Latent Change Models of Adult Cognition: Are Changes in Processing Speed and Working Memory Associated with Changes in Episodic Memory?

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 755-769

  Hertzog, Christopher ^a   Dixon, Roger A ^b   Hultsch, David F ^c   MacDonald, Stuart W S ^c  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; STATISTICAL MODEL; TASK PERFORMANCE; VELOCITY; WORKING MEMORY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MEMORY DISORDERS; MENTAL PROCESSES; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0347252318     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.755     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Ackerman, P. L. (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22, 227-257.
2. Allen, P. A., Hall, R. J., Druley, J. A., Smith, A. F., Sanders, R. E., & Murphy, M. D. (2001). How shared are age-related influences on cognitive and noncognitive variables? Psychology and Aging, 16, 532-549.
3. Alwin, D. F. (1988). Structural equation models in research on human development and aging. In K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, & S. C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 71-169). New York: Springer.
4. Anderson, N. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (1998). The attentional demands of encoding and retrieval in younger and older adults: I. Evidence from divided attention costs. Psychology and Aging, 13, 405-423.
5. Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R. A. (1995). Psychological compensation: A theoretical framework. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 259-283.
6. Bahrick, H. P. (2000). Long-term maintenance of knowledge. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 347-362). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
7. Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471-507.
8. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fix indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
9. Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 78-117.
10. Bors, D. A., & Forrin, B. (1995). Age, speed of information processing, recall, and fluid intelligence. Intelligence, 20, 229-248.
11. Bryan, J., & Luszcz, M. A. (1996). Speed of information processing as a mediator between aging and free recall performance. Psychology and Aging, 11, 3-9.
12. Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Pointer, S. (1999). Executive function and processing resources as predictors of adult age differences in the implementation of encoding strategies. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 6, 273-287.
13. Burke, D. M., & Light, L. L. (1981). Memory and aging: The role of retrieval processes. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 513-546.
14. Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542-579.
15. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Cohen, G. (1989). Memory in the real world, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1986). Memory for proper names: Age differences in retrieval. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 187-197.
18. Craik, F. I. M., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 191-211). New York: Plenum Press.
19. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.
20. Delaney, H. D. (1978). Interaction of individual differences with visual and verbal elaboration instructions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 306-318.
21. Dixon, R. A., Hultsch, D. F., & Hertzog, C. (1989). A manual of 25 three-tiered structurally equivalent texts for use in aging research (CRGCA Technical Report No. 2). Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: University of Victoria, Department of Psychology.
22. Dixon, R. A., Wahlin, A, Maitland, S. B., Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., & Bäckman, L. (in press). Episodic memory change in late adulthood: Generalizability across samples and performance indices. Memory & Cognition.
23. Dunlosky, J., & Hertzog, C. (1998). Aging and deficits in associative memory: What is the role of strategy production? Psychology and Aging, 13, 597-607.
24. Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H. H., & Dermen, D. (1976). Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
25. Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 309-331.
26. Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49, 725-747.
27. Graf, P., & Uttl, B. (1995). Component processes of memory: Changes across the adult lifespan. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 54, 113-130.
28. Hale, S., & Myerson, J. (1996). Experimental evidence for differential slowing in the lexical and nonlexical domains. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 3, 154-165.
29. Hambrick, D. Z., & Engle, R. W. (2002). Effects of domain knowledge, working memory capacity, and age on cognitive performance: An investigation of the knowledge-is-power hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 44, 339-387.
30. Hertzog, C. (1985). An individual differences perspective: Implications for cognitive research in gerontology. Research on Aging, 7, 7-45.
31. Hertzog, C. (1989). The influence of cognitive slowing on age differences in intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 636-651.
32. Hertzog, C., & Bleckley, M. K. (2001). Age differences in the structure of intelligence: Influences of information processing speed. Intelligence, 29, 191-217.
33. Hertzog, C., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1987). Beyond autoregressive models: Some implications of the trait-state distinction for the structural modeling of developmental change. Child Development, 58, 93-109.
34. Hertzog, C., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003). Assessing psychological change in adulthood: An overview of methodological issues, Psychology and Aging, 18, 639-657.
35. Hertzog, C., & Schaie, K. W. (1986). Stability and change in adult intelligence: I. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures. Psychology and Aging, 1, 159-171.
36. Hofer, S. M., & Sliwinski, M. (2001). Understanding ageing. Gerontology, 47, 341-352.
37. Horn, J, L. (1985). Remodeling old models of intelligence. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence: Theories, measurements, and applications (pp. 267-300). New York: Wiley.
38. Horn, J. L., & Hofer, S. M. (1992). Major abilities and development in the adult period. In R. J. Sternberg and C. A. Berg (Eds.), Intellectual development (pp. 44-99). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
39. Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117-144.
40. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R. A. (1990). Ability correlates of memory performance in adulthood and aging. Psychology and Aging, 5, 356-368.
41. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., & Small, B. J. (1998). Memory change in the aged. New York: Cambridge University Press.
42. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999). Use it or lose it? Engaged life style as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging. Psychology and Aging, 14, 245-263.
43. Hunt, E. (1978). Mechanics of verbal ability. Psychological Review, 85 109-130.
44. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
45. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
46. Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working memory capacity? Intelligence, 14, 389-433.
47. Kyllonen, P. C., Tirre, W. C., & Christal, R. E. (1991). Knowledge and processing speed as determinants of associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 57-79.
48. Light, L. L. (1996). Memory and aging. In E. L. Bjork & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Memory (pp. 332-490). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
49. Lindenberger, U., Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Speed and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging, 8, 201-220.
50. Lindenberger, U., & Pötter, U. (1998). The complex nature of unique and shared effects in hierarchical linear regression: Implications for developmental psychology. Psychological Methods, 3, 218-230.
51. Masunaga, H., & Horn, J. L. (2001). Expertise and age-related changes in components of intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 16, 293-311.
52. May, C. P., Hasher, L., & Kane, M. (1999). The role of interference in memory span. Memory & Cognition, 27, 759-767.
53. McArdle, J. J., & Bell, R. Q. (2000). An introduction to latent growth models for developmental data analysis. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data: Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples (pp. 69-107). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. McArdle, J. J., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1994). Using multivariate data to structure developmental change. In S. H. Cohen & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Methodological contributions (pp. 223-267). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525-543.
56. Meyer, B. J. F. (1987). Reading comprehension and aging. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 93-115). New York: Springer.
57. Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1980). Norms of 300 general-information questions: Accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 338-368.
58. Nesselroade, J. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1985). Experimental design in research on aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 35-60). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
59. Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult lifespan. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299-320.
60. Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G., Earles, J. L., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., & Gaines, C. (1996). Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 621-637.
61. Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T., & Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258-271.
62. Rogers, W. A., Hertzog, C., & Fisk, A. D. (2000). An individual differences analysis of ability and strategy influences: Age-related differences in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 359-394.
63. Rogosa, D. (1988). Myths about longitudinal research. In K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, & S. C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 171-209). New York: Springer.
64. Rogosa, D., Brandt, D., & Zimowski, M. (1982). A growth curve approach to the measurement of change. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 726-748.
65. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
66. Salthouse, T. A. (1996a). General and specific speed mediation of adult age differences in memory. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 51, P30-P42.
67. Salthouse, T. A. (1996b). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
68. Salthouse, T. A., & Babcock, R. L. (1991). Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 763-776.
69. Salthouse, T. A., Kausler, D. H., & Saults, J. S. (1988). Investigation of student status, background variables, and the feasibility of standard tasks in cognitive aging research. Psychology and Aging, 3, 29-37.
70. Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1985). Measurement in the psychology of adulthood and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 61-92). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
71. Schaie, K. W., Maitland, S. B., Willis, S. L, & Intrieri, R. C. (1998). Longitudinal invariance of adult psychometric ability factor structures across 7 years. Psychology and Aging, 13, 8-20.
72. Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 14, 18-33.
73. Sliwinski, M. J., Hofer, S. M., & Hall, C. (2003). Modeling memory decline in older adults: The importance of preclinical dementia, attrition, and chronological age. Psychology and Aging, 18, 672-683.
74. Sörbom, D. (1975). Detection of correlated errors in longitudinal data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 28, 138-151.
75. Statistics Canada. (1998). The nation: 1996 census of population (Catalogue 93-F0020XCB96004). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author.
76. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
77. Thurstone, T. G. (1962). Primary mental abilities. Chicago: Scientific Research Associates.
78. Tisak, J., & Meredith, W. (1990). Longitudinal factor analysis. In A. von Eye (Ed.), Statistical methods in longitudinal research (Vol. 1, pp. 125-129). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
79. Verhaeghen, P., & Salthouse, T. A. (1997). Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 231-249.
80. Walsh, D. A., & Hershey, D. A. (1993). Mental models and the maintenance of complex problem solving-skills in old age. In J. Cerella, J. Rybash, W. J. Hoyer, & M. L. Commons (Eds.), Adult information processing: Limits on loss (pp. 553-584). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
81. Wilson, R. S., Beckett, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bach, J., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002). Individual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons. Psychology and Aging, 17, 179-193.
82. Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Human memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp 293-357). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
83. Zelinski, E. M., & Bumight, K. P. (1997). Sixteen-year longitudinal and time-lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults. Psychology and Aging. 12, 503-513.
84. Zelinski, E. M., & Gilewski, M. J. (1988). Memory for prose and aging: A meta-analysis. In M. L. Howe & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood: Progress in cognitive development research (pp. 133-158). New York: Springer-Verlag.
85. Zelinski, E. M., & Stewart, S. T. (1998). Individual differences in 16-year memory changes. Psychology and Aging, 13, 622-630.
86. Zimprich, D. (2002). Cross-sectionally and longitudinally balanced effects of processing speed on intellectual abilities. Experimental Aging Research, 28, 231-251.