Blood-based immune-endocrine biomarkers of treatment response in depression

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 83, Issue , 2016, Pages 249-259

  Chan, Man K ^a   Cooper, Jason D ^a   Bot, Mariska ^b   Birkenhager, Tom K ^c   Bergink, Veerle ^c   Drexhage, Hemmo A ^c   Steiner, Johann ^d   Rothermundt, Matthias ^e   Penninx, Brenda W J H ^b   Bahn, Sabine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^d OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antidepressant treatment response; Biomarker; Blood based; Depression; SNRI; TCA

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN A4; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; ENDOGLIN; HYDROCORTISONE; IMIPRAMINE; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SCATTER FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 2; THROMBOPOIETIN; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; VENLAFAXINE; APOLIPOPROTEIN A; APOLIPOPROTEIN A-IV; CYTOKINE; ENG PROTEIN, HUMAN; SOMATOMEDIN B; TIMP1 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL PATIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; BLOOD; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; VERY ELDERLY;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; APOLIPOPROTEINS A; BIOMARKERS; COMPLEMENT C3; CYTOKINES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ENDOGLIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1;

EID: 84988975260     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.020     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Abou-Saleh, M.T., Ghubash, R., Karim, L., Krymski, M., Bhai, I., Hormonal aspects of postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:5 (1998), 465–475.
2. API, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed., 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA.
3. Arnold, S.E., Xie, S.X., Leung, Y.Y., Wang, L.S., Kling, M.A., Han, X., Kim, E.J., Wolk, D.A., Bennett, D.A., Chen-Plotkin, A., Grossman, M., Hu, W., Lee, V.M., Mackin, R.S., Trojanowski, J.Q., Wilson, R.S., Shaw, L.M., Plasma biomarkers of depressive symptoms in older adults. Transl. Psychiatry., 2, 2012, e65.
4. Bai, Y.M., Chiou, W.F., Su, T.P., Li, C.T., Chen, M.H., Pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with somatic and pain symptoms in depression. J. Affect Disord. 155 (2014), 28–34.
5. Barnett, V., Lewis, T., Outliers in Statistical Data. 1978, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
6. Baune, B.T., Neuhauser, H., Ellert, U., Berger, K., The role of the inflammatory markers ferritin, transferrin and fibrinogen in the relationship between major depression and cardiovascular disorders - The German Health Interview and Examination Survey. Acta Psychiatry Scand. 121:2 (2010), 135–142.
7. Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y., Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Royal Stat. Soc. Series B (Methodological) 57:1 (1995), 289–300.
8. Berk, M., Williams, L.J., Jacka, F.N., O'Neil, A., Pasco, J.A., Moylan, S., Allen, N.B., Stuart, A.L., Hayley, A.C., Byrne, M.L., Maes, M., So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC Med, 11, 2013, 200.
9. Bossuyt, P.M., Reitsma, J.B., Bruns, D.E., Gatsonis, C.A., Glasziou, P.P., Irwig, L.M., Lijmer, J.G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H.C., Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. The Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Group. Croat. Med. J. 44:5 (2003), 635–638.
10. Bot, M., Chan, M.K., Jansen, R., Lamers, F., Vogelzangs, N., Steiner, J., Leweke, F.M., Rothermundt, M., Cooper, J., Bahn, S., Penninx, B.W., Serum proteomic profiling of major depressive disorder. Transl. Psychiatry, 5, 2015, e599.
11. Carvalho, A.F., Rocha, D.Q., McIntyre, R.S., Mesquita, L.M., Kohler, C.A., Hyphantis, T.N., Sales, P.M., Machado-Vieira, R., Berk, M., Adipokines as emerging depression biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychiatry Res. 59 (2014), 28–37.
12. Cattaneo, A., Ferrari, C., Uher, R., Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Riva, M.A., Consortium, M.R.C.I., Pariante, C.M., Absolute measurements of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interleukin-1-beta mrna levels accurately predict treatment response in depressed patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2016, 10.1093/ijnp/pyw045 [Epub ahead of print].
13. Chan, M.K., Cooper, J.D., Bot, M., Steiner, J., Penninx, B.W., Bahn, S., Identification of an immune-neuroendocrine biomarker panel for detection of depression: a joint effects statistical approach. Neuroendocrinology, 2015, 10.1159/000442208.
14. Chan, M.K., Gottschalk, M.G., Haenisch, F., Tomasik, J., Ruland, T., Rahmoune, H., Guest, P.C., Bahn, S., Applications of blood-based protein biomarker strategies in the study of psychiatric disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 122 (2014), 45–72.
15. Chan, M.K., Krebs, M.O., Cox, D., Guest, P.C., Yolken, R.H., Rahmoune, H., Rothermundt, M., Steiner, J., Leweke, F.M., van Beveren, N.J., Niebuhr, D.W., Weber, N.S., Cowan, D.N., Suarez-Pinilla, P., Crespo-Facorro, B., Mam-Lam-Fook, C., Bourgin, J., Wenstrup, R.J., Kaldate, R.R., Cooper, J.D., Bahn, S., Development of a blood-based molecular biomarker test for identification of schizophrenia before disease onset. Transl. Psychiatry, 5, 2015, e601.
16. Cubala, W.J., Landowski, J., C-reactive protein and cortisol in drug-naive patients with short-illness-duration first episode major depressive disorder: possible role of cortisol immunomodulatory action at early stage of the disease. J. Affect Disord. 152-154 (2014), 534–537.
17. Deuschle, M., Blum, W.F., Strasburger, C.J., Schweiger, U., Weber, B., Korner, A., Standhardt, H., Gotthardt, U., Schmider, J., Pflaum, C.D., Heuser, I., Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plasma concentrations are increased in depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22:7 (1997), 493–503.
18. Dimopoulos, N., Piperi, C., Salonicioti, A., Mitsonis, C., Liappas, I., Lea, R.W., Kalofoutis, A., Elevation of plasma concentration of adhesion molecules in late-life depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 21:10 (2006), 965–971.
19. Ditzen, C., Tang, N., Jastorff, A.M., Teplytska, L., Yassouridis, A., Maccarrone, G., Uhr, M., Bronisch, T., Miller, C.A., Holsboer, F., Turck, C.W., Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for major depression confirm relevance of associated pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:4 (2012), 1013–1025.
20. Domenici, E., Wille, D.R., Tozzi, F., Prokopenko, I., Miller, S., McKeown, A., Brittain, C., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Turck, C.W., Holsboer, F., Bullmore, E.T., Middleton, L., Merlo-Pich, E., Alexander, R.C., Muglia, P., Plasma protein biomarkers for depression and schizophrenia by multi analyte profiling of case-control collections. PLoS One, 5(2), 2010, e9166.
21. Ejchel, T.F., Araujo, L.M., Ramos, L.R., Cendoroglo, M.S., de Arruda Cardoso Smith, M., Association of the apolipoprotein A-IV: 360 Gln/His polymorphism with cerebrovascular disease, obesity, and depression in a Brazilian elderly population. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 135B:1 (2005), 65–68.
22. Emanuele, E., Martinelli, V., Carlin, M.V., Fugazza, E., Barale, F., Politi, P., Serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) in patients with different psychiatric disorders. Neurosci. Lett. 487:1 (2011), 99–102.
23. Eskandari, F., Mistry, S., Martinez, P.E., Torvik, S., Kotila, C., Sebring, N., Drinkard, B.E., Levy, C., Reynolds, J.C., Csako, G., Gold, P.W., Horne, M., Cizza, G., Group, P.S., Younger, premenopausal women with major depressive disorder have more abdominal fat and increased serum levels of prothrombotic factors: implications for greater cardiovascular risk. Metabolism 54:7 (2005), 918–924.
24. Fava, M., Rush, A.J., Alpert, J.E., Balasubramani, G.K., Wisniewski, S.R., Carmin, C.N., Biggs, M.M., Zisook, S., Leuchter, A., Howland, R., Warden, D., Trivedi, M.H., Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:3 (2008), 342–351.
25. Gimenez-Palop, O., Coronas, R., Cobo, J., Gallart, L., Barbero, J.D., Parra, I., Fuste, G., Vendrell, J., Bueno, M., Gonzalez-Clemente, J.M., Caixas, A., Fasting plasma peptide YY concentrations are increased in patients with major depression who associate weight loss. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 35:7 (2012), 645–648.
26. Gold, P.W., Pavlatou, M.G., Carlson, P.J., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Costello, R., Bonne, O., Csako, G., Drevets, W.C., Remaley, A.T., Charney, D.S., Neumeister, A., Kling, M.A., Unmedicated, remitted patients with major depression have decreased serum immunoglobulin A. Neurosci. Lett. 520:1 (2012), 1–5.
27. Gorska-Ciebiada, M., Saryusz-Wolska, M., Borkowska, A., Ciebiada, M., Loba, J., Plasma levels of thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen in elderly, diabetic patients with depressive symptoms. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 28:5 (2016), 843–851.
28. Grosse, L., Carvalho, L.A., Birkenhager, T.K., Hoogendijk, W.J., Kushner, S.A., Drexhage, H.A., Bergink, V., Circulating cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells as potential predictors for antidepressant response in melancholic depression. Restoration of T regulatory cell populations after antidepressant therapy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 233:9 (2016), 1679–1688.
29. Haddad, P.M., Talbot, P.S., Anderson, I.M., McAllister-Williams, R.H., Managing inadequate antidepressant response in depressive illness. Br. Med. Bull. 115:1 (2015), 183–201.
30. Haenisch, F., Alsaif, M., Guest, P.C., Rahmoune, H., Dickerson, F., Yolken, R., Bahn, S., Multiplex immunoassay analysis of plasma shows prominent upregulation of growth factor activity pathways linked to GSK3beta signaling in bipolar patients. J. Affect Disord. 156 (2014), 139–143.
31. Hannestad, J., DellaGioia, N., Bloch, M., The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:12 (2011), 2452–2459.
32. Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., Hendriks, S.M., Licht, C.M., Nolen, W.A., Penninx, B.W., Beekman, A.T., Recurrence of major depressive disorder across different treatment settings: results from the NESDA study. J. Affect Disord. 147:1-3 (2013), 225–231.
33. Hashimoto, K., Inflammatory biomarkers as differential predictors of antidepressant response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16:4 (2015), 7796–7801.
34. Janssen, D.G., Caniato, R.N., Verster, J.C., Baune, B.T., A psychoneuroimmunological review on cytokines involved in antidepressant treatment response. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 25:3 (2010), 201–215.
35. Kaestner, F., Hettich, M., Peters, M., Sibrowski, W., Hetzel, G., Ponath, G., Arolt, V., Cassens, U., Rothermundt, M., Different activation patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression are associated with HPA axis activity. J. Affect Disord. 87:2-3 (2005), 305–311.
36. Karaoulanis, S.E., Rizouli, K.A., Rizoulis, A.A., Angelopoulos, N.V., Lack of association of acute phase response proteins with hormone levels and antidepressant medication in perimenopausal depression. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 2014, 164.
37. Karlovic, D., Serretti, A., Vrkic, N., Martinac, M., Marcinko, D., Serum concentrations of CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha and cortisol in major depressive disorder with melancholic or atypical features. Psychiatry Res. 198:1 (2012), 74–80.
38. Keitner, G.I., Ryan, C.E., Miller, I.W., Norman, W.H., Recovery and major depression: factors associated with twelve-month outcome. Am. J. Psychiatry 149:1 (1992), 93–99.
39. Lehto, S.M., Niskanen, L., Miettola, J., Tolmunen, T., Viinamaki, H., Mantyselka, P., Serum anti-inflammatory markers in general population subjects with elevated depressive symptoms. Neurosci. Lett. 484:3 (2010), 201–205.
40. Lesperance, F., Frasure-Smith, N., Theroux, P., Irwin, M., The association between major depression and levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Psychiatry 161:2 (2004), 271–277.
41. Leuchter, A.F., Cook, I.A., Hunter, A.M., Korb, A.S., A new paradigm for the prediction of antidepressant treatment response. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 11:4 (2009), 435–446.
42. Lu, S., Peng, H., Wang, L., Vasish, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, W., Wu, W., Liao, M., Wang, M., Tang, H., Li, W., Li, W., Li, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Li, L., Elevated specific peripheral cytokines found in major depressive disorder patients with childhood trauma exposure: a cytokine antibody array analysis. Compr. Psychiatry 54:7 (2013), 953–961.
43. Maes, M., Bosmans, E., De Jongh, R., Kenis, G., Vandoolaeghe, E., Neels, H., Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine 9:11 (1997), 853–858.
44. Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Bosmans, E., Vandewoude, M., Suy, E., Uyttenbroeck, W., Cooreman, W., Vandervorst, C., Raus, J., Disturbances in acute phase plasma proteins during melancholia: additional evidence for the presence of an inflammatory process during that illness. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 16:4 (1992), 501–515.
45. Maes, M., Song, C., Lin, A.H., Bonaccorso, S., Kenis, G., De Jongh, R., Bosmans, E., Scharpe, S., Negative immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants: inhibition of interferon-gamma and stimulation of interleukin-10 secretion. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:4 (1999), 370–379.
46. Mikoteit, T., Beck, J., Eckert, A., Hemmeter, U., Brand, S., Bischof, R., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Delini-Stula, A., High baseline BDNF serum levels and early psychopathological improvement are predictive of treatment outcome in major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 231:15 (2014), 2955–2965.
47. Miller, D.B., O'Callaghan, J.P., Personalized medicine in major depressive disorder – opportunities and pitfalls. Metabolism, 2013, S34–39 62 Suppl 1.
48. Mruk, D.D., Xiao, X., Lydka, M., Li, M.W., Bilinska, B., Cheng, C.Y., Intercellular adhesion molecule 1: recent findings and new concepts involved in mammalian spermatogenesis. Semin. Cell Dev. Bio. 29 (2014), 43–54.
49. Nassiri, F., Cusimano, M.D., Scheithauer, B.W., Rotondo, F., Fazio, A., Yousef, G.M., Syro, L.V., Kovacs, K., Lloyd, R.V., Endoglin (CD105): a review of its role in angiogenesis and tumor diagnosis, progression and therapy. Anticancer Res. 31:6 (2011), 2283–2290.
50. Neubauer, H., Petrak, F., Zahn, D., Pepinghege, F., Hagele, A.K., Pirkl, P.A., Uhl, I., Juckel, G., Mugge, A., Herpertz, S., Newly diagnosed depression is associated with increased beta-thromboglobulin levels and increased expression of platelet activation markers and platelet derived CD40-CD40L. J. Psychiatry Res. 47:7 (2013), 865–871.
51. NICE, Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition). Leicester (UK), 2010.
52. Okamura, F., Tashiro, A., Utumi, A., Imai, T., Suchi, T., Tamura, D., Sato, Y., Suzuki, S., Hongo, M., Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression: minimal model analysis. Metabolism 49:10 (2000), 1255–1260.
53. Olfson, M., Marcus, S.C., Tedeschi, M., Wan, G.J., Continuity of antidepressant treatment for adults with depression in the United States. Am. J. Psychiatry 163:1 (2006), 101–108.
54. Owens, M., Herbert, J., Jones, P.B., Sahakian, B.J., Wilkinson, P.O., Dunn, V.J., Croudace, T.J., Goodyer, I.M., Elevated morning cortisol is a stratified population-level biomarker for major depression in boys only with high depressive symptoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 111:9 (2014), 3638–3643.
55. Papakostas, G.I., Surrogate markers of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 15:6 (2012), 841–854.
56. Papakostas, G.I., Fava, M., Does the probability of receiving placebo influence clinical trial outcome? A meta-regression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials in MDD. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 19:1 (2009), 34–40.
57. Papakostas, G.I., Shelton, R.C., Kinrys, G., Henry, M.E., Bakow, B.R., Lipkin, S.H., Pi, B., Thurmond, L., Bilello, J.A., Assessment of a multi-assay, serum-based biological diagnostic test for major depressive disorder: a pilot and replication study. Mol. Psychiatry 18:3 (2013), 332–339.
58. Penninx, B.W., Beekman, A.T., Smit, J.H., Zitman, F.G., Nolen, W.A., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P., De Jong, P.J., Van Marwijk, H.W., Assendelft, W.J., Van Der Meer, K., Verhaak, P., Wensing, M., De Graaf, R., Hoogendijk, W.J., Ormel, J., Van Dyck, R., The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods. Int. J. Methods Psychiatry Res. 17:3 (2008), 121–140.
59. Phillips, M.L., Chase, H.W., Sheline, Y.I., Etkin, A., Almeida, J.R., Deckersbach, T., Trivedi, M.H., Identifying predictors, moderators, and mediators of antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: neuroimaging approaches. Am. J. Psychiatry 172:2 (2015), 124–138.
60. Powell, T.R., McGuffin, P., D'Souza, U.M., Cohen-Woods, S., Hosang, G.M., Martin, C., Matthews, K., Day, R.K., Farmer, A.E., Tansey, K.E., Schalkwyk, L.C., Putative transcriptomic biomarkers in the inflammatory cytokine pathway differentiate major depressive disorder patients from control subjects and bipolar disorder patients. PLoS One, 9(3), 2014, e91076.
61. RCoreTeam, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2013, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria http://www.R-project.org/.
62. Rhebergen, D., Korten, N.C., Penninx, B.W., Stek, M.L., van der Mast, R.C., Oude Voshaar, R., Comijs, H.C., Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in older persons with and without a depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51 (2015), 341–350.
63. Rothermundt, M., Arolt, V., Peters, M., Gutbrodt, H., Fenker, J., Kersting, A., Kirchner, H., Inflammatory markers in major depression and melancholia. J. Affect. Disord. 63:1-3 (2001), 93–102.
64. Rush, A.J., Gullion, C.M., Basco, M.R., Jarrett, R.B., Trivedi, M.H., The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): psychometric properties. Psychol. Med. 26:3 (1996), 477–486.
65. Rush, A.J., Warden, D., Wisniewski, S.R., Fava, M., Trivedi, M.H., Gaynes, B.N., Nierenberg, A.A., STAR*D: revising conventional wisdom. CNS Drugs 23:8 (2009), 627–647.
66. Russo, A.J., Decreased Serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in individuals with depression correlates with severity of disease. Biomark Insights 5 (2010), 63–67.
67. Seidel, A., Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A., Kirchner, H., Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression. Scand. J. Immunol. 41:6 (1995), 534–538.
68. Simic, I., Maric, N.P., Mitic, M., Soldatovic, I., Pavlovic, Z., Mihaljevic, M., Andric, S., Radojcic, M.B., Adzic, M., Phosphorylation of leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor in patients with current episode of major depressive disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 40 (2013), 281–285.
69. Simon, N.M., McNamara, K., Chow, C.W., Maser, R.S., Papakostas, G.I., Pollack, M.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Fava, M., Wong, K.K., A detailed examination of cytokine abnormalities in major depressive disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18:3 (2008), 230–233.
70. Stan, S., Delvin, E., Lambert, M., Seidman, E., Levy, E., Apo A-IV: an update on regulation and physiologic functions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1631:2 (2003), 177–187.
71. Stelzhammer, V., Haenisch, F., Chan, M.K., Cooper, J.D., Steiner, J., Steeb, H., Martins-de-Souza, D., Rahmoune, H., Guest, P.C., Bahn, S., Proteomic changes in serum of first onset, antidepressant drug-naive major depression patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17:10 (2014), 1599–1608.
72. Stetler, C., Miller, G.E., Depression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation: a quantitative summary of four decades of research. Psychosom. Med. 73:2 (2011), 114–126.
73. Suehs, B.T.A.T., Bendele, S.D., Crismon, M.L., Trivedi, M.H., Kurian, B., Texas Medication Algorithm Project Procedural Manual: Major Depressive Disorder Algorithms. 2008, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX.
74. Taylor, D., Paton, C., Kapur, S., The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry. 2015, Wiley.
75. Thomas, A.J., Ferrier, I.N., Kalaria, R.N., Woodward, S.A., Ballard, C., Oakley, A., Perry, R.H., O'Brien, J.T., Elevation in late-life depression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 157:10 (2000), 1682–1684.
76. Tsai, S.J., Hong, C.J., Liou, Y.J., Yu, Y.W., Chen, T.J., Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is associated with major depression and antidepressant treatment response. Pharmacogenet. Genom. 18:10 (2008), 869–875.
77. Udina, M., Castellvi, P., Moreno-Espana, J., Navines, R., Valdes, M., Forns, X., Langohr, K., Sola, R., Vieta, E., Martin-Santos, R., Interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 73:8 (2012), 1128–1138.
78. Uher, R., Tansey, K.E., Dew, T., Maier, W., Mors, O., Hauser, J., Dernovsek, M.Z., Henigsberg, N., Souery, D., Farmer, A., McGuffin, P., An inflammatory biomarker as a differential predictor of outcome of depression treatment with escitalopram and nortriptyline. Am. J. Psychiatry 171:12 (2014), 1278–1286.
79. UniProt, C, UniProt: a hub for protein information. Nucleic Acids Res. 43:Database issue (2015), D204–212.
80. Vermeiden, M., Mulder, P.G., van den Broek, W.W., Bruijn, J.A., Birkenhager, T.K., A double-blind randomized study comparing plasma level-targeted dose imipramine and high-dose venlafaxine in depressed inpatients. J. Psychiatry Res. 47:10 (2013), 1337–1342.
81. Weber-Hamann, B., Blum, W.F., Kratzsch, J., Gilles, M., Heuser, I., Deuschle, M., Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) serum concentrations in depressed patients: relationship to saliva cortisol and changes during antidepressant treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 42:1 (2009), 23–28.
82. Wong, M.L., Kling, M.A., Munson, P.J., Listwak, S., Licinio, J., Prolo, P., Karp, B., McCutcheon, I.E., Geracioti, T.D. Jr., DeBellis, M.D., Rice, K.C., Goldstein, D.S., Veldhuis, J.D., Chrousos, G.P., Oldfield, E.H., McCann, S.M., Gold, P.W., Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 97:1 (2000), 325–330.
83. Zhan, Y., Yang, Y.T., You, H.M., Cao, D., Liu, C.Y., Zhou, C.J., Wang, Z.Y., Bai, S.J., Mu, J., Wu, B., Zhan, Q.L., Xie, P., Plasma-based proteomics reveals lipid metabolic and immunoregulatory dysregulation in post-stroke depression. Eur. Psychiatry 29:5 (2014), 307–315.