Individual Differences in Cognitive Aging

The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 242-267

  Tucker Drob, Elliot M ^a   Salthouse, Timothy A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

"use it or lose it" hypothesis, mental exercise hypothesis those maintaining a mentally engaged and mentally active lifestyle, showing less cognitive decline; Cognitive reserve hypothesis, that those experiencing enriched socioeconomic environments in childhood being more resilient cognitive and or neurobiological architectures, protected against aging related cognitive deficits; Continuous distribution of individual differences in cognitive aging, across normal healthy adults; Cross sectional age trends from Virginia Cognitive Aging Project at University of Virginia, VCAP; Dementias, and related disorders identified using cognitive tests, real world functioning, being deemed to be impaired; Individual differences in cognitive aging; Individual differences in cognitive aging basic population, level phenomenon in question; Localizing cross sectional aging related differences in hierarchical structure; Multidimensional possibility operation of a heterogeneous variety of causes of cognitive aging; Shared influence approaches from two observations

Indexed keywords

EID: 84985866647     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444343120.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (90)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Anstey, K. J., Hofer, S. M., & Luszcz, M. A. (2003). Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of dedifferentiation in later-life cognitive and sensory function: The effects of age, ability, attrition, and occasion of measurement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 470-487.
3. Ardila, A. (2007). Normal aging increases cognitive heterogeneity: Analysis of dispersion in WAIS-III scores across age. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 1003-1011.
4. Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske et al. (2002). Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study Group (ACTIVE):Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2271-2281.
5. Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
6. Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1974). The myth of the twilight years. Psychology Today, 7, 35-38, 40.
7. Baltes, P. B., Reese, H.W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1977). Life-span developmental psychology:Introduction to research methods. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
8. Bretsky, P., Guralnik, J. M., Launer, L., Albert, M., & Seeman, T. E. (2003). The role of APOE-4 in longitudinal cognitive decline: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Neurology, 60, 1077-1081.
9. Cattell, R. B. (1987). Intelligence: Its structure, growth, and action. [Revised and reprinted from Abilities: Their structure, growth and action, 1971.] Amsterdam: North-Holland.
10. Christensen, H., Hofer, S. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., & Henderson, A. S. (2001). Age is no kinder to the better educated: Absence of an association established using latent growth techniques in a community sample. Psychological Medicine, 31, 15-27.
11. Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Henderson, A. S., Jacomb, P., & Rodgers, B. (1999). An analysis of diversity in the cognitive performance of elderly community dwellers: Individual differences in change scores as a function of age. Psychology and Aging, 14, 365-379.
12. Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14, 125-130.
13. Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970). How should we measure " change "-or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 8-80.
14. Deary, I. (2008). Why do intelligent people live longer? Nature, 456, 175-176.
15. Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Pattie, A., Starr, J. M., Hayward, C., Wright, A. F. et al. (2004). Apolipoprotein E gene variability and cognitive functions at age 79: A follow-up of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932. Psychology and Aging, 19, 367-371.
16. Deater-Deckard, K., & Mayr, U. (2005). Cognitive change in aging: Identifying gene-environment correlation and nonshared environment mechanisms. Journal of Gerontology:Series B, 60, 24-31.
17. Dennis, N.A., & Cabeza, R. (2008). Neuroimaging of healthy cognitive aging. In F. E. M. Craik & T. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (3rd ed., pp. 1-54). New York: Psychology Press.
18. Ferrer, E., Salthouse, T. A., McArdle, J. J., Stewart, W. F., & Schwartz, B. S. (2005). Multivariate modeling of age and retest in longitudinal studies of cognitive abilities. Psychology and Aging, 20, 412-422.
19. Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
20. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). " Mini-mental state. " A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
21. de Frias, C. M., Lövden, M., Lindenberger, U., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2007). Revisiting the dedifferentiation hypothesis with longitudinal multi-cohort data. Intelligence, 35, 381-392.
22. Hambrick, D. Z., Salthouse, T. A., & Meinz, E. J. (1999). Predictors of crossword puzzle proficiency and moderators of age-cognition relations. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 128, 131-164.
23. Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 1900-1902.
24. Herndon, J. G., Moss, M. B., Rosene, D. L., & Killiany, R. J. (1997). Patterns of cognitive decline in aged rhesus monkeys. Behavioural Brain Research, 87, 25-34.
25. Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., Hultsch, D. F., & MacDonald, S. W. S. (2003). Latent change models of adult cognition: Are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory? Psychology and Aging, 18, 755-769.
26. Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: Can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 1-65.
27. Hertzog, C., von Oertzen, T., Ghisletta, P., & Lindenberger, U. (2008). Evaluating the power of latent growth curve models to detect individual differences in change. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 541-563.
28. Hofer, S. M., Christensen, H., MacKinnon, A. J., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Henderson, A. S., & Easteal, S. (2002). Change in cognitive functioning associated with apoE genotype in a community sample of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 194-208.
29. Horn, J. L., & Donaldson, G. (1976). On the myth of intellectual decline in adulthood. American Psychologist, 31, 701-719.
30. Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Cohen, N. J., Banich, M. T., McAuley, E., Harrison, C. R., Chason, J., Vakil, E., Bardell, L., Boileau, R. A., & Colcombe, A. (1999). Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature, 400, 418-419.
31. Le Bourg, E. (2004). Effects of aging on learned suppression of photopositive tendencies in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 1241-1252.
32. Lemke, U., & Zimprich, D. (2005). Longitudinal changes in memory performance and processing speed in old age. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 57-77.
33. Li, S.-C., Lindenberger, U., Hommel, B., Aschersleben, G., Prinz, W., & Baltes, P. B. (2004). Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span. Psychological Science, 15, 155-163.
34. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). Intellectual functioning in old and very old age:Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 12, 410-432.
35. Lindenberger, U., & Ghisletta, P. (2009). C ognitive and sensory declines in old age: Gauging the evidence for a common cause. Psychology and Aging, 24, 1-16.
36. Lindenberger, U., Singer, T., & Baltes, P. B. (2002). Longitudinal selectivity in aging populations:Separating mortality-associated versus experimental components in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57, 474-482.
37. Lövdén, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2005). Development of intellectual abilities in old age:From age gradients to individuals. In O. Wilhelm & R. Engle (Eds.), Understanding and measuring intelligence (pp. 203-221). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Hofer, S. M., Korten, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2003). Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10, 215-229.
39. McArdle, J. J., & Prindle, J. J. (2008). A latent change score analysis of a randomized clinical trial in reasoning training. Psychology and Aging, 23, 702-719.
40. McArdle, J. J., Ferrer-Caja, E., Hamagami, F., & Woodcock, R.W. (2002). Comparative longitudinal multilevel structural analyses of the growth and decline of multiple intellectual abilities over the life-span. Developmental Psychology, 38, 115-142.
41. McArdle, J. J., Grimm, K. J., Hamagami, F., Bowles, R. P., & Meredith, W. (2009). Modeling life-span growth curves of cognition using longitudinal data with multiple samples and changing scales of measurement. Psychological Methods, 14, 126-149.
42. McDonald, R. J. (2002). Multiple combinations of co-factors produce variants of age-related cognitive decline: A theory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 221-239.
43. McGue, M. & Johnson, W. (2008). Genetic research and cognitive aging. In F. Craik & T. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (3rd ed., pp. 55-96). New York:Psychology Press.
44. Morse, C. K. (1993). Does variability increase with age? An archival study of cognitive measures. Psychology and Aging, 8, 156-164.
45. Muthén, B. O., & Curran, P. J. (1997). General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs: A latent variable framework for analysis and power estimation. Psychological Methods, 2, 371-402.
46. Park, D. C. (1998). Cognitive aging, processing resources, and self-report. In N. Schwarz, D. C. Park, B. Knaueper, & S. Sudman (Eds.), Aging, cognition, and self-report. Washington, DC: Psychology Press.
47. Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., Nesselroade, J. R., & McClearn, G. E. (1992). A quantitative genetic analysis of cognitive abilities during the second half of the life span. Psychological Science, 3, 346-353.
48. Rabbitt, P. (1993). Does it all go together when it goes? The Nineteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 385-434.
49. Raz, N., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates, and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 730-748.
50. Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., Dahle, C., Gerstorf, D., & Acker, J. D. (2005). Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1676-1689.
51. Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., & Pederson, N. L. (2002). Individual variation for cognitive decline: Quantitative patterns for describing patterns of change. Psychology and Aging, 17, 271-287.
52. Reynolds, C. A., Finkel, D., McArdle, J. J., Gatz, M., Berg, S., & Pedersen, N. L. (2005). Quantitative genetic analysis of latent growth curve models of cognitive abilities in adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 41, 3-16.
53. Rönnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life-span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based sample. Psychology and Aging 20, 3-18.
54. Salthouse, T. A. (2004a). What and when of cognitive aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 140-144.
55. Salthouse, T. A. (2004b). Localizing age-related individual differences in a hierarchical structure. Intelligence, 32, 541-561.
56. Salthouse, T. A. (2005). Book review: K. Warner Schaie, Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Intelligence, 33, 551-554.
57. Salthouse, T. A. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the " use it or lose it " hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 68-87.
58. Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 507-514.
59. Salthouse, T. A. (2010a). Major issues in cognitive aging. New York: Oxford.
60. Salthouse, T. A. (2010b). Influence of age on practice effects in longitudinal neurocognitive change. Neuropsychology, 24, 563-572.
61. Salthouse, T. A. (2010c). Does the meaning of neurocognitive change change with age? Neuropsychology, 24, 273-278.
62. Salthouse, T. A., & Davis, H. P. (2006). Organization of cognitive abilities and neuropsychological variables across the lifespan. Developmental Review, 26, 31-54.
63. Salthouse, T. A., & Ferrer-Caja, E. (2003). What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables? Psychology and Aging, 18, 91-110.
64. Salthouse, T. A., & Maurer, T. J. (1996). Aging, job performance and career development. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 353-364). New York: Academic Press.
65. Salthouse, T. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2008). Implications of short-term retest effects for the interpretation of longitudinal change. Neuropsychology, 22, 800-811.
66. Salthouse, T. A., Pink, J. E., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2008). Contextual analysis of fluid intelligence. Intelligence, 36, 464-486.
67. Salthouse, T. A., Babcock, R. L., Skovronek, E., Mitchell, D. R. D., & Palmon, R. (1990). Age and experience effects in spatial visualization. Developmental Psychology, 26, 128-136.
68. Schaie, K. W., & Willis S. L. (1986). Can intellectual decline in the elderly be reversed? Developmental Psychology, 22, 223-232.
69. Shanahan, M. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2005). Social context in gene-environment interactions:Retrospect and prospect. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 60, 65-76.
70. Schmitt, N., & Chan, D. (1998). Personnel selection: A theoretical approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Skirbekk, V. (2004). Age and individual productivity: A literature survey. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
72. Sliwinksi, M., & Buschke, H. (2004). Modeling intraindividual cognitive change in aging adults: Results from the Einstein aging studies. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 11, 196-211.
73. Sliwinski, M., Hofer, S., & Hall, C. B. (2003). Correlated cognitive change in older adults with and without preclinical dementia. Psychology and Aging, 18, 672-683.
74. Small, B. J., Rosnick, C. B., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2004). Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 19, 592-600.
75. Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015-2028.
76. Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2009). Differentiation of cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1097-1118.
77. Tucker-Drob, E. M. (in press a). Global and domain-specific changes in cognition throughout adulthood. Developmental Psychology.
78. Tucker-Drob, E. M. (in press b). Individual differences methods for randomized experiments. Psychological Methods.
79. Tucker-Drob, E. M. (in press c). Neurocognitive functions and everyday functions change together in old age. Neuropsychology.
80. Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Salthouse, T. A. (2008). Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities. Psychology and Aging, 23, 453-460.
81. Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Salthouse, T. A. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling for construct validation of cognitive abilities. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 277-285.
82. Tucker-Drob, E. M., Johnson, K. E., & Jones, R. N. (2009). The cognitive reserve hypothesis:A longitudinal examination of age-associated declines in reasoning and processing speed. Developmental Psychology, 45, 431-446.
83. Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 160-164.
84. Van Dijk, K. R. A, van Gerven, P. W. M., van Boxtel, M. P. J., van der Elst, W., & Jolles, J. (2008). No protective effects of education during normal cognitive aging: Results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS), Psychology and Aging, 23, 119-130.
85. Wechsler, D. (1958). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
86. Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986). Training the elderly on the ability factors of spatial orientation and inductive reasoning. Psychology and Aging. 1, 239-247.
87. Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1994). Cognitive training in the normal elderly. In F. Forette, Y. Christen, & F. Boiler (Eds.), Plasticitécérébrale et stimulation cognitive [Brain plasticity and cognitive stimulation ] (pp. 91-113). Paris: Fondation Nationale de Gérontologie.
88. Willis, S. L., Tennsteadt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. et al. (2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. Journal of American Medical Association, 296, 2805-2814.
89. Wilson, R. S., Beckett, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bach, J., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002). Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons. Psychology and Aging, 17, 179-193.
90. Yang, Y., Schulhofer-Wohl, S., Fu, W., & Land, K. (2008). The intrinsic estimator for age-period-cohort analysis: What it is and how to use it? American Journal of Sociology, 113, 1697-1736.