Decline of siliceous sponges and spicule miniaturization induced by marine productivity collapse and expanding anoxia during the permian-triassic crisis in South China

Palaios

Volumn 28, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 664-679

  Liu, Guichun ^a,b   Feng, Qinglai ^a   Shen, Jun ^a   Yu, Jianxin ^a   He, Weihong ^a   Algeo, Thomas J ^a,c  

^a CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^b Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ANOXIA; DEEP WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; SHALLOW WATER; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPICULE; SPONGE; SURVIVAL;

EID: 84987624271     PISSN: 08831351     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2110/palo.2013.p13-035r     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. AHLBACH, W.J., and MCCARTNEY, K., 1992, Siliceous sponge spicules from site 748: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 120, p. 833-837.
2. ALGEO, T.J., ELLWOOD, B.B., NGUYEN, T.K.T., ROWE, H., and MAYNARD, J.B., 2007, The Permian-Triassic boundary at Nhi Tao, Vietnam: Evidence for recurrent influx of sulfidic watermasses to a shallow-marine carbonate platform: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 304-327.
3. ALGEO, T.J., HINNOV, L.,MOSER, J.,MAYNARD, J.B., ELSWICK, E., KUWAHARA, K., and SANO, H., 2010, Changes in productivity and redox conditions in the Panthalassic Ocean during the latest Permian: Geology, v. 38, p. 187-190.
4. ALGEO, T.J., KUWAHARA, K., SANO, H., BATES, S., LYONS, T., ELSWICK, E., HINNOV, L.,ELLWOOD, B.,MOSER, J., and MAYNARD, J.B., 2011, Spatial variation in sediment fluxes, redox conditions, and productivity in the Permian-Triassic Panthalassic Ocean: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 308, p. 65-83.
5. ALGEO, T.J., HENDERSON, C.M., ELLWOOD, B., ROWE, H., ELSWICK, E., BATES, S., LYONS, T., HOWER, J.C., SMITH, C., MAYNARD, J.B., HAYS, L.E., SUMMONS, R.E., FULTON, J., and FREEMAN, K.H., 2012, Evidence for a diachronous late Permian marine crisis from the Canadian Arctic region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, p. 1424-1448.
6. ALGEO, T.J., HENDERSON, C.M., TONG, J.-N., FENG, Q.-L., YIN, H.-F., and TYSON, R., 2013, Plankton and productivity during the Permian-Triassic boundary crisis: An analysis of organic carbon fluxes: Global and Planetary Change, v. 105, p. 52-67.
7. ALLMON,W.D., 2003, Boundaries, turnover, and the causes of evolutionary change: A perspective from the Cenozoic, in Prothero, D.R., Ivany, L.C., and Nesbitt, E.A., eds., From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition: Columbia University Press, p. 511-521.
8. ALLMON, W.D., JONES, D.S., and VAUGHN, N., 1992, Observations on the biology of Turritella gonostoma Valenciennes from the Gulf of California: Veliger, v. 35, p. 52-63.
9. ALROY, J., 2010, The shifting balance of diversity among major marine animal groups: Science, v. 329, p. 1191-1194.
10. ARCHER, D., LYLE, M., RODGERS, K., and FROELICH, P., 1993, What controls opal reservation in tropical deep-sea sediments?: Paleoceanography, v. 8, p. 7-21.
11. BARTHEL, D., 1986, On the ecophysiology of the sponge Halichondriapanicea in Kiel Bigh. 1. Substrate specificity, growth and reproduction: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 32, p. 291-298.
12. BAVESTRELLO, G., BONITO, M., and SARÀ, M., 1993, Influence of depth on the size of sponge spicules: Scientia Marina, v. 57, no. 4, p. 415-420.
13. BEAUCHAMP, B., and BAUD, A., 2002, Growth and demise of Permian biogenic chert along northwest Pangea: Evidence for end-Permian collapse of thermohaline circulation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 184, p. 37-63.
14. BEAUCHAMP, B., and DESROCHERS, A., 1997, Permian warm to very cold carbonates and cherts in northwest Pangea, in James, N.P., and Clarke, J., eds., Cool Water Carbonates: Society of Economic Geologists and Paleontologists, Special Publication 56, p. 327-347.
15. BELL, J.J., BARNES, D.K.A., and TURNER, J.R., 2002, The importance of micro and macro morphological variation in the adaptation of a sublittoral demosponge to current extremes: Marine Biology, v. 140, p. 75-81.
16. BERGQUIST, P.R., 1998, Porifera, in Anderson, D.T., ed., Invertebrate Zoology: Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, p. 10-27.
17. BERGQUIST, P.R., 2001, Porifera (Sponges), in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences: John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 1-4.
18. BIBILONI, M.A., URIZ, M.J., and GILI, J.M., 1989, Sponge communities in three submarine caves of the Balaeric Islands (western Mediterranean): Adaptations and faunistic composition: Pubblicazione della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, v. 10, no. 4, p. 317-334.
19. BOND, D.P.G., and WIGNALL, P.B., 2010, Pyrite framboid study of marine Permian-Triassic boundary sections: A complex anoxic event and its relationship to contemporaneous mass extinction: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1265-1279.
20. BRAYARD, A., NUTZEL, A., STEPHEN, D.A., BYLUND, K.G., JENKS, J., and BUCHER, H., 2010, Gastropod evidence against the Early Triassic Lilliput effect: Geology, v. 38. p. 147-150.
21. BU, J.-J., WU, S.-B., ZHANG, H., MENG, Y.-Y., ZHANG, F., and ZHANG, L.-Y., 2006, Permian-Triassic cephalopods from Dongpan Section, Guangxi, and its geological significance: Geological Science and Technology Information (Di Zhi Ke Ji Qing Bao), v. 4, p. 47-51 (in Chinese with English abstract).
22. BURNS, E., and ILAN, M., 2003, Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. II. Physical defense: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 252, p. 115-123.
23. BUTLER, P.E., 1961, Morphologic classification of sponge spicules, with descriptions of siliceous spicules from the Lower Ordovician Bellefonte dolomite in central Pennsylvania: Journal of Paleontology, v. 35, p. 191-200.
24. CAO, C.-Q., LOVE, G.D., HAYS, L.E., WANG, W., SHEN, S.-Z., and SUMMONS, R.E., 2009, Biogeochemical evidence for euxinic oceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end-Permian mass extinction event: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 281, p. 188-201.
25. CHEN, L., WANG, Y., XIE, S., KERSHAW, S., DONG, M., YANG, H., LIU, H., and ALGEO, T.J., 2011, Molecular records of microbialites following the end-Permian mass extinction in Chongyang, Hubei Province, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 308, p. 151-159.
26. CHEN, Z.-Q., and MCnAMARA, K.L., 2006, End-Permian extinction and subsequent recovery of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 236, p. 321-344.
27. CHEN, Z.-Q., KAIHO, K., and GEORGE, A.D., 2005, Survival strategies of brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 224, p. 232-269.
28. CHEN, Z.-Q., SHI, G.-R., YANG, F.-Q., GAO, Y.-Q., TONG, J., and PENG, Y.-Q., 2006, An ecologically mixed brachiopod fauna from Changhsingian deep-water basin of South China: Consequence of end-Permian global warming: Lethaia, v. 39, p. 79-90.
29. CHEN, Z.-Q., TONG, J., ZHANG, K., YANG, H., LIAO, Z., SONG, H., and CHEN, J., 2009, Environmental and biotic turnover across the Permian-Triassic boundary on a shallow carbonate platform in western Zhejiang, South China: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences: An International Geoscience Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, v. 56, p. 775-797.
30. CHEN, Z.-Q., TONG, J., LIAO, Z.-T., and CHEN, J., 2010, Structural changes of marine communities over the Permian-Triassic transition: Ecologically assessing the end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath: Global and Planetary Change, v. 73, p. 123-140.
31. CLAPHAM, M.E., and PAYNE, J.L., 2011, Acidification, anoxia, and extinction: A multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the middle and late Permian: Geology, v. 39, p. 1059-1062.
32. CROCE, G., FRACHE, A., MILANESIO, M., MARCHESE, L., CAUSA, M., VITERBO, D., BARBAGLIA, A., BOLIS, V., BAVESTRELLO, G., CERRANO, C., BENATTI, U., POZZOLINI, M., GIOVINE, M., and AMENITSCH, H., 2004, Structural characterization of siliceous spicules from marine sponges: Biophysical Journal, v. 86, p. 526-534.
33. DE WIT, M.J., GHOSH, J.G., DE VILLIERS, S., RAKOTOSOLOFO, N., ALEXANDER, J., TRIPATHI, A., and LOOY, C., 2002, Multiple organic carbon isotope reversals across the Permo-Triassic boundary of terrestrial Gondwana sequences: Clues to extinction patterns and delayed ecosystem recovery: Journal of Geology, v. 110, p. 227-240.
34. DIXIT, S., VAN CAPPELLEN, P., and VAN BENNEKOM, A.J., 2001, Processes controlling solubility of biogenic silica and pore water build-up of silicic acid in marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 73, p. 333-352.
35. DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., and RAMOVS, A., 2001, The Permian-Triassic boundary in western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): Magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations: Chemical Geology, v. 175, p. 175-190.
36. DONG, X., and KNOLL, A.H., 1996, Middle and late Cambrian sponge spicules from Hunan, China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 70, p. 173-184.
37. DYMOND, J., SUESS, E., and LYLE, M., 1992, Barium in deep-sea sediment: A proxy for paleoproductivity: Paleoceanography, v. 7, p. 163-181.
38. EHRLICH, H., 2011, Silica biomineralization, sponges, in Reitner, J., and Thiel, V., eds., Encyclopedia of Geobiology: Springer, Dordrecht, p. 796-808.
39. ELDERFIELD, H., and GREAVES, M.J., 1982, The rare earth elements in seawater: Nature, v. 296, p. 214-219.
40. ELVIN, D., 1971, Growth rates of the siliceous spicules of the fresh-water sponge Ephydatia muelleri (Lieberkühn): Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, v. 90, no. 2, p. 219-224.
41. EZAKI, Y., KAWAMURA, T., and NAKAMURA, K., 1994, Kapp Starostin Formation in Spitsbergen: A sedimentary and faunal record of late Permian palaeoenvironments in an Arctic region, in Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D.J., eds., Pangea: Global Environments and Resources: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17, p. 647-655.
42. FENG, Q.-L., HE, W.-H., GU, S.-Z., MENG, Y.-Y., JIN, Y.-X., and ZHANG, F., 2007, Radiolarian evolution during the latest Permian in South China: Global and Planetary Change, v. 55, p. 177-192.
43. FINKS, R.M., 1960, Late Paleozoic sponge faunas of the Texas region: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 120, 160 p.
44. FINKS, R.M., 2010, Hypercalcified demosponges and the end-Permian extinction: Global and Planetary Change, v. 73, p. 141-148.
45. FLÜGEL, E., and REINHARDT, J., 1989, Uppermost Permian reefs in Skyros (Greece) and Sichuan (China): Implications for the late Permian extinction event: PALAIOS, v. 4, p. 502-518.
46. FRAISER, M.L., and BOTTJER, D.J., 2007, Elevated atmospheric CO2 and the delayed biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 164-175.
47. FRAISER, M.L., TWITCHETT, R.J., and BOTTJER, D.J., 2005, Unique microgastropod biofacies in the Early Triassic: Indicator of long-term biotic stress and the pattern of biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Comptes Rendus Palevol, v. 4, p. 543-552.
48. FRØHLICH, H., and BARTHEL, D., 1997, Silica uptake of the marine sponge Halichondria panicea in Kiel Bight: Marine Biology, v. 128, p. 115-125.
49. GATES, L.M., JAMES, N.P., and BEAUCHAMP, B., 2004, A glass ramp: Shallow-water Permian spiculitic chert sedimentation, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 168, p. 125-147.
50. GIRARD, C., and RENAUD, S., 1996, Size variations in conodonts in response to the upper Kellwasser crisis (Upper Devonian of the Montagne Noire, France): Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, v. 323, p. 435-442.
51. GOODWIN, C., RODOLFO-METALPA, R., PICTON, B., and HALL-SPENCER, J.M., 2013, Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities: Marine Ecology, doi: 10.1111/maec.12093, p. 1-9.
52. GRICE, K., CAO, C.Q., LOVE, G.D., BÖTTCHER, M.E., TWITCHETT, R.J., GROSJEAN, E., SUMMONS, R.E., TURGEON, S.C., DUNNING, W., and JIN, Y.G., 2005, Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event: Science, v. 307, p. 706-709.
53. HALLAM, A., 1965, Environmental causes of stunting in living and fossil marine benthonic invertebrates: Palaeontology, v. 8, p. 132-155.
54. HARRIES, P.J., and KNORR, P.O., 2009, What does the "Lilliput Effect" mean?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 284, p. 4-10.
55. HE, W.-H., SHEN, S.-Z., FENG, Q.-L., and GU, S.-Z., 2005, A late Changhsingian (late Permian) deepwater brachiopod fauna from the Talung Formation at the Dongpan section, southern Guangxi, South China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 79, p. 927-938.
56. HE, W.-H., SHI, G.-R., FENG, Q.-L., CAMPI, M.J., GU, S.-Z., BU, J.-J., PENG, Y.-Q., and MENG, Y.-Y., 2007a, Brachiopod miniaturization and its possible causes during the Permian-Triassic crisis in deep water environments, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 145-163.
57. HE, W.-H., FENG, Q.-L., WELDON, E., GU, S.-Z., MENG, Y.Y., ZHANG, F., and WU, S.-B., 2007b, A late Permian to Early Triassic bivalve fauna from the Dongpan section, Southern Guangxi, South China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 1009-1019.
58. HE,W.-H., TWITCHETT, R., ZHANG, Y., SHI, G., FENG, Q.-L., YU, J.-X.,WU, S.-B., and PENG, X.-F., 2010, Controls on body size during the late Permian mass extinction event: Geobiology, v. 8, no. 5, p. 391-402.
59. HOLLIS, C.J., 2002, Biostratigraphy and paleoceanographic significance of Paleocene radiolarians from offshore eastern New Zealand: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 16, p. 265-316.
60. HOOPER, J.N.A., 1991, Revision of the family Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species: Invertebrate Taxonomy, v. 5, p. 1179-1418.
61. HUANG, B., HARPER, D.A.T., ZHAN, R., and RONG, J., 2010, Can the Lilliput Effect be detected in the brachiopod faunas of South China following the terminal Ordovician mass extinction?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 285, p. 277-286.
62. ISOZAKI, Y., 1997, Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: Records from lost deep sea: Science, v. 276, p. 235-238.
63. ISOZAKI, Y., SHIMIZU, N., YAO, J.-X., JI, Z.-S., and MATSUDA, T., 2007, End-Permian extinction and volcanism-induced environmental stress: The Permian-Triassic boundary interval of lower-slope facies at Chaotian, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 218-238.
64. JEFFERY, C.H., 2001, Heart urchins at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: A tale of two clades: Paleobiology, v. 27, p. 140-158.
65. JIN, Y.-G., WANG, Y., WANG, W., SHANG, Q.-H., CAO, C.-Q., and ERWIN, D.H., 2000, Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian Triassic boundary in South China: Science, v. 289, p. 432-436.
66. JIN, Y.-X., FENG, Q.-L., MENG, Y.-Y., HE, W.-H., and GU, S.-Z., 2007, Albaillellidae (Radiolaria) from the latest Permian in southern Guangxi, China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 81, p. 9-18.
67. JOACHIMSKI,M.M., LAI, X.-L., SHEN, S.-Z., JIANG, H.-S., LUO, G.-M., CHEN, B., CHEN, J., and SUN, Y.-D., 2012, Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: Geology, v. 40, p. 195-198.
68. JONES, A.C., BLUM, J.E., and PAWLIK, J.R., 2005, Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules?: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 322, p. 67-81.
69. JONES, D.S., ARTHUR, M.A., and ALLARD, D.J., 1989, Sclerochronological records of temperature and growth from shells of Mercenaria mercenaria from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island: Marine Biology, v. 102, p. 225-234.
70. KAIHO, K., CHEN, Z.-Q., KAWAHATA, H., KAJIWARA, Y., and SATO, H., 2006a, Closeup of the end-Permian mass extinction horizon recorded in the Meishan section, South China: Sedimentary, elemental, and biotic characterization and a negative shift of sulfate sulfur isotope ratio: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 239, p. 396-405.
71. KAIHO, K., KAJIWARA, Y., CHEN, Z-Q., and GORJAN, P., 2006b, A sulfur isotope event at the end of the Permian: Chemical Geology, v. 235, p. 33-47.
72. KALJO, D., 1996, Diachronous recovery patterns in early Silurian corals, graptolites and acritarchs, in Hart, M.B., ed., Biotic Recovery from Mass Extinction Events: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 102, p. 127-134.
73. KELLER, G., and ABRAMOVICH, S., 2009, Lilliput effect in late Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera: Response to environmental stress: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 284, p. 47-62.
74. KIESSLING, W., and SIMPSON, C., 2011, On the potential for ocean acidification to be a general cause of ancient reef crises: Global Change Biology, v. 17, p. 56-67.
75. KINGSFORD, M.J., and HUGHES, J.M., 2005, Patterns of growth, mortality and size of the tropical damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus across the continental shelf of the Great Barrier Reef: Fishery Bulletin, v. 103, p. 561-573.
76. KNOLL, A.H., and FISCHER, W.W., 2011, Skeletons and ocean chemistry: The long view, in Gattuso, J.-P., and Hansson, L., eds., Ocean Acidification, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 67-82.
77. KNOLL, A.H., BAMBACH, R.K., CANFIELD, D.E., and GROTZINGER, J.P., 1996, Comparative earth history and late Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 273, p. 452-457.
78. KNOLL, A.H., BAMBACH, R.K., PAYNE, J.L., PRUSS, S., and FISCHER, W.W., 2007, Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 295-313.
79. KOZUR, H., and MOSTLER, H., 1989, Radiolarien und Schwammskleren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals: Geologische und Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband, v. 2, p. 147-275.
80. LEE, D.R., 2005, Characterisation and the diagenetic transformation of non-and micro-crystalline silica minerals: Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK, p. 1-20, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/s0789516/microsilica.pdf.
81. LEHRMANN, D.J., PAYNE, J.L., FELIX, S.V., DILLETT, P.M., WANG, H., YU, Y., and WEI, J., 2003, Permian-Triassic boundary sections from shallow-marine carbonate platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China: Implications for oceanic conditions associated with the end-Permian extinction and its aftermath: PALAIOS, v. 18, p. 138-152.
82. LEYS, S., and LAUZON, R.J., 1998, Hexactinellid sponge ecology: growth rates and seasonality in deep water sponges: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 230, p. 111-129.
83. LIU, G.-C., FENG, Q.-L., and GU, S.-Z., 2008, Extinction pattern and process of siliceous sponge spicules in deep-water during the latest Permian in South China: Science in China Series D (Earth Sciences), v. 51, p. 1623-1632.
84. LOUCAIDES, S., VAN CAPPELLEN, P., ROUBEIX, V., and RAGUENEAU, B.M., 2012, Controls on the recycling and preservation of biogenic silica from biomineralization to burial: Silicon, v. 4, p. 7-22.
85. LUO, G.-M., LAI, X.-L., JIANG, H.-S., and ZHANG, K.-X., 2006, Size variation of the end-Permian conodont Neogondolella at Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang, and its significance: Science in China Series D (Earth Sciences), v. 49, p. 337-347.
86. LUO, G.-M., LAI, X.-L., FENG, Q.-L., JIANG, H.-S., WIGNALL, P.B., ZHANG, K.-X., SUN, Y.-D., and WU, J., 2008, End-Permian conodont fauna from Dongpan section: Correlation between the deep-and shallow-water facies: Science in China Series D (Earth Sciences), v. 51, p. 1611-1622.
87. LUO, G.-M., WANG, Y.-B., GRICE, K., KERSHAW, S., RUAN, X.-Y., ALGEO, T.J., YANG, H., JIA, C.-L., and XIE, S.-C., 2013, Microbial-algal community changes during the latest Permian ecological crisis: Evidence from lipid biomarkers at Cili, South China: Global and Planetary Change, v. 105, p. 36-51.
88. MALDONADO, M., CARMONA, M.C., VELÁSQUEZ, Z., PUIG, A., and CRUZADO, A., 2005, Siliceous sponges as a silicon sink: An overlooked aspect of benthopelagic coupling in the marine cycle: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 50, p. 799-809
89. MALDONADO, M., NAVARRO, L., GRASA, A., GONZALEZ, A., and VAQUERIZO, I., 2011, Silicon uptake by sponges: A twist to understanding nutrient cycling on continental margins: Scientific Report, v. 1, p. 1-8.
90. MALDONADO, M., CAO, H., CAO, X., SONG, Y., QU, Y., and ZHANG, W., 2012, Experimental silicon demand by the sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis reveals chronic limitation in field populations: Hydrobiologia, v. 687, p. 251-257.
91. MCLENNAN, S.M., 2001, Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 2, GC000109, doi: 10.1029/2000GC000109.
92. MERCURIO, M., CORRIERO, G., SCALERA LIACI, L., and GAINO, E., 2000, Silica content and spicule size variations in Pellina semitubulosa (Porifera: Demospongiae): Marine Biology, v. 137, p. 87-92.
93. MOY, A.D., HOWARD, W.R., BRAY, S.G., and TRULL, T.W., 2009, Reduced calcification in modern southern ocean planktonic foraminifera: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, p. 276-280.
94. MÜLLER, W.E.G., 2001, Review: How was metazoan threshold crossed? The hypothetical Urmetazoa: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, v. 129, p. 433-460.
95. MÜLLER, W.E.G., LI, J., SCHRÖDER, H.C., QIAO, L., and WANG, X., 2007, The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: A review: Biogeosciences, v. 4, p. 219-232.
96. MÜLLER, W.E.G., WANG, X., CHEN, A., HU, S., GAN, L., SCHRÖDER, H.C., SCHLOßMACHER, U., and WIENS, M., 2011, The unique invention of siliceous sponges: Their enzymatically made bio-silica skeleton, in Müller, W.E.G., ed., Molecular Biomineralization, Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 52: Springer, Berlin, p. 251-281.
97. MURCHEY, B.L., and JONES, D.L., 1992, A mid-Permian chert event: Widespread deposition of biogenic siliceous sediments in coastal, island arc and oceanic basins: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 96, p. 161-174.
98. MURRAY, R.W., and LEINEN, M., 1993, Chemical transport to the seafloor of the equatorial Pacific Ocean across a latitudinal transect at 135uW: Tracking sedimentary major, trace, and rare earth element fluxes at the Equator and the Intertropical Convergence Zone: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 4141-4163.
99. NÜTZEL, A.,MANNANI,M., SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B., and YAZDI,M., 2010, Gastropods from the Late Triassic Nayband Formation (Iran), their relationships to other Tethyan faunas and remarks on the Triassic gastropod body size problem: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie: Abhandlungen, v. 256, p. 312-228.
100. PALMER, A.A., 1988, Paleoenvironmental significance of siliceous sponge spicules from sites 627 and 628, Little Bahama Bank, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 101: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 101, p. 159-168.
101. PALMER, A.R., 1992, Calcification in marine mollusks: How costly is it?: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), v. 89, p. 1379-1382.
102. PALUMBI, S.R., 1986, How body plans limit acclimation: Responses of a demosponge to wave force: Ecology, v. 67, p. 208-214.
103. PÉ, J., 1973, Étude quantitative de la régulation du squelette chez une éponge d'eau douce: Archives de Biologie, v. 84, p. 147-173.
104. PESSAGNO, E.A., JR., and NEWPORT, R.L., 1972, A technique for extraction of Radiolaria from radiolarian cherts: Micropaleontology, v. 18, p. 231-234.
105. PÖRTNER, H.O., 2002, Climate variations and the physiological basis of temperature dependent biogeography: Systemic to molecular hierarchy of thermal tolerance in animals: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. A132, p. 739-761.
106. PÖRTNER, H.O., 2008, Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: A physiologist's view: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 373, p. 203-217.
107. RACKI, G., 1999, Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: Survival patterns and processes: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 154, p. 107-132.
108. RAMPINO,M.R., PROKOPH, A., and ADLER, A., 2000, Tempo of the end-Permian event: High-resolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian-Triassic boundary: Geology, v. 28, p. 643-646.
109. REID, C.M., JAMES, N.P., BEAUCHAMP, B., and KYSER, T.K., 2007, Faunal turnover and changing oceanography: Late Palaeozoic warm-to-cold water carbonate, Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 249, p. 128-159.
110. RENAUD, S., and GIRARD, C., 1999, Strategies of survival during extreme environmental perturbations: Evolution of conodonts in response to the Kellwasser crisis (Upper Devonian): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 146, p. 19-32.
111. RHOADS, D.C., and MORSE, J.W., 1971, Evolutionary and ecologic significance of oxygen-deficient marine basins: Lethaia, v. 4, p. 413-428.
112. RICHMOND, C., MARCUS, N.H., SEDLACEK, C., MILLER, G.A., and OPPERT, C., 2006, Hypoxia and seasonal temperature: Short-term effects and long-term implications for Acartia tonsa Dana: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 328, p. 177-196.
113. RICKERT, D., SCHLÜTER, M., and WALLMANN, K., 2002, Dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica from the water column to the sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 439-455.
114. RIGBY, J.K., 1987, Phylum Porifera, in Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H., and Rowell, A.J., eds., Fossil Invertebrates: Blackwell Scientific, Palo Alto, California, p. 116-139.
115. SAVRDA, C.E., BOTTJER, D.J., and GORSLINE, D.S., 1984, Development of a comprehensive oxygen-deficient marine biofacies model: Evidence from Santa Monica, San Pedro, and Santa Barbara Basins, California continental borderland: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 68, p. 1179-1192.
116. SCHÄCKE, H., MÜLLER, I.M., and MÜLLER, W.E.G., 1994, Tyrosine kinase from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium, in Müller, W.E.G., ed., Use of Aquatic Invertebrates as Tools for Monitoring of Environmental Hazards: Fischer, Stuttgart, p. 201-211.
117. SCHÖNBERG, C.H.L., and BARTHEL, D., 1997, Inorganic skeleton of the demosponge Halichondria panicea: Seasonality in spicule production in the Baltic Sea: Marine Biology, v. 130, p. 133-140.
118. SEIBEL, B.A., and FABRY, V.J., 2003, Marine biotic response to elevated carbon dioxide, in Hannah, L., and Lovejoy, T.E., eds., Climate Change and Biodiversity: Synergistic Impacts, Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science, Vol. 4: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, D.C., p. 59-67.
119. SHEN, J., ALGEO, T.J, ZHOU, L., FENG, Q.-L., YU, J.-X., and ELLWOOD, B.B., 2012a, Volcanic perturbation of the marine environment in South China preceding the latest Permian mass extinction and their biotic effects: Geobiology, v. 10, p. 82-103.
120. SHEN, J., ALGEO, T.J., HU, Q., ZHANG, N., ZHOU, L., XIA,W.-C., XIE, S.-C., and FENG, Q.-L., 2012b, Negative C-isotope excursions at the Permian-Triassic boundary linked to volcanism: Geology, v. 40, p. 963-966.
121. SHEN, J., LEI, Y., ALGEO, T.J., FENG, Q.-L., SERVAIS, T., YU, J.-X., and ZHOU, L., 2013a, Volcanic effects on microplankton during the Permian-Triassic transition (Shangsi and Xinmin, South China): PALAIOS, v. 28, p. 552-567.
122. SHEN, J., ALGEO, T.J., HU, Q., XU, G., ZHOU, L., and FENG, Q.-L., 2013b, Volcanism in South China during the late Permian and its relationship to marine ecosystem and environmental changes: Global and Planetary Change, v. 105, p. 121-134.
123. SHEN, S.-Z., HENDERSON, C.M., BOWRING, S.A., CAO, C.-Q., WANG, Y., WANG, W., ZHANG, H., ZHANG, Y.-C., and MU, L., 2010, High-resolution Lopingian (late Permian) timescale of South China: Geological Journal, v. 45, p. 122-134.
124. SHEN, S.-Z., CROWLEY, J.L., WANG, Y., BOWRING, S.A., ERWIN, D.H., SADLER, P.M., CAO, C.-Q., ROTHMAN, D.H., HENDERSON, C.M., RAMEZANI, J., ZHANG, H., SHEN, Y.-A., WANG, X.-D., WANG, W., MU, L., LI, W.-Z., TANG, Y.-G., LIU, X.-L., LIU, L.-J., ZENG, Y., JIANG, Y.-F., and JIN, Y.-G., 2011, Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 334, p. 1367-1372.
125. SIMPSON, T.L., 1978, The biology of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander). III. Spicule secretion and the effect of temperature on spicule size: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 35, p. 31-42.
126. SIMPSON, T.L., 1984, The Cell Biology of Sponges: Springer, New York, 662 p.
127. SOMERO, G.N., 1995, Proteins and temperature: Annual Review of Physiology, v. 57, p. 43-68.
128. SONG, H.-J., TONG, J.-N., and CHEN, Z.-Q., 2009, Two episodes of foraminiferal extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Meishan section, South China: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 56, p. 765-773.
129. SONG, H.-J., TONG, J.-N., and CHEN, Z.-Q., 2011, Evolutionary dynamics of the Permian-Triassic foraminifer size: Evidence for Lilliput effect in the end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 308, p. 98-110.
130. SONG, H.-J., WIGNALL, P.B., TONG, J.-N., and YIN, H.-F., 2013, Two pulses of extinction during the Permian-Triassic crisis: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, p. 52-56.
131. STONE, A.S., 1970, Seasonal variation in the gross biochemical composition of Hymeniacidon perleve (Montagu): Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 5, p. 265-271.
132. STROTHER, P.K., 2008, A speculative review of factors controlling the evolution of phytoplankton during Paleozoic time: Revue de Micropaléontologie, v. 51, p. 9-21.
133. SUN, Y.-D., JOACHIMSKI, M.M., WIGNALL, P.B., YAN, C.-B., CHEN, Y.-L., JIANG, H.-S., WANG, L.-N., and LAI, X.-L., 2012, Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse: Science, v. 388, p. 366-370.
134. TRÉGUER, P.J., and DE LA ROCHA, C.L., 2012, The world ocean silica cycle: Annual Review of Marine Science, v. 5, p. 1-25.
135. TWITCHETT, R.J., 2001, Incompleteness of the Permian-Triassic fossil record: A consequence of productivity decline?: Geological Journal, v. 36, p. 341-353.
136. TWITCHETT, R.J., 2007, The Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 252, p. 132-144.
137. TWITCHETT, R.J., and BARRAS, C.G., 2004, Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events, in McIlroy, D., ed., The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 228, p. 397-418.
138. TWITCHETT, R.J., and WIGNALL, P.B., 1996, Trace fossils and the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction: Evidence from northern Italy: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 124, p. 137-151.
139. URBANEK, A., 1993, Biotic crises in the history of upper Silurian graptoloids: A palaeobiological model: Historical Biology, v. 7, p. 29-50.
140. URIZE, M.J., TURON, X., BECERRO, M.A., and AGELL, G., 2003, Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: Origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions: Microscopy Research and Technique, v. 62, p. 279-299.
141. WANG, R.-J., and ABELMANN, A., 2002, Radiolarian responses to paleoceanographic events of the southern South China Sea during the Pleistocene: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 46, p. 25-44.
142. WATKINS, R., and COOROUGH, P.J., 1997, Silurian sponge spicules from the Racine Formation, Wisconsin: Journal of Paleontology, v. 71, p. 208-214.
143. WEBBY, B.D., and TROTTER, J., 1993, Ordovician sponge spicules from New South Wales, Australia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 67, v. 28-41.
144. WIGNALL, P.B., 2007, The End-Permian mass extinction: How bad did it get?: Geobiology, v. 5, p. 303-309.
145. WIGNALL, P.B., and HALLAM, A., 1992, Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: Facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, p. 21-46.
146. WIGNALL, P.B., and TWITCHETT, R.J., 1996, Oceanic anoxia and the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 272, p. 1155-1158.
147. WIGNALL, P.B., and TWITCHETT, R.J., 2002, Extent, duration and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event, in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K.G., eds., Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 256, p. 395-413.
148. WILDE, P., QUINBY-HUNT, M.S., and ERDTMANN, B.D., 1996, The whole-rock cerium anomaly: A potential indicator of eustatic sea-level changes in shales of the anoxic facies: Sedimentary Geology, v. 101, p. 43-53.
149. WILLIAMS, L.A., and CRERAR, D.A., 1985, Silica diagenesis, II. General mechanisms: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 312-321.
150. WILLIAMS, L.A., PARKS, G.A., and CRERAR, D.A., 1985, Silica diagenesis, I. Solubility controls: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 301-311.
151. WINGUTH, C., and WINGUTH, A.M.E., 2012, Simulating Permian-Triassic oceanic anoxia distribution: Implications for species extinction and recovery: Geology, v. 40, p. 127-130.
152. WRIGHT, J., and HOLSER, W.T., 1987, Paleoredox variation in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 631-644.
153. WU, J., and FENG, Q.-L., 2008, Late Changhsingian radiolarian biostratigraphy from Guangxi, South China and its correlation to conodonts: Science in China Series D (Earth Sciences), v. 51, p. 1601-1610.
154. XIE, S.-C., PANCOST, R.D., YIN, H.-F., WANG, H.-M., and EVERSHED, R.P., 2005, Two episodes of microbial change coupled with Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction: Nature, v. 434, p. 494-497.
155. XIE, S.-C., PANCOST, R.D., HUANG, J.-H., WIGNALL, P.B., YU, J.-X., TANG, X.-Y., CHEN, L., HUANG, X.-Y., and LAI, X.-L., 2007, Changes in the global carbon cycle occurred as two episodes during the Permian Triassic crisis: Geology, v. 35, p. 1083-1086.
156. YANG, Z.-Y., YIN, H.-F., WU, S.-B., YANG, F.-Q., DING, M.-H., and XU, G.-R., 1987, Permian-Triassic boundary stratigraphy and fauna of South China: Geological Publishing House, Beijing, China, 378 p. (in Chinese).
157. YIN, H.F., HUANG, S.J., ZHANG, K.X., HANSEN, H.J., YANG, F.Q., DING, M.H., and BIE, X.M., 1992, The effects of volcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in South China, in Sweet, W.C., Yang, Z., Dickins, J.M., and Yin, H., eds., Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 146-157.
158. YIN, H.-F., ZHANG, K.-X., TONG, J.-N., YANG, Z.-Y., and WU, S.-B., 2001, The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Episodes, v. 24, p. 275-275.
159. YIN, H.-F., FENG, Q.-L., LAI, X.-L., BAUD, A., and TONG, J.-N., 2007, The protracted Permo-Triassic crisis and multi-episode extinction around the Permian-Triassic boundary: Global and Planetary Change, v. 55, p. 1-20.
160. YIN, H.-F., XIE, S.-C., LUO, G.-M., ALGEO, T.J., and ZHANG, K.-X., 2012, Two episodes of environmental change at the Permian-Triassic boundary of the GSSP section Meishan: Earth Science Reviews, v. 115, p. 163-172.
161. YIN, H.-F., JIANG, H.-S., XIA,W.-C., FENG, Q.-L., ZHANG, N., and SHEN, J., 2013, The end-Permian regression in South China and its implication on mass extinction: Earth-Science Reviews, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.06.003.
162. ZHANG, F., FENG, Q.-L., HE, W.-H., MENG, Y.-Y., and GU, S.-Z., 2006, Multidisciplinary stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary in deep-water environment of the Dongpan section, South China: Norwegian Journal of Geology, v. 86, p. 125-131.
163. ZHANG, X., and PRATT, B.R., 2000, A varied Middle Ordovician sponge spicule assemblage from western Newfoundland: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, p. 386-393.