Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study

Psychology and Aging

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 3-18

  Rönnlund, Michael ^a   Nyberg, Lars ^a   Bäckman, Lars ^b,c   Nilsson, Lars Göran ^d  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM GERONTOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER   (Sweden)

^d STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPMENT; EDUCATION; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEMORY; NORMAL HUMAN; SEMANTICS;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; COHORT STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MEMORY DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SEMANTICS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 15244351702     PISSN: 08827974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.3     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Adam, J. (1977). Statistical bias in cross-sequential studies of aging. Experimental-Aging-Research, 3, 325-333.
2. Albert, M. S., Heller, H. S., & Milberg, W. (1988). Changes in naming ability with age. Psychology and Aging, 3, 173-178.
3. 2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron adulthood. American Psychologist, 31, 701-719.
4. Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 users' guide. Chicago: Smallwaters Corporation.
5. Arenberg, D. (1982a). Estimates of age changes on the Benton visual retention test. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 87-90.
6. Arenberg, D. (1982b). Learning from our mistakes in cognitive aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 8, 73-75.
7. Bäckman, L., & Farde, L. (2004). The role of dopamine systems in cognitive aging. In R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg, & D. C. Park (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging (pp. 58-84). New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Bäckman, L., Hill, R. D., Herlitz, A., Robins-Wahlin, T.-B., Wahlin, Å., & Winblad, B. (1998). Verbal and nonverbal episodic memory performance in a 2-year longitudinal study of optimally healthy very old adults. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 4, 139-154.
9. Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (1996). Semantic memory functioning across the adult life span. European Psychologist, 1, 27-33.
10. Bäckman, L., Small, B. J., & Wahlin, Å. (2001). Aging and memory: Cognitive and biological perspectives. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 349-377). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
11. Bäckman, L., Small, B. J., Wahlin, Å., & Larsson, M. (1999). Cognitive functioning in very old age. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 499-558). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
13. Baltes, P. B., Schaie, K. W., & Nardi, A. H. (1971). Age and experimental mortality in a seven-year longitudinal study of cognitive behavior. Developmental Psychology, 5, 18-26.
14. Bartzokis, G., Beckson, M., Lu, P. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Edwards, N., & Mintz, J. (2001). Age-related changes in frontal and temporal volumes in men: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 461-465.
15. Berkowitz, B. (1953). The Wechsler-Bellevue performance of White males past age 50. Journal of Gerontology, 8, 76-80.
16. Birren, J. E., & Morrison, D. F. (1961). Analysis of the WAIS subtests in relation to age and education. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 363-368.
17. Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Lesser, J. M., Mehringer, C. M., Hill-Gutierrez, E., Goldberg, M. A., & Berman, N. G. (1992). Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects: A threshold effect. Archives of Neurology, 49, 549-554.
18. Botwinick, J., & Arenberg, D. (1976). Disparate time spans in sequential studies of aging. Experimental-Aging-Research, 2, 55-61.
19. Bryan, J., Luszcz, M. A., & Crawford, J. R. (1997). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 473-478.
20. Cabeza, R. (2001). Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Contributions of functional neuroimaging. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 277-286.
21. Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17, 85-100.
22. Cabeza, R., Grady, C. L., Nyberg, L., McIntosh, A. R., Tulving, E., Kapur, S., et al. (1997). Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 391-400.
23. Cahan, S., & Cohen, N. (1989). Age versus schooling effects on intelligence. Child Development, 60, 1239-1249.
24. Ceci, S. J. (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology, 5, 703-722.
25. Christensen, H. (2001). What cognitive changes can be expected with normal ageing? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 768-775.
26. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press.
27. Cohen, R. L. (1981). On the generality of some memory laws. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 22, 267-281.
28. Colsher, P. C., & Wallace, R. B. (1991). Longitudinal application of cognitive function measures in a defined population of community-dwelling elderly. Annals of Epidemiology, 1, 215-230.
29. DeCarli, C., Murphy, D. G. M., Tranh, M., Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Gilette, J. A., et al. (1995). The effect of white matter hyperintensity volume on brain structure, cognitive performance, and cerebral metabolism of glucose in 51 healthy adults. Neurology, 45, 2077-2084.
30. Dureman, I. (1960). SRB:1. Stockholm, Sweden: Psykologiförlaget.
31. Eggers, R., Haug, H., & Fischer, D. (1984). Preliminary report on macroscopic age changes in the human prosencephalon: A stereologic examination. Journal für Hirnforschung, 25, 129-139.
32. Finkel, D., Pedersen, N., Plomin, R., & McClearn, G. E. (1998). Longitudinal and cross-sectional data on cognitive abilities in adulthood: The Swedish adoption/twin study of aging. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1400-1413.
33. Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., & Reisberg, B. (1993). A longitudinal study of cognitive function in elderly persons with subjective memory complaints. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 1029-1032.
34. Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
35. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini Mental State": A practical method for grading the mental status of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12, 189-198.
36. Forno, L. S. (1996). Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Histopathology and Experimental Neurology, 55, 259-272.
37. Giambra, L. M., Arenberg, D., Zonderman, A. B., Kawas, C., & Costa, P. T. (1995). Adult life span changes immediate visual memory and verbal intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 10, 123-139.
38. Greenfield, J. P., Blackwood, W., McMenemy, W., Meyer, A., Norman, R., & Russel, D. (1967). Neuropathology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
39. Hasker, P. D., & Klebe, K. J. (2001). A longitudinal study of performance in the elderly and the young on the Tower of Hanoi puzzle and Rey recall. Brain & Cognition, 46, 95-99.
40. Hertzog, C. (1996). Research design in studies of aging and cognition. In J. E. Birren, K. W. Schaie, R. P. Abeles, M. Gatz, & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 24-37). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
41. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253-270.
42. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107-129.
43. 11C] raclopride. Archives of Neurology, 50, 474-480.
44. Horn, J. L., & Hofer, S. M. (1992). Major abilities and development in the adult period. In R. J. Sternberg & C. A. Berg (Eds.), Intellectual development (pp. 44-99). New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., & Small, B. J. (1998). Memory change in the aged. New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., McDonald-Miszczak, L., & Dixon, R. A. (1992). Short-term longitudinal change in cognitive performance in later life. Psychology and Aging, 7, 571-584.
47. Johansson, B., Zarit, S. H., & Berg, S. (1992). Changes in cognitive functioning of the oldest old. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 47, P75-P80.
48. Jonsson, J. O., & Mills, C. (1993). Social class and educational attainment in historical perspective: A Swedish-English comparison: Pt. I. British Journal of Sociology, 44, 213-247.
49. Kaufmann, A. S. (2001). WAIS-III IQs, Horn's theory, and generational changes from young adulthood to old age. Intelligence, 29, 131-167.
50. Kausler, D. H. (1991). Experimental psychology, cognition, and human aging (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
51. Kausler, D. H. (1994). Learning and memory in normal aging. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
52. Lehman, E. B., & Mellinger, J. C. (1986). Forgetting rates in modality memory for young, mid-life, and older women. Psychology and Aging, 1, 178-179.
53. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong relation. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339-355.
54. Lövdén, M., Rönnlund, M., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2002). Remembering and knowing in adulthood: Influence of enacted encoding and processing speed. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 9, 184-200.
55. Lövdén, M., Rönnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Wahlin, Å., Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2004). The extent of stability and change in episodic and semantic memory in old age: Demographic predictors of level and change. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59, P130-P134.
56. Martorell, R. (1998). Nutrition and the worldwide rise in IQ scores. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 183-206). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. Mayeux, R., Small, S. A., Tang, M.-X., Tycko, B., & Stern, Y. (2001). Memory performance in healthy elderly without Alzheimer's disease: Effects of time and apolipoprotein-E. Neurobiology of Aging, 22, 683-689.
58. McCarty, S. M., Siegler, I. C., & Logue, P. E. (1982). Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of three Wechsler Memory subtests. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 169-175.
59. McDonald-Miszczak, L., Hertzog, C., & Hultsch, D. F. (1995). Stability and accuracy of metamemory in adulthood and aging: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 10, 553-564.
60. Menard, S. (1991). Longitudinal research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
61. Mitchell, D. B. (1989). How many memory systems? Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 31-49.
62. Mitrushina, M., & Satz, P. (1991). Changes in cognitive functioning associated with normal aging. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 49-69.
63. Neisser, U. (1998). The rising curve: Long term gains in IQ and related measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
64. Nilsson, L.-G., Bäckman, L., Erngrund, K., Nyberg, L., Adolfsson, R., Bucht, G., et al. (1997). The Betula prospective cohort study: Memory, health, and aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 1-32.
65. Nyberg, L. (1994). A structural equation modeling approach to the multiple memory systems question. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 485-491.
66. Nyberg, L., Maitland, S. B., Rönnlund, M., Bäckman, L., Dixon, R. A., Wahlin, Å., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2003). Selective adult age differences in an age-invariant multifactor model of declarative memory. Psychology and Aging, 18, 149-160.
67. Nyberg, L., & Tulving, E. (1996). Classifying human long-term memory: Evidence from converging dissociations. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8, 163-183.
68. Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davison, N., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299-320.
69. Park, D. C., Smith, A. D., Lautenschlager, G., Earles, J. L., Frieske, D., Zwahr, M., & Gaines, C. L. (1996). Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 621-637.
70. Perls, T. T., Morris, J. N., Ooi, W. L., & Lipsitz, L. A. (1993). The relationships between age, gender and cognitive performance in the very old: The effect of selective survival. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 1193-1201.
71. Powell, D. A., Furchgott, E., Henderson, M., Prescott, L., Mitchell, A., Hartis, P., et al. (1990). Some determinants of attrition in prospective studies on aging. Experimental Aging Research, 16, 17-24.
72. Prull, M. W., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Bunge, S. A. (1999). Age-related changes in memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of cognitive aging (2nd ed., pp. 91-153). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
73. Rabbitt, P., Diggle, P., Smith, D., Holland, F., & Mc Innes, L. (2001). Identifying and separating the effects of practice and of cognitive ageing during a large longitudinal study of elderly community residents. Neuropsychologia, 39, 532-543.
74. Raz, N. (1999). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of cognitive aging (2nd ed., pp. 1-90). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
75. Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Head, D., Kennedy, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2004). Differential aging of the medial temporal lobe: A study of a five-year change. Neurology, 62, 433-438.
76. 2 receptor. Brain Research, 508, 349-352.
77. Rodgers, J. L. (1999). A critique of the Flynn effect: Massive IQ gains, methodological artifacts, or both? Intelligence, 26, 337-356.
78. Rönnlund, M., Lövdén, M., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2001). Adult age differences in Tower of Hanoi performance: Influence from demographic and cognitive variables. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 8, 269-283.
79. Salthouse, T. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
80. Salthouse, T. A. (1993). Speed and knowledge as determinants of adult age differences in verbal tasks. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 48, P29-P36.
81. Salthouse, T. A. (1999). Methodological assumptions in cognitive aging research. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of cognitive aging (2nd ed., pp. 467-498). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
82. Salthouse, T. A., & Czaja, S. J. (2000). Structural constraints on process explanations in cognitive aging. Psychology and Aging, 15, 44-55.
83. Schaie, K. W. (1965). A general model for the study of developmental problems. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 92-107.
84. Schaie, K. W. (1977). Quasi-experimental design in the psychology of aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 39-58). New York: Van Nordstrand Reinhold.
85. Schaie, K. W. (1988). Internal validity threats in studies of adult cognitive development. In M. L. Howe & C. J. Brainard (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood: Progress in cognitive development research (pp. 241-272). New York: Springer-Verlag.
86. Schaie, K. W. (1994). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304-313.
87. Schaie, K. W. (1996). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Cambridge University Press.
88. Schaie, K. W., Labouvie, G. V., & Buech, B. U. (1973). Generational and cohort-specific differences in adult cognitive functioning: A fourteen-year study of independent samples. Developmental Psychology, 9, 151-166.
89. Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968a). A cross-sequential study of age changes in cognitive behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 671-680.
90. Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968b). The effect of time and cohort differences on the interpretation of age changes in cognitive behavior. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 3, 259-293.
91. Schooler, C. (1998). Environmental complexity and the Flynn effect. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long term gain in IQ and related measures (pp. 67-79). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
92. Shichita, K., Hatano, S., Ohashi, Y., Shibata, H., & Matuzaki, T. (1986). Memory changes in the Benton Visual Retention Test between ages 70 and 75. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 385-386.
93. Singer, T., Verhaeghen, P., Ghisletta, P., Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). The fate of cognition in very old age: Six-year longitudinal findings in the Berlin aging study. Psychology and Aging, 18, 318-331.
94. Smith, A. D. (1996). Memory. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 236-250). New York: Academic Press.
95. Smith, T. W. (1993). The relationship of age to education across time. Social Science Research, 22, 300-311.
96. Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (1989). Continuing secular increases in intelligence and a stable prevalence of high intelligence levels. Intelligence, 13, 255-262.
97. Uttl, B., & Van Alstine, C. L. (2003). Rising verbal intelligence scores: Implications for research and clinical practice. Psychology and Aging, 18, 616-621.
98. Verhaeghen, P., & Salthouse, T. (1997). Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 231-249.
99. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised: Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
100. Williams, W. M. (1998). Are we raising smarter children today? School and home-related influence on IQ. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures (pp. 125-154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
101. Zelinski, E. M., & Burnight, K. P. (1997). Sixteen-year longitudinal and time lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 503-513.
102. Zelinski, E. M., Gilewski, M. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1993). Individual differences in cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal memory performance across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 8, 176-186.
103. Zelinski, E. M., & Stewart, S. T. (1998). Individual differences in 16-year memory changes. Psychology and Aging, 13, 622-630.