Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: Survival patterns and processes

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 154, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 107-132

  Racki, Grzegorz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

Author keywords

Frasnian Famennian crisis; K T boundary; Mass extinctions; Permian Triassic boundary; Radiolarians; Silica cycle; Silicisponges; Volcanism

Indexed keywords

CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DEVONIAN; FRASNIAN-FAMENNIAN BOUNDARY; MASS EXTINCTION; SILICA;

BACILLARIOPHYTA; CELLULAR ORGANISMS; ENTOVALVA; RADIOLARIA (PROTOZOANS);

EID: 0033213040     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00089-9     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Algeo T.J., Scheckler S.E. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, B. 353:1998;113-128.
2. Anderson O.R. The physiological ecology of planktonic sarcodines with applications to paleoecology: patterns in space and time. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 43:1996;261-274.
3. Bai, S.L., Bai, Z.Q., Ma, X.P., Wang, D.R., Sun, Y.L., 1994. Devonian Events and Biostratigraphy of South China. Peking University Press, Beijing, 303 pp.
4. Baker E.T., Massoth G.J., Feely R.A. Cataclysmic hydrothermal venting on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature. 329:1987;149-151.
5. Baldauf, J.G., Barron, J.A., 1990. Evolution of biosiliceous sedimentation patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: paleoceanographic response to polar cooling. In: Bleil, U., Thiede, J. (Eds.), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 575-607.
6. Barron, J.A., 1993. Diatoms. In: Lipps, J.H. (Ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. Blackwell, Boston, MA, pp. 155-167.
7. Barron, J.A., Baldauf, J.G., 1989. Tertiary cooling steps and paleoproductivity as reflected by diatoms and biosiliceous sediments. In: Berger, W.H., Smetacek, V.S., Wefer, G. (Eds.), Productivity of Ocean: Present and Past. Wiley, New York, pp. 341-354.
8. Bartolini A., Baumgartner P.O., Hunziker J. Middle and Late Jurassic carbon stable-isotope stratigraphy and radiolarite sedimentation of the Umbria-Marche Basin (Central Italy). Eclogae Geol. Helv. 89:1996;811-844.
9. Bartolini A., Baumgartner P.O., Guex J. Middle and Late Jurassic radiolarian palaeoecology versus carbon stable-isotope stratigraphy. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 145:1999;43-60.
10. Becker R.T., House M.R. Kellwasser Events and goniatite successions in the Devonian of the Montagne Noire with comments on possible causations. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg. 169:1994;45-77.
11. Belka Z., Wendt J. Conodont biofacies patterns in the Kellwasser Facies (upper Frasnian/lower Famennian) of the eastern Anti-Atlas, Marocco. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 91:1992;143-173.
12. Berger W.H. Produktivität des Ozeans aus geologischer Sicht: Denkmodelle und Beispiele. Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges. 42:1991;149-178.
13. Berner, E.K., Berner, R.A., 1987. The Global Water Cycle. Geochemistry and Environment. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 397 pp.
14. Berry W.B.N., Wilde P., Quinby-Hunt M.S. Paleozoic (Cambrian through Devonian) anoxitropic biotopes. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 74:1989;3-13.
15. Bhandari N., Shukla P.N., Ghevariya Z.G., Sundaram S.M. Impact did not trigger Deccan volcanism - evidence from Anjar-K/T boundary intertrappean sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:1995;443-446.
16. Biske, Y.S., Gushchin, S.B., Chernyishchuk, V.P., 1992. Kookshaal's passive margin of Tarim continent in Middle Paleozoic (in Russian). Vestnik St. Petersburg. Univ., Geol. Geogr. 1992, pp. 68-71.
17. Blendinger, W., 1985. Radiolarian limestones interfingering with loferites (Triassic, Dolomites, Italy). Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol., Monatsh. 1985, 193-202.
18. Bogdanov N.A., Vishnevskaya V.S. Influence of evolutionary changes in Radiolaria on sedimentary processes (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 324:1992;162-166.
19. Bottrell S.H., Raiswell R. Discussion on biogenic acid rain during the Late Cretaceous as a possible cause of extinctions. J. Geol. Soc. London. 153:1996;175.
20. Bralower T.J., Arthur M.A., Leckie R.M., Sliter W.V., Allard D.J., Schlanger S.O. Timing and paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the Late Barremian and Early Aptian (Early Cretaceous). Palaios. 9:1994;335-369.
21. Brasier M.D. Fossil indicators of nutrient levels, 1. Eutrophication and climate change. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 83:1995;113-132.
22. Brasier M.D. Fossil indicators of nutrient levels, 2. Evolution and extinction in relation to oligotrophy. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 83:1995;133-150.
23. Brunton F.R., Dixon O.A. Siliceous sponge-microbe biotic associations and their recurrence through the Phanerozoic as reef mound constructors. Palaios. 9:1994;370-387.
24. Buljan M. Submarine volcanisms and oceanography. Rev. Géogr. Phys. Géol. Dyn. 14:1972;5-10.
25. Burd B.J., Thomson R.E. Distribution of zooplankton associated with the Endeavour Ridge hydrothermal plume. J. Plankton Res. 17:1995;965-997.
26. Campbell A.C., Gieskes J.M. Water column anomalies associated with hydrothermal activity in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 68:1984;57-72.
27. Carpenter S.J., Lohmann K.C. Reply to the comment by S.T. Petsch on carbon isotope ratios of Phanerozoic marine cements: re-evaluating global carbon and sulfur systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 63:1999;761-766.
28. Casey, R.E., 1993. Radiolaria. In: Lipps, J.H. (Ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. Blackwell, Boston, MA, pp. 249-284.
29. Casey R.E., Wigley C.R., Perez-Guzman A.M. Biogeographic and ecologic perspective on polycystine radiolarian evolution. Paleobiology. 9:1983;363-376.
30. 3 for the Red Sea deep water? J. Geophys. Res. 101(C1):1996;1225-1232.
31. Chuvashov, B.I., 1968. Development History and Bionomic Characteristics of Late Devonian Basin on the Western Slope of Middle and Southern Urals (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, 132 pp.
32. Coffin M.F., Eldholm O. Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions and external consequences. Rev. Geophys. 32:1994;1-36.
33. Conley D.J., Schelske C.L., Stoermer E.F. Modification of the biogeochemical cycle of silica with eutrophication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 101:1993;179-192.
34. Conley, D.J., Zimba, P.V., Theriot, E., 1994. Silica content of freshwater and marine benthic diatoms. In: Kociolek, J.P. (Ed.), Proc. 11th Int. Diatom Symp., San Francisco, 1990. Calif. Acad. Sci. Mem. 17, 95-101.
35. Cooper L.H.N. Radiolarians as possible chronometers of continental drift. Prog. Oceanogr. 3:1965;71-82.
36. Dando P.R., Hughes J.A., Leahy Y., Taylor L.J., Zivanovic S. Earthquakes increase hydrothermal venting and nutrient inputs into the Aegean. Cont. Shelf Res. 15:1995;655-662.
37. Dell'agnese D.J., Clark D.L. Siliceous microfossils from the warm Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic Arctic Ocean. J. Paleontol. 68:1994;31-47.
38. De Wever P., Baudin F. Paleogeography of radiolarite and organic-rich deposits in Mesozoic Tethys. Geol. Rundsch. 85:1996;310-326.
39. De Wever P., Azéma J., Fourcade E. Radiolaires et radiolarites: production primaire, diagenèse et paléogéographie. Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf Aquitaine. 18:1994;315-379.
40. D'Hondt S., Arthur M.A. Late Cretaceous oceans and the cool tropic paradox. Science. 271:1996;1838-1841.
41. D'Hondt S., Pilson M.E.Q., Sigurdsson H., Hanson A.K., Carey S. Surface-water acidification and extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geology. 22:1994;983-986.
42. D'Hondt S., King J., Gibson C. Oscillatory marine response to the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact. Geology. 24:1996;611-614.
43. D'Hondt S., Donaghay P., Zachos J.C., Luttenberg D., Lindinger M. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science. 282:1998;276-279.
44. Dickens G.R., Barron J.A. A rapidly deposited pennate diatom ooze in Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene sediment beneath the North Pacific polar front. Mar. Micropaleontol. 31:1997;177-182.
45. Distanov U.G., Kopeikin T.A., Kuznetsova T.A., Silantev V.N. Characteristics of silicon accumulation in Meso-Cenozoic marine platform basins (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 201:1971;668-671.
46. Dobretsov N.L. Permian-Triassic magmatism and sedimentation in Eurasia as result of superplume. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 354:1997;220-223.
47. Drever J.I. The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58:1994;2325-2332.
48. Dugdale R.C., Wilkerson F.P. Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling. Nature. 391:1998;270-273.
49. Dvorák J. Geology of the Paleozoic rocks of the Šernberk-Horni Benešov Zone (Nizký Jesenik Mts., Northern Moravia). Sb. Geol. Véd, Geol. 46:1994;57-101.
50. Empson-Morin K.M. Depth and latitude distribution of Radiolaria in Campanian (Late Cretaceous) tropical and subtropical oceans. Micropaleontology. 30:1984;87-115.
51. Erbacher J., Thurow J. Influence of oceanic anoxic events on the evolution of mid-Cretaceous radiolaria in the North Atlantic and western Tethys. Mar. Micropaleontol. 30:1997;139-158.
52. Erlich R.N., Astorga A., Sofer Z., Pratt L.M., Palmer S.E. Paleoceanography of organic-rich rocks of the Loma-Chumico Formation of Costa-Rica, Late Cretaceous, eastern Pacific. Sedimentology. 43:1996;691-718.
53. Erwin, D.H., 1993. The Great Paleozoic Crisis. Life and Death in the Permian. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 327 pp.
54. Filipescu M.G. Les dépôts à silicoflagellidées et à radiolaires du Miocène de la région subcarpatique de Roumanie. Acad. Roumaine, Sect. Sci. B. 26:1946;261-270.
55. Filipiak P. Devonian and Carboniferous palynomorphs from the Western Holy Cross Mts (Poland), and their environmental significance. Acta Univ. Carol., Geol. 40:1997;379-380.
56. Fischer A.G., Arthur M.A. Secular variations in the pelagic realm. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 25:1977;19-50.
57. Föllmi, K.B., Weissert, H., Lini, A., 1993. Nonlinearities in phosphogenesis and phosphorus-carbon coupling and their implications for global change. In: Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F.T., Chou, L. (Eds.), Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change. NATO ASI Ser. 14, Springer, Berlin, pp. 447-474.
58. Frakes, L.A., 1979. Climates throughout Geologic Time. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 310 pp.
59. François L.M., Walker J.C.G., Opdyke B.N. The history of global weathering and the chemical evolution of the ocean-atmosphere system. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 74:1993;143-159.
60. Frohlich H., Barthel D. Silica uptake of the marine sponge Halichondria panicea in Kiel Bight. Mar. Biol. 128:1997;115-125.
61. Gagiev M.H. Sedimentary evolution and sea-level fluctuations in the Devonian of North-east Asia. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg. 199:1997;75-82.
62. Garzanti E. Himalayan ironstones, 'superplumes', and the breakup of Gondwana. Geology. 21:1993;105-108.
63. Geldsetzer H.H.J., Goodfellow W.D., McLaren D.J. The Frasnian-Famennian extinction event in a stable cratonic shelf setting: Trout River, Northwest Territories, Canada. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 104:1993;81-95.
64. Genin A., Lazur B., Benner S. Vertical mixing and coral death in the Red Sea following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Nature. 377:1995;507-510.
65. Glasby G.P., Kunzendorf H. Multiple factors in the origin of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: the role of environmental stress and Deccan Trap volcanism. Geol. Rundsch. 85:1996;191-210.
66. Grimm K.A., Lange C.B., Gill A.S. Self-sedimentation of phytoplankton blooms in the geologic records. Sediment. Geol. 110:1997;151-161.
67. Grunau H.R. Radiolarian cherts and associated rocks in space and time. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 68:1965;157-206.
68. Hallam, A., Wignall, P., 1997. Mass Extinctions and their Aftermath. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 320 pp.
69. Hallock P. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a factor in global diversity cycles? Paleoceanography. 2:1987;457-471.
70. Harper E., Knoll A.H. Silica, diatoms, and Cenozoic radiolarian evolution. Geology. 3:1975;175-177.
71. Harries P.J., Kauffman E.G., Hansen T.A. Models for biotic survival following mass extinction. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 102:1996;41-60.
72. Harris J., Van Couvering J. Mock aridity and the paleoecology of volcanically influenced ecosystems. Geology. 23:1995;593-596.
73. Hartman, W.D., 1981. Form and distribution of silica in sponges. In: Simpson, T.L., Volcani, B.E. (Eds.), Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. Springer, New York, pp. 453-493.
74. Heath, G.R., 1974. Dissolved silica and deep-sea sediments. In: Hay, W.W. (Ed.), Studies in Oceanography. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 20, 77-93.
75. Hein, J.R., Parrish, J.R., 1987. Distribution of siliceous deposits in time and space. In: Hein, J.R. (Ed.), Siliceous Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Ores and Petroleum. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 10-57.
76. Herman Y. Origin of deep sea cherts in the North Atlantic. Nature. 238:1972;392-393.
77. Hladil J., Krejci Z., Kalvoda J., Ginter M., Galle A., Beroušek P. Carbonate ramp environment of Kellwasser time-interval (Lesni lom, Moravia, Czechoslovakia). Bull. Soc. Belg. Géol. 100:1991;57-119.
78. Hollis, C.J., 1996. Radiolarian faunal change through the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition of Eastern Marlborough, New Zealand. In: MacLeod, N., Keller, G. (Eds.), Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes. W.W. Norton, New York, pp. 173-204.
79. Hori R.S. The Toarcian radiolarian event in bedded cherts from southwestern Japan. Mar. Micropaleontol. 30:1997;159-169.
80. Huang T.C., Fillon R.H., Watkins N.D., Shaw D.M. Volcanism and siliceous microfaunal 'diversity' in the southwest Pacific during the Pleistocene period. Deep-Sea Res. 21:1974;377-383.
81. Hurcewicz H. Middle and Late Devonian sponge spicules of the Holy Cross Mountains and Silesian Upland. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 37:1993;291-296.
82. Isozaki Y. Permo-Triassic superanoxia and stratified superocean: records from lost deep sea. Science. 276:1997;235-238.
83. Joachimski M., Buggisch W. The Upper Devonian reef crisis - insights from the carbon isotope record. Göttinger Arb. Geol. Paläontol. Sb. 2:1996;365-370.
84. Johansson A.K. Plant mediated weathering: the driving force behind increased terrestrial and marine productivity, and Neogene climate change? Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 27:1995;58.
85. Johnson T.C. Controls on the preservation of biogenic opal in sediments of the eastern tropical Pacific. Science. 192:1976;887-890.
86. Jones A.E. Redirection of radiolarian evolution during the Permian-Triassic boundary event. PaleoBios. 13(50 Suppl.):1991;4-5.
87. Jones D.L., Murchey B.L. Geologic significance of Paleozoic and Mesozoic radiolarian chert. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 14:1986;455-492.
88. Kadko D., Baross J., Alt J. The magnitude and global implications of hydrothermal flux. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 91:1995;446-466.
89. 13C excursion of carbonate sequence, and its significance to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Island Arc. 5:1996;194-202.
90. Kakuwa Y. Permian-Triassic mass extinction event recorded in bedded chert sequence in southwest Japan. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 121:1996;35-51.
91. Kalvoda J. Upper Frasnian and Lower Tournaisian events and evolution of calcareous foraminifera - close links to climatic changes. Lecture Notes Earth Sci. 8:1986;225-236.
92. Kauffman E.G., Arthur M.A., Howe B., Scholle P.A. Widespread venting of methane-rich fluids in Late Cretaceous (Campanian) submarine springs (Tepee Buttes), Western Interior seaway, U.S.A. Geology. 24:1996;799-802.
93. Keller, G., 1996. The Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction in planktonic foraminifera: biotic constraints for catastrophe theories. In: MacLeod, N., Keller, G. (Eds.), Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes. W.W. Norton, New York, pp. 49-83.
94. Keller G., Adatte T., Hollis C., Ordónez M., Zambrano I., Jimenéz N., Stinnesbeck W., Aleman A., Hale-Erlich W. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in Ecuador: reduced biotic effects due to eastern boundary current setting. Mar. Micropaleontol. 31:1997;97-133.
95. Kennett J.P., Barker P.F. Latest Cretaceous to Cenozoic climate and oceanographic developments in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: an ocean-drilling perspective. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results. 113:1990;937-960.
96. Kerr A.C. Ocean plateau formation: a cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary? J. Geol. Soc. London. 155:1998;619-626.
97. Kiessling W., Tragelehn H. Devonian radiolarian faunas of conodont-dated localities in the Frankenwald (Northern Bavaria, Germany). Abh. Geol. Bundesanst. 50:1994;219-255.
98. Kitchell J.A., Clark D.L. Late-Cretaceous-Paleogene paleogeography and paleocirculation: evidence of north polar upwelling. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 40:1982;135-165.
99. Kitchell J.A., Clark D.L., Gombos A.M. Biological selectivity of extinction: a link between background and mass extinction. Palaios. 1:1986;504-511.
100. Knoll, A.H., Lipps, J.H., 1993. Evolutionary history of prokaryotes and protists. In: Lipps, J.H. (Ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. Blackwell, Boston, MA, pp. 19-29.
101. Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Canfield D.E., Grotzinger J.P. Comparative Earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Science. 273:1996;452-457.
102. Koneva M.P. Late Devonian radiolaria of the South Mongolia fold system (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 317:1991;171-173.
103. Kozlova, G.E., 1989. Radiolarian zonal scales of Paleogene for oceanic and continental sections (in Russian). In: Osadochnaya Obolochka Zemli v Prostranstve i Vremeni, Stratigrafia i Paleontologiya. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 127-134.
104. Kozur H.W. Some aspects of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) and of the possible causes for the biotic crisis around this boundary. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 143:1998;227-272.
105. Krasnov, V.I., Isaev, G.D., Astashkina, V.F., Bochkareev, V.S., Dubotolov, V.N., Kulkov, K.P., Makarenko, S.N., Miretskaya, N.M., Hefedov, V.A., Peregoedov, L.G., Savina, N.I., Saev, B.I., Serdyuk, Z.Y., 1993. Regional stratigraphic scheme of Paleozoic in oil-bearing regions of the West Siberian lowland (in Russian). In: Stratigrafiya i Paleogeografiya Fanerozoya Sibirii. SNIIGGiMS, Novosibirsk, pp. 47-78.
106. Kyte F.T., Leinen M., Heath G.R., Zhou L. Cenozoic sedimentation history of the central North Pacific: inferences from the elemental geochemistry of core LL44-GPC3. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 57:1993;1719-1740.
107. Lambert E., De Wever P. Événements biologiques chez les radiolaires au cours des phases kénoxiques du Crétacé Rev. Micropaléontol. 39:1996;283-292.
108. Landis, G.P., Rigby, J.K., Sloan, R.E., Hengst, R., Snee, L.W., 1996. Pele hypothesis: ancient atmospheres and geologic-geochemical controls of evolution, survival and extinction. In: MacLeod, N., Keller, G. (Eds.), Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes. W.W. Norton, New York, pp. 519-556.
109. Larson R.L. Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology. 19:1991;963-966.
110. Leistel J.M., Marcoux E., Deschamps Y. Chert in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Miner. Deposita. 33:1998;59-81.
111. Lisitzin A.P. The silica cycle during the last ice age. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 50:1985;241-270.
112. Lisitzin, A.P., Emelyanov, E.M., Eltsina, G.N., 1979. Geokhimia Osadkov Atlanticheskovo Okeana. Karbonaty i Kremnezem. Nauka, Moscow, 256 pp.
113. 2) fluctuations over the past 100 m.y. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 60:1996;973-994.
114. Lyle M., Leinen M., Owen R.M., Rea D.K. Late Tertiary history of hydrothermal deposition on the East Pacific Rise, 19' S: correlation to volcano-tectonic events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14:1987;595-598.
115. MacLeod, N., 1999. The causes of Phanerozoic extinctions. In: Evolution of Planet Earth. Academic Press, London (in press).
116. MacLeod N., Rawson P.F., Forey P.L., Banner F.T., Boudagher-Fadel M.K., Bown P.R., Burnett J.A., Chambers P., Culver S., Evans S.E., Jeffery C., Kaminski M.A., Lord A.R., Milner A.C., Milner A.R., Morris N., Owen E., Rosen B.R., Smith A.B., Taylor P.D., Urquhart E., Young R. The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition. J. Geol. Soc. London. 154:1997;265-292.
117. Maksimova S.V. Biogenic silicates, an indicator of the activity of deep-seated faults. Int. Geol. Rev. 21:1979;869-876.
118. Maliva R.G., Knoll A.H., Siever R. Secular change in chert distribution: a reflection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle. Palaios. 4:1989;519-532.
119. Martin, R.E., 1998. Catastrophic fluctuations in nutrient levels as an agent of mass extinction; upward scaling of ecological processes? In: McKinney, M.L., Drake, J.A. (Eds.), Biodiversity Dynamics; Turnover of Populations, Taxa, and Communities. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, pp. 405-429.
120. Martin R.E., Vermeji G.J., Dorritie D., Caldeira K., Rampino M.R., Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Canfield D., Grotzinger J.P., Wignall P.B., Twitchett R.J. Late Permian extinctions. Science. 274:1996;1549-1552.
121. McCartney K., Huffman A.R., Tredoux M. A paradigm for endogenous causation of mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 247:1990;125-138.
122. McGhee G.R. The Frasnian-Famennian extinction event: a preliminary analysis of Appalachian marine ecosystem. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:1982;491-500.
123. McGhee, G.R., 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction. The Frasnian-Famennian Crisis. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 303 pp.
124. McGowran B. Silica burp in the Eocene ocean. Geology. 17:1989;857-860.
125. McKinney M.L. Taxonomic selectivity and continuous variation in mass and background extinctions of marine taxa. Nature. 325:1987;143-145.
126. McLaren, D.J., 1988. Detection and significance of mass killings. In: McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F., Glass, D.J. (Eds.), Devonian of the World, 3. Mem. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. 14, 1-7.
127. Meyerhoff A.A. Continental drift, II. High-latitude evaporite deposits and geologic history of Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. J. Geol. 78:1970;406-444.
128. Miskell K.J., Brass G.W., Harrison C.G.A. Global patterns in opal deposition from Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 69:1985;996-1012.
129. 2 due to changing continental silicate rock weathering: a model study. J. Geophys. Res. 101(D16):1996;21423-21437.
130. Nazarov, B.B., 1988. Palaeozoic radiolarians (in Russian). In: Sokolov, S.S. (Ed.), Prakticheskoye Rukovodstvo po Mikrofaune SSSR, 2. Vses. Nauchn.-Issled. Geol. Inst., Leningrad, 232 pp.
131. Nazarov V.V., Ormiston A.R. Evolution of radiolaria in the Paleozoic and its correlation with the development of other marine groups. Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 66:1985;203-216.
132. Nazarov V.V., Ormiston A.R. Trends in development of Paleozoic Radiolaria. Mar. Micropaleontol. 11:1986;3-32.
133. Nelson D.M., Tréguer P., Brzezinski M.A., Leynaert A., Quéguiner B. Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean - revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 9:1995;359-372.
134. Noble P.J. Late Ordovician crises: the siliceous microfossil record. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 29:1997;356.
135. Officer C.B., Hallam A., Drake C.L., Devine J.D. Late Cretaceous and paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions. Nature. 326:1987;143-149.
136. Ormiston A.R., Oglesby R.J. Effect of Late Devonian climate on source rock quality and location. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Stud. Geol. 40:1995;105-132.
137. Owen R.M., Rea D.K. Sea-floor hydrothermal activity links climate to tectonics: the Eocene carbon dioxide greenhouse. Science. 227:1985;166-169.
138. Pederson T.F., Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 74:1990;454-466.
139. Piecha M. Stratigraphie, Fazies und Sedimentpetrographie der rhythmisch und zyklisch abgelageren, tiefoberdevonischen Beckensedimente im Rechtsrheinischen Schiefergebirge (Adorf-Banderschiefer). Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg. 163:1993;1-151.
140. Pisera A. Upper Jurassic siliceous sponges from the Swabian Alb: taxonomy and paleoecology. Palaeontol. Pol. 57:1997;3-216.
141. Pollock S.G. Chert formation in an Ordovician volcanic arc. J. Sediment. Petrol. 57:1987;75-87.
142. Poluzzi A. I Radiolari quaternari di un ambiente idrotermale del Mar Tirreno. Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Milano. 23:1982;47-71.
143. Racki G. Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: undervalued tectonic control? Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 141:1998;177-198.
144. Racki G. The Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: how many (if any) impacts? Geol. Rundsch. 88:1999;617-632.
145. Racki G., Baliński A. Late Frasnian Atrypida (Brachiopoda) from Poland and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 43:1998;273-304.
146. Racki, G., Cordey, F., 1999. Radiolarian palaeoecology and radiolarites: is the present the key to the past? Earth-Sci. Rev. (submitted).
147. Retallack G.J. Acid trauma at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana. GSA Today. 65:1996;1-7.
148. Rigby J.K., Godert J.L. Fossil sponges from a localized cold-seep limestone in Oligocene rocks of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. J. Paleontol. 70:1996;900-908.
149. Rigby, J.K., Pisera, A., Wrzolek, T., Racki, G., 1999. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) sponges from the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland. Palaeontology (submitted).
150. Robinson N.D. Biogenic acid rain during the Late Cretaceous as a possible cause of extinctions. J. Geol. Soc. London. 152:1995;4-6.
151. Rosales I., Mehl D., Fernández-Mendiola P.A., Garcia-Mondéjar G. An unusual poriferan community in Albian of Islares (north Spain): palaeoenvironmental and tectonic implications. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 119:1995;47-61.
152. Sandberg C.A., Ziegler W., Dreesen R., Butler J.L. Late Devonian mass extinction: conodont event stratigraphy, global changes, and possible causes. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg. 102:1988;263-307.
153. Schindler E. Die Kellwasser Krise (hohe Frasne-Stufe, Ober-Devon). Göttinger Arb. Geol. Palaeontol. 46:1990;1-115.
154. Schubert J.K., Kidder D.L., Erwin D.H. Silica-replaced fossils through Phanerozoic. Geology. 25:1997;1031-1034.
155. Sepkoski J.J. Mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic oceans: a review. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:1982;281-289.
156. Sheehan P.M., Coorough P.J., Fastovsky D.E. Biotic selectivity during the K/T and Late Ordovician extinction events. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 307:1996;477-489.
157. Shekhotkin V.V. On opoka-like rocks in the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary beds of the Upper Crimea (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 206:1972;691-693.
158. Sheridan R.E. Pulsation tectonics as the control of long-term stratigraphic cycles. Paleoceanography. 2:1987;97-118.
159. Sibuet M., Olu K. Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins. Deep-Sea Res. II. 45:1998;517-567.
160. Siever, R., 1991. Silica in the oceans: biological-geochemical interplay. In: Schneider, S.H., Boston, P.J. (Eds.), Scientists on Gaia. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 287-295.
161. Sinton C.W., Duncan R.A. Potential links between ocean plateau volcanism and global ocean anoxia at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Econ. Geol. 92:1997;836-842.
162. Stamatakis M.G., Kanaris-Sotiriou R., Spears D.A. Authigenic silica polymorphs and the geochemistry of Pliocene siliceous swamp deposits of the Aridea volcanic province. Can. Mineral. 29:1991;587-598.
163. Stanley S.M., Hardie L.A. Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 144:1998;3-19.
164. Stein M., Hofman A.W. Mantle plumes and episodic mantle growth. Nature. 372:1994;63-68.
165. Steinberg M. Biosiliceous sedimentation, radiolarite periods and silica budget fluctuations. Oceanol. Acta. 4(Suppl.):1981;149-154.
166. Sutherland F.L. The Cretaceous/Tertiary-boundary impact and its global effects with reference to Australia. Aust. Geol. Surv. Organ., J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 16:1996;567-585.
167. Taira K. The effect of tectonism on the climate of the past 1200 years. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 39:1982;165-169.
168. Tappan H., Loeblich A.R. Geobiologic implications of fossil phytoplankton evolution and time-space distribution. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 127:1971;247-340.
169. Tarasov V.G., Gebruk A.V., Shulkin V.M., Kamenev G.M., Fadeev V.I., Kosmynin V.N., Malakhov V.V., Starynin D.A., Obzhirov A.I. Effect of shallow-water hydrothermal venting on the biota of Matupi Harbor (Rabaul Caldera, New-Britain Island, Papua-New-Guinea). Cont. Shelf Res. 19:1999;79-116.
170. Thierstein H.R., Berger W.H. Injection events in ocean history. Nature. 276:1978;461-466.
171. Tréguer P., Nelson D.M., Van Bennekom A.J., De Master D.J., Leynaert A., Quéguiner B. The silica balance in the world ocean: a reestimate. Science. 268:1995;375-379.
172. Tsekhovsky Y.G., Muraviev V.I., Muzylev N.G., Akhmetiev M.A. Early Cenozoic sedimentation on ancient and Recent platforms in periods of Earth crust extension and relief peneplanation in Central Eurasia, 2. Silicites accumulation and hydrothermal activity (in Russian). Biul. Mosk. Obsh. Ispyt. Prir., Otd. Geol. 71:1996;30-41.
173. Urbanek A. Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a paleobiological model. Hist. Biol. 7:1993;29-50.
174. Vail P.R., Mitchum R.M., Thompson S. Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 26:1977;83-97.
175. Veevers J.J., Conaghan P.J., Shaw S.E. Turning point in Pangean environmental history at the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 288:1994;187-196.
176. Veimarn, A.B., Naidin, D.N., Kopaevich, L.F., Alekseev, A.S., Nazarov, M.A., 1998. Metody Analiza Globalnykh Katastroficheskikh Sobytij pri Detalnykh Stratigraficheskikh Isledovanij. Izd. Mosk, Univ., Moscow, 190 pp.
177. Vermeij G.J. Economics, volcanoes, and Phanerozoic revolutions. Paleobiology. 21:1995;125-152.
178. Vishnevskaya V.S. Comparative analysis of Mesozoic siliceous rocks of the Pacific, its continental border and Tethys (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 340:1995;363-367.
179. Vishnevskaya V.S. Development of Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Radiolaria in the northwestern Pacific rim. Mar. Micropaleontol. 30:1997;79-95.
180. Vishnevskaya V.S. Domanikoid facies of the Russian Platform and basin paleogeography. Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 177:1998;45-69.
181. Vishnevskaya, V.S., Afanaseva, M., Racki, G., 1997. Biotic crises and some Frasnian-Famennian radiolarians from Poland and Russia. VIIIème Congrès de l'Association Internationale des Paléontologistes Radiolaires, INTERRAD VIII, Paris 1997, Abstr., p. 132.
182. Vogt P.R. Volcanogenic upwelling of anoxic, nutrient-rich water, a possible factor in carbonate-bank/reef demise and benthic faunal extinctions? Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 101:1989;1225-1245.
183. Walliser, O.H. (Ed.), 1996. Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin, 333 pp.
184. 2, ocean productivity and climate. Nature. 385:1997;587-588.
185. Weissert H., Lini A., Föllmi K.B., Kuhn O. Correlation of Early Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy and platform drowning events: a possible link? Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 137:1998;189-203.
186. Wells M.L., Vallis G.K., Silver E.A. Tectonic processes in Papua-New-Guinea and past productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature. 398:1999;601-604.
187. Wilde P., Berry W.B.N. The role of oceanographic factors in the generation of global bio-events. Lecture Notes Earth Sci. 8:1986;75-91.
188. Wilde P., Quinby-Hunt M.S. Collisions with ice-volatile objects: geological implications; a qualitative treatment. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 132:1997;47-63.
189. Wilde P., Quinby-Hunt M., Berry W.B.N. Vertical advection from oxic or anoxic water from the main pycnocline as a cause of rapid extinction or rapid radiations. Lecture Notes Earth Sci. 30:1990;85-98.
190. Xun Z., Allen M.B., Whitham A.G., Price S.P. Rift-related Devonian sedimentation and basin development in South China. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 14:1996;37-52.
191. Żakowa H., Radlicz K. Macro- and microfauna and petrography of the Famennian deposits in the Kowala 1 borehole (in Polish). Kwart. Geol. 34:1990;243-270.
192. Żakowa H., Szulczewski M., Chlebowski R. Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous in the Borków Syncline, Holy Cross Mts. Biul. Inst. Geol. 345:1983;5-134.
193. Zellmer H. Stratigraphie und Petrographie der Kieselschiefer-Fazies im Harz (Mitteldevon bis Unterkarbon). Braunschweiger Geowiss. Arb. 19:1996;1-72.
194. Zimmerle W. New aspects on the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks. Geol. Rundsch. 74:1985;385-416.