Relationships between direct predation and risk effects

Trends in Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 194-201

  Creel, Scott ^a   Christianson, David ^a  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; FOOD LIMITATION; FOOD SUPPLY; PREDATION RISK; REPRODUCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FOOD CHAIN; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATION; SAFETY;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FOOD CHAIN; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; SAFETY;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 40849137417     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Peckarsky B.L., et al. Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74 (1993) 1836-1846
2. Boonstra R., et al. The impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecol. Monogr. 68 (1998) 371-394
3. Tollrian R., and Harvell C.D. The evolution of inducible defenses: current ideas. In: Tollrian R., and Harvell C.D. (Eds). The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses (1999), Princeton University Press 306-321
4. Lima S.L. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 48 (1998) 25-34
5. Anholt B.R., and Werner E.E. Density-dependent consequences of induced behavior. In: Tollrian R., and Harvell C.D. (Eds). The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses (1999), Princeton University Press 218-230
6. Creel S., et al. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86 (2005) 3387-3397
7. Hebblewhite M., et al. Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86 (2005) 2135-2144
8. Childress M.J., and Lung M.A. Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?. Anim. Behav. 66 (2003) 389-398
9. Armitage K.B. Badger predation on yellow-bellied marmots. Am. Midl. Nat. 151 (2004) 378-387
10. Lima S.L., and Bednekoff P.A. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am. Nat. 153 (1999) 649-659
11. Winnie Jr. J., and Creel S. Sex-specific behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal variation in the threat of wolf predation. Anim. Behav. 73 (2007) 215-225
12. Boesch C. The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees. Behaviour 117 (1991) 220-242
13. Barta Z., et al. The effects of predation risk on the use of social foraging tactics. Anim. Behav. 67 (2004) 301-308
14. Sih A., and McCarthy T.M. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis. Anim. Behav. 63 (2002) 437-443
15. Schmitz O.J., et al. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78 (1997) 1388-1399
16. Fortin D., et al. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86 (2005) 1320-1330
17. Winnie Jr. J., et al. Elk decision-making rules are simplified in the presence of wolves. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61 (2006) 277-289
18. Pangle K.L., et al. Large nonlethal effects of an invasive invertebrate predator on zooplankton population growth rate. Ecology 88 (2007) 402-412
19. Creel S., et al. Predation risk affects reproductive physiology and demography of elk. Science 315 (2007) 960
20. Ruxton G.D. Predator-induced breeding suppression and its consequences for predator-prey population dynamics. Proc. Biol. Sci. 264 (1997) 409-415
21. Nelson E.H., et al. Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior. Ecology 85 (2004) 1853-1858
22. Preisser E.L., et al. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86 (2005) 501-509
23. Eberhardt L.L., et al. Assessing the impact of wolves on ungulate prey. Ecol. Appl. 13 (2003) 776-783
24. White P.J., and Garrott R.A. Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves-expectations, realizations, and predictions. Biol. Cons. 125 (2005) 141-152
25. Varley N., and Boyce M.S. Adaptive management for reintroductions: updating a wolf recovery model for Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Model. 193 (2006) 315-339
26. Bolker B., et al. Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions. Ecology 84 (2003) 1101-1114
27. Werner E.E., and Peacor S.D. A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84 (2003) 1083-1100
28. Luttbeg B., et al. Prey state and experimental design affect relative size of trait- and density-mediated indirect effects. Ecology 84 (2003) 1140-1150
29. Dill L.M., et al. Behaviorally mediated indirect interactions in marine communities and their conservation implications. Ecology 84 (2003) 1151-1157
30. McNamara J.M., and Houston A.I. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology 68 (1987) 1515-1519
31. Pulliam H.R. On the advantages of flocking. J. Theor. Biol. 38 (1973) 419-422
32. Caro T. Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals (2005), University of Chicago Press
33. Creel S., and Winnie Jr. J.A. Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves. Anim. Behav. 69 (2005) 1181-1189
34. Werner E.E., et al. An experimental test of the effects of predation risk on habitat use in fish. Ecology 64 (1983) 1540-1548
35. Karels T.J., et al. The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of arctic ground squirrels. J. Anim. Ecol. 69 (2000) 235-247
36. Byrom A.E., et al. Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest. Can. J. Zool. 78 (2000) 1309-1319
37. Smith D.W., et al. Winter prey selection and estimation of wolf kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1995-2000. J. Wildl. Manag. 68 (2004) 153-166
38. Krebs C.J., et al. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269 (1995) 1112-1115
39. Volterra, V. (1926) Variations and fluctuations of the numbers of individuals in animal species living together. Mem. R. Accad. Naz. dei Lincei (translated in Chapman, R. [1931] Animal Ecology, McGraw-Hill)
40. Abrams P.A., and Ginzburg L.R. The nature of predation: prey dependent, ratio dependent or neither?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15 (2000) 337-341
41. Eberhardt L.L. Reply: predator-prey ratio dependence and regulation of moose populations. Can. J. Zool. 78 (2000) 511-513
42. Hayes R.D., and Harestad A.S. Wolf functional response and regulation of moose in the Yukon. Can. J. Zool. 78 (2000) 60-66
43. Messier F., and Joly D.O. Comment: regulation of moose populations by wolf predation. Can. J. Zool. 78 (2000) 506-510
44. Abrams P.A., and Matsuda H. Prey adaptation as a cause of predator-prey cycles. Evolution Int. J. Org. Evolution 51 (1997) 1742-1750
45. Ives A.R., and Dobson A.P. Antipredator behavior and the population dynamics of simple predator-prey systems. Am. Nat. 130 (1987) 431-447
46. Luttbeg B., and Schmitz O.J. Predator and prey models with flexible individual behavior and imperfect information. Am. Nat. 155 (2000) 669-683
47. Boyce M.S. Anticipating consequences of wolves in Yellowstone: model validation. In: Carbyn L.C., et al. (Ed). Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World (1995), Canadian Circumpolar Institute 199-209
48. Hamlin K.L. Montana Elk Management Plan (2004), Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
49. Schwartz C.C., et al. Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildl. Monogr. 161 (2006) 1-68