Nonlethal predator effects on the turn-over of wild bird flocks

Scientific Reports

Volumn 6, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Voelkl, Bernhard ^a,b   Firth, Josh A ^a   Sheldon, Ben C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIRD; GEOGRAPHY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDATION; TIME FACTOR; UNITED KINGDOM; WILD ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; BIRDS; GEOGRAPHY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; TIME FACTORS; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84987941915     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep33476     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Pulliam, H. R. On the advantages of flocking. J. Theor. Biol. 38, 419-422 (1973).
2. Lima, S. L., Dill, L. M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zoo. 68, 619-640 (1990).
3. Krause, J. The relationship between foraging and shoal position in a mixed shoal of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus): a field study. Oecologia 93, 356-359 (1993).
4. Lack, D. The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers (Clarendon Press, 1954).
5. Lima, S. L. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 48, 25-34 (1998).
6. MacLeod, C. D., MacLeod, R., Learmonth, J. A., Cresswell, W., Pierce, G. J. Predicting population level risk effects of predation from the responses of individuals. Ecology 95, 2006-2015 (2014).
7. Cresswell, W. Predation in bird populations. J. Ornithol. 152, 251-263 (2011).
8. Peckarsky, B. L., Cowan, C. A., Penton, M. A., Anderson, C. Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74, 1836-1846 (1993).
9. Creel, S., Christianson, D. Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 194-201 (2008).
10. Preisser, E. L., Bolnick, D. I., Benard, M. F. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86, 501-509 (2005).
11. Creel, S., Winnie Jr, J., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K., Creel, M. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86, 3387-3397 (2005).
12. Hebblewhite, M. et al. Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86, 2135-2144 (2005).
13. Sih, A., McCarthy, T. M. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: Testing the risk allocation hypothesis. Anim. Behav. 63, 437-443 (2002).
14. Schmitz, O. J., Beckerman, A. P., O'Brien, K. M. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: Effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78, 1388-1399 (1997).
15. Fortin, D. et al. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86, 1320-1330 (2005).
16. Childress, M. J., Lung, M. A. Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: Does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? Anim. Behav. 66, 389-398 (2003).
17. Hogstad, O. Advantages of social foraging of Willow Tits Parus montanus. Ibis 130, 275-283 (1988).
18. Diaz, M. et al. The geography of fear: A latitudinal gradient in anti-predator escape distances of birds across Europe. Plos One 8, e64634 (2013).
19. Lima, S. L., Bednekoff, P. A. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am. Nat. 153, 649-659 (1999).
20. Winnie, J., Creel, S. Sex-specific behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal variation in the threat of wolf predation. Anim. Behav. 73, 215-225 (2007).
21. Hamilton, W. D. Geometry for the selfish herd. J. Theor. Biol. 31, 295-311 (1971).
22. Cresswell, W. Flocking is an effective anti-predation strategy in redshanks, Tringa totanus. Anim. Behav. 47, 433-442 (1994).
23. Ekman, J. Exposure and time use in willow tit flocks: the cost of subordination. Anim. Behav. 35, 445-452 (1987).
24. Elgar, M. A. Food intake rate and resource availability: Flocking decisions in house sparrows. Anim. Behav. 35, 1168-1176 (1987).
25. Whitefield, D. P. Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus affect the spacing behaviour of wintering Turnstone Arenaria interpres and Redshank Tringa tetanus. Ibis 130, 284-287 (1988).
26. Elgar, M. A. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence. Biol. Rev. 64, 13-33 (1989).
27. Beauchamp, G. The effect of group size on mean food intake rate in birds. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. 73, 449-472 (1998).
28. Cresswell, W. Age-dependent choice of redshank (Tringa totanus) feeding location: Profitability or risk? J. Anim. Ecol. 63, 589-600 (1994).
29. Heithaus, M. R., Dill, L. M. Food availability and tiger shark predation risk influence bottlenose dolphin habitat use. Ecology 83, 480-491 (2002).
30. van den Hout, P. J. et al. Interference from adults forces young red knots to forage for longer and in dangerous places. Anim. Behav. 88, 137-146 (2014).
31. Boukal, D. S., Berec, L., K?ivan, V. Does sex-selective predation stabilize or destabilize predator-prey dynamics? PLoS One 3, e2687 (2008).
32. Powolny, T., Bretagnolle, V., Aguilar, A., Eraud, C. Sex-related differences in the trade-off between foraging and vigilance in a granivorous forager. PLoS One 9, e101598 (2014).
33. Hill, R., Lee, P. Predation risk as an influence on group size in cercopithecoid primates: Implications for social structure. J. Zool. 245, 447-456 (1998).
34. Saitou, T. Ecological study of social organization in the great tit, Parus major L., 1: Basic structure of the winter flocks. Jap. J. Ecol. (1978).
35. Psorakis, I., Roberts, S. J., Rezek, I., Sheldon, B. C. Inferring social network structure in ecological systems from spatio-temporal data streams. J. R. Soc. Interface 9, 3055-3066 (2012).
36. Aplin, L., Farine, D., Morand-Ferron, J., Sheldon, B. Social networks predict patch discovery in a wild population of songbirds. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 279, 4199-4205 (2012).
37. Culina, A., Hinde, C. A., Sheldon, B. C. Trading up: The fitness consequences of divorce in monogamous birds. Biol. Rev. 90, 1015-1034 (2015).
38. Perrins, C. M. British tits (Harper Collins, 1979).
39. Aplin, L. et al. Individual personalities predict social behaviour in wild networks of great tits (Parus major). Ecol. Lett. 16, 1365-1372 (2013).
40. Gentle, L. K., Gosler, A. G. Fat reserves and perceived predation risk in the great tit, Parus major. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 268, 487-491 (2001).
41. Lilliendahl, K. The effect of predator presence on body mass in captive greenfinches. Anim. Behav. 53, 75-81 (1997).
42. Newton, I. The sparrowhawk (Poyser, 1986).
43. Vedder, O., Bouwhuis, S., Sheldon, B. C. The contribution of an avian top predator to selection in prey species. J. Anim. Ecol. 83, 99-106 (2014).
44. Hinde, R. A. The behaviour of the great tit (Parus major) and some other related species. Behaviour, Supplement II 1-201 (1952).
45. Morse, D. H. Ecological aspects of some mixed-species foraging flocks of birds. Ecol. Monogr. 40, 119-168 (1970).
46. Psorakis, I. et al. Inferring Social Structure from Temporal Data. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 69, 857-866 (2015).
47. Whitehead, H., Dufault, S. Techniques for analyzing vertebrate social structure using identified individuals: Review and recommendations. Adv. Study Behav. 28, 33-74 (1999).
48. Core-Team, R. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014).
49. Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Software 67, 1-48 (2015).
50. Szekely, T., Szep, T., Juhasz, T. Mixed species flocking of tits (Parus spp.): A field experiment. Oecologia 78, 490-495 (1989).
51. Farine, D. R. et al. The role of social and ecological processes in structuring animal populations: a case study from automated tracking of wild birds. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2, 150057 (2015).
52. Broom, M., Voelkl, B. Two measures of effective population size for graphs. Evolution 66, 1613-1623 (2012).
53. Firth, J. A., Voelkl, B., Farine, D. R., Sheldon, B. C. Experimental Evidence that Social Relationships Determine Individual Foraging Behavior. Curr. Biol. 25, 3138-3143 (2015).
54. Firth, J. A., Sheldon, B. C. Experimental manipulation of avian social structure reveals segregation is carried over across contexts. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 282, 20142350 (2015).
55. Aplin, L. M. et al. Experimental induced innovations lead to persistent culture via conformity in birds. Nature 518, 538-541 (2015).
56. Suhonen, J. Predation risk influences the use of foraging sites by tits. Ecology 74, 1197-1203 (1993).
57. Morse, D. H. Interactions between tit flocks and sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus. Ibis 115, 591-593 (1973).
58. Pettersson, L. B., Bronmark, C. Trading off safety against food: state dependent habitat choice and foraging in crucian carp. Oecologia 95, 353-357 (1993).
59. Quinn, J., Cole, E., Bates, J., Payne, R., Cresswell, W. Personality predicts individual responsiveness to the risks of starvation and predation. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. 279, 1168-1175 (2011).
60. Lima, S. L., Valone, T. J. Predators and avian community organization: An experiment in a semi-desert grassland. Oecologia 86, 105-112 (1991).
61. Cresswell, W. Non-lethal effects of predation in birds. Ibis 150, 3-17 (2008).
62. Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., Gurung, M. The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J. Mammal. 80, 385-399 (1999).
63. Croft, D. P., Botham, M. S., Krause, J. Is sexual segregation in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, consistentwith the predation risk hypothesis? Environ. Biol. Fish. 71, 127-133 (2004).
64. Kenyon, J. K., Smith, B. D., Butler, R. W. Can redistribution of breeding colonies on a landscape mitigate changing predation danger? J. Avian Biol. 38, 541-551 (2007).
65. Hogstad, O. Do avian and mammalian nest predators select for different nest dispersion patterns of Fieldfares Turdus pilaris? A 15?year study. Ibis 137, 484-489 (1995).
66. Wiklund, C. G., Andersson, M. Natural selection of colony size in a passerine bird. Journal of Anim. Ecol. 63, 765-774 (1994).
67. Caro, T. Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals (University of Chicago Press, 2005).