Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Patterns of Dedifferentiation in Late-life Cognitive and Sensory Function: The Effects of Age, Ability, Attrition, and Occasion of Measurement

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Volumn 132, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 470-487

  Anstey, Kaarin J ^a   Hofer, Scott M ^b   Luszcz, Mary A ^c  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SENSATION; TASK PERFORMANCE;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; COGNITION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SENSATION; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 0041376798     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.470     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Allen, P. A., Hall, R. J., Druley, J. A., Smith, A. F., Sanders, R. E., & Murphy, M. D. (2001). How shared are age-related influences on cognitive and noncognitive variables? Psychology and Aging, 16, 532-549.
2. Anastasi, A. (1970). On the formulation of psychological traits. American Psychologist, 25, 899-910.
3. Anstey, K. J. (1999). Sensorimotor variables and forced expiratory volume as correlates of speed, accuracy, and variability in reaction time performance in late adulthood. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 6, 84-95.
4. Anstey, K. J., Dain, S., Andrews, S., & Drobny, J. (2002). Visual abilities in older adults explain age-differences in Stroop and fluid intelligence but not face recognition: Implications for the vision-cognition connection. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 9, 253-265.
5. Anstey, K. J., Hofer, S. M., & Luszcz, M. A. (in press). A latent growth curve analysis of late life cognitive and sensory function over 8 years: Evidence for specific and common factors underlying change. Psychology and Aging.
6. Anstey, K. J., Lord, S. R., & Williams, P. (1997). Strength in the lower limbs, visual contrast sensitivity, and simple reaction time predict cognition in older women. Psychology and Aging, 12, 137-144.
7. Anstey, K. J., & Luszcz, M. A. (2002). Selective non-response to clinical assessment in the longitudinal study of aging: Implications for estimating population levels of cognitive function and dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 704-709.
8. Anstey, K. J., Luszcz, M. A., Giles, L., & Andrews, G. (2001). Demographic, health, cognitive, and sensory variables as predictors of mortality in very old adults. Psychology and Aging, 16, 3-11.
9. Anstey, K. J., Luszcz, M. A., & Sanchez, L. (2001a). A reevaluation of the common factor theory of shared variance among age, sensory function, and cognitive function in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B, P3-P11.
10. Anstey, K. J., Luszcz, M. A., & Sanchez, L. (2001b). Two-year decline in vision but not hearing is associated with memory decline in very old adults in a population-based sample. Gerontology, 47, 289-293.
11. Anstey, K. J., & Smith, G. A. (1999). Interrelationships among biological markers of aging, health, activity, acculturation, and cognitive performance in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 14, 615-618.
12. Anstey, K. J., Stankov, L., & Lord, S. R. (1993). Primary aging, secondary aging, and intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 8, 562-570.
13. Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). AMOS 4.0 user's guide. Chicago: Small waters.
14. Balinsky, B. (1941). An analysis of the mental factors of various age groups from nine to sixty. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 23, 191-234.
15. Baltes, P., Cornelius, S. W., Spiro, A., Nesselroade, J. R., & Willis, S. L. (1980). Integration versus differentiation of fluid/crystallized intelligence in old age. Developmental Psychology, 16, 625-635.
16. Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
17. Berg, S. (1996). Aging, behavior, and terminal decline. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schale (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 323-336). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Bickley, P. G., Keith, T. Z., & Wolfe, L. M. (1995). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities: Test of the structure of intelligence across the life span. Intelligence, 20, 309-328.
19. Birren, J. E., & Cunningham, W. (1985). Research on the psychology of aging: Principles, concepts and theory. In J. E. Birren & W. Schale (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 3-34). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
20. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230-258.
21. Cabeza, R. (2001). Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Contributions of functional neuroimaging. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 277-286.
22. Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17, 85-100.
23. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
24. Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2001). The "common cause hypothesis" of cognitive aging: Evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis. Psychology and Aging, 16, 588-599.
25. Cornelius, S. W., Willis, S. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (1983). Convergence between attention variables and factors of psychometric intelligence in older adults. Intelligence, 7, 253-269.
26. Cunningham, W. R., & Birren, J. E. (1980). Age changes in the factor structure of intellectual abilities in adulthood and old age. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 271-290.
27. Cunningham, W. R., Clayton, V., & Overton, W. (1975). Fluid and crystallized intelligence in young and old adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 53-55.
28. Deary, I., Egan, V., Gibson, G. J., Austin, E. J., Brand, C. R., & Kellaghan, T. (1996). Intelligence and the differentiation hypothesis. Intelligence, 23, 105-132.
29. Diggle, P. J., & Kenward, M. G. (1994). Informative dropout in longitudinal data analysis (with discussion). Applied Statistics, 43, 49-94.
30. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
31. Foulds, G. A., & Raven, J. C. (1948). Normal changes in mental abilities of adults as age advances. Journal of Mental Science, 94, 133-142.
32. Fozard, J. L., Metter, E. J., & Brant, L. J. (1990). Next steps in describing aging and disease in longitudinal studies. Journal of Gerontology, 45, 116-127.
33. Garrett, H. E. (1938). Differentiable mental traits. Psychological Record, 2, 259-298.
34. Green, R. F., & Berkowitz, B. (1964). Changes in intellect with age: II. Factorial analysis of Wechsler-Bellevue scores. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 104, 3-18.
35. Hofer, S. M., Berg, S., & Era, P. (2003). Evaluating the interdependence of aging-related changes in visual and auditory acuity, balance, and cognitive functioning. Psychology and Aging, 18, 285-305.
36. Hofer, S. M., Christensen, H., MacKinnon, A. I., Korten, A. E., Jorm, A. F., Henderson, A. S., & Easteal, S. (2002). Change in cognitive functioning associated with apoE genotype in a community sample of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 17, 194-208.
37. Hofer, S. M., Horn, J. L., & Eber, H. W. (1997). A robust five-factor structure of the 16PF: Strong evidence from independent rotation and confirmatory factorial invariance procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 247-269.
38. Hofer, S. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2001). Understanding ageing: An evaluation of research designs for understanding the interdependence of ageing-related changes. Gerontology, 47, 341-352.
39. Hofer, S. M., Sliwinski, M. J., & Flaherty, B. P. (2002). Understanding ageing: Further commentary on the limitations of cross-sectional designs for ageing research. Gerontology, 48, 22-29.
40. Hugo, G., Healy, J., & Luszcz, M. (1987). Surveying the aged in Australia. Australian Journal on Ageing, 6, 14-19.
41. Juan-Espinosa, M., Garcia, L., Colom, R., & Abad, F. J. (2000). Testing the age related differentiation hypothesis through the Wechsler's scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1069-1075.
42. Li, S.-C. (2002). Connecting the many levels and facets of cognitive aging. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 38-43.
43. Li, S.-C., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age. In L.-G. Nilsson & H. Markowitsch (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience and memory (pp. 103-146). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Hogrefe & Huber.
44. Li, K. Z. H., & Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations between aging sensory/ sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 777-783.
45. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intel-ligence in old age: A strong connection. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339-355.
46. Lindenberger, U., Singer, T., & Baltes, P. B. (2002). Longitudinal selectivity in aging populations: Separating mortality-associated versus experimental components in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, P474-P482.
47. Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analyses with missing data. New York: Wiley.
48. Luszcz, M. A. (1998). A longitudinal study of ageing in the cognitive and self domains. Australian Developmental and Educational Psychologist, 15, 39-61.
49. Luszcz, M. A., & Bryan, J. (1999). Toward understanding age-related memory loss in late adulthood, Gerontology, 45, 2-9.
50. Luszcz, M. A., Bryan, J., & Kent, P. (1997). Predicting episodic memory performance of very old men and women: Contribution from age, depression, activity, cognitive ability, and speed. Psychology and Aging, 12, 340-351.
51. Mack, W. J., Freed, D. M., Williams, B. W., & Henderson, V. W. (1992). Boston Naming Test: Shortened versions for use in Alzheimer's disease. Journals of Gerontology Series B; Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 47, P154-P158.
52. Maitland, S. B., Intrieri, R. C., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2000). Gender differences and changes in cognitive abilities across the adult life span. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 7, 32-53.
53. McHugh, R. B., & Owens, W. A. (1954). Age changes in mental organization - a longitudinal study. Journal of Gerontology, 9, 296-302.
54. Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525-543.
55. Meredith, W., & Horn, J. (2001). The role of factorial invariance in modeling growth and change. In L. M. Collins & A. G. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 203-240). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
56. Mitrushina, M., & Satz, P. (1991). Stability of cognitive functions in young-old versus old-old individuals. Brain Dysfunction, 4, 174-181.
57. Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART). Berkshire, England: nferNelson.
58. Park, D. C., Lautenshlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299-320.
59. Park, D. C., Polk, T., Mikels, J. A., Taylor, S. F., & Marshuetz, C. (2001). Cerebral aging: Integration of brain and behavioral models of cognitive function. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 3, 151-164.
60. Petit, T. L. (1982). Neuroanatomical and clinical neuropsychological changes in aging and senile dementia. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 1-21). New York: Plenum.
61. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 385-401.
62. Reinert, G. (1970). Comparative factor analytic studies of intelligence through the human life-span. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory (pp. 468-485). New York: Academic Press.
63. Reinert, G., Baltes, P., & Schmidt, L. R. (1965). Faktorenanalytishce Untersuchungen zur Differenzuierungshypothese der Intelligencz: Die Liestungsdifferenzierungshypothese [Factor analytic investigation of the differentiation hypothesis of intelligence: The differential performance of intelligence]. Psychologische Forschung, 28, 246-300.
64. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2, 179-183.
65. Salthouse, T. A. (1992). What do adult age differences in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test reflect? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 47, P121-P128.
66. Salthouse, T. A. (1996a). General and specific speed mediation of adult age differences in memory. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 513, P30-P42.
67. Salthouse, T. A. (1996b). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
68. Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.
69. Schaie, K. W., Maitland, S. B., Willis, S. L., & Intrieri, R. C. (1998). Longitudinal invariance of adult psychometric ability factor structures across 7 years. Psychology and Aging, 13, 8-20.
70. Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 14, 18-33.
71. Sliwinski, M. J., Hofer, S. M., & Hall, C. (in press). Correlated and coupled cognitive change in older adults with and without clinical dementia. Psychology and Aging.
72. Sliwinski, M. J., Hofer, S. M., Hall, C., Buschke, H., & Lipton, R. B. (in press). Modeling memory decline in older adults: The importance of preclinical dementia, attrition, and chronological age. Psychology and Aging.
73. Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement, New York: Macmillan.
74. Storandt, M., & Hudson, W. (1975). Misuses of analysis of covariance in aging research and some partial solutions. Experimental Aging Research, 1, 121-125.
75. Uylings, H. B. M., & de Brabander, J. M. (2002). Neuronal changes in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 49, 268276.
76. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
77. Wohlwill, J. F. (1970). The age variable in psychological research. Psychological Review, 77, 49-64.