenberg, John Simpson, and Simon Wessely. 2005. "Psychological and Behavioural Reactions to the Bombings in London on 7 July 2005: Cross Sectional Survey of a Representative Sample of Londoners." BMJ 331:606-11.
38. Savelkoul, Michael, Peer Scheepers, Jochem Tolsma, and Louk Hagendoorn. 2011. "Anti-Muslim Attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of Contradictory Hypotheses Derived from Ethnic Competition Theory and Intergroup Contact Theory." European Sociological Review 27:741-58.
39. Schlueter, Elmar, and Peer Scheepers. 2010. "The Relationship between Outgroup Size and Anti-outgroup Attitudes: A Theoretical Synthesis and Empirical Test of Group Threat- and Intergroup Contact Theory." Social Science Research 39:285-95.
40. Sekhon, Jasjeet S. 2011. "Multivariate and Propensity Score Matching Software with Automated Balance Optimization: The Matching Package for R." Journal of Statistical Software 42 (7): 1-52.
41. Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2006. "The Rise of Antiforeigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988-2000." American Sociological Review 71:426-49.
42. Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2008. "Foreigners' Impact on European Societies: Public Views and Perceptions in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49:5-29.
43. Shadish, William R., M. H. Clark, and Peter M. Steiner. 2008. "Can Nonrandomized Experiments Yield Accurate Answers? A Randomized Experiment Comparing Random and Nonrandom Assignments." Journal of the American Statistical Association 103: 1334-44.
44. Sigelman, Lee, and Susan Welch. 1993. "The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes." Social Forces 71:781-95.
45. Spilerman, Seymour, and Guy Stecklov. 2009. "Societal Responses to Terrorist Attacks." Annual Review of Sociology 35:176-89.
46. Stein, Robert M., Stephanie Shirley Post, and Allison L. Rinden. 2000. "Reconciling Context and Contact Effects on Racial Attitudes." Political Research Quarterly 53:285-303.
47. Stuart, Elizabeth A. 2010. "Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward." Statistical Science: Review Journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics 25:1-21.
48. Traugott, Michael, Ted Brader, Deborah Coral, Richard Curtin, David Featherman, Robert Groves, Martha Hill, James Jackson, Thomas Juster, Robert Kahn, Courtney Kennedy, Donald Kinder, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Matthew Shapiro, Mark Tessler, David Weir, and Robert Willis. 2002. "How Americans Responded: A Study of Public Reactions to 9/11/01." PS: Political Science and Politics 35:511-16.
49. Vandenberg, Robert J., and Charles E. Lance. 2000. "A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research." Organizational Research Methods 3:4-70.
50. Van der Brug, Wouter. 2001. "Perceptions, Opinions and Party Preferences in the Face of a Real World Event: Chernobyl as a Natural Experiment in Political Psychology." Journal of Theoretical Politics 13:53-80.
51. Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.