Corrigendum: Early onset of industrial-era warming across the oceans and continents (Nature (2016) 536 (411-418) DOI: 10.1038/nature19082);Early onset of industrial-era warming across the oceans and continents

Nature

Volumn 536, Issue 7617, 2016, Pages 411-418

  Abram, Nerilie J ^a   McGregor, Helen V ^b   Tierney, Jessica E ^c,d   Evans, Michael N ^e   McKay, Nicholas P ^f   Kaufman, Darrell S ^f   Thirumalai, Kaustubh ^g   Martrat, Belen ^h,i   Goosse, Hugues ^j   Phipps, Steven J ^k,l   Steig, Eric J ^m,n   Kilbourne, K Halimeda ^o   Saenger, Casey P ⁿ   Zinke, Jens ^p,q,r   Leduc, Guillaume ^s   Addison, Jason A ^t   Mortyn, P Graham ^u   Seidenkrantz, Marit Solveig ^v   Sicre, Marie Alexandrine ^w   Selvaraj, Kandasamy ^x   Filipsson, Helena L ^y   Neukom, Raphael ^z   Gergis, Joelle ^aa   Curran, Mark A J ^ab   Von Gunten, Lucien ^ac   more..

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^c University of Arizona   (United States)

^d WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^e Bldg 142   (United States)

^f NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^h INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND WATER RESEARCH   (Spain)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^k UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^l UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^m UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE   (United States)

^p CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^q AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (Australia)

^r FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^s AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^t U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^u INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIA I TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTALS   (Spain)

^v AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^w INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^x XIAMEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^y LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^z UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^aa UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^ab AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC DIVISION   (Australia)

^ac PAGES International Project Office   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE FORCING; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; EQUATORIAL DYNAMICS; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; NINETEENTH CENTURY; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RECONSTRUCTION; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; WARMING;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ARTICLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; GREENHOUSE; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; INDUSTRY; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; PALEOCLIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATIVE FORCING; SEA; SIMULATION; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; GEOGRAPHY; HISTORY; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; TEMPERATURE; THEORETICAL MODEL; TIME FACTOR; TROPIC CLIMATE; UNCERTAINTY;

GEOGRAPHY; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; HISTORY, 16TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; INDUSTRY; MODELS, THEORETICAL; OCEANS AND SEAS; TEMPERATURE; TIME FACTORS; TROPICAL CLIMATE; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 84984905560     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: 14764687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nature22349     Document Type: Erratum

References (131)

1. Hegerl, G. C., Crowley, T. J., Hyde, W. T. & Frame, D. J. Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries. Nature 440, 1029-1032 (2006).
2. Mann, M. E. et al. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 13252-13257 (2008).
3. Frank, D. C. et al. Ensemble reconstruction constraints on the global carbon cycle sensitivity to climate. Nature 463, 527-530 (2010).
4. PAGES 2k Consortium. Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nat. Geosci. 6, 339-346 (2013).
5. Neukom, R. et al. Inter-hemispheric temperature variability over the past millennium. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 362-367 (2014).
6. Levitus, S. et al. World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L10603 (2012).
7. England, M. H. et al. Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 222-227 (2014).
8. Chen, X. & Tung, K.-K. Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration. Science 345, 897-903 (2014).
9. Karl, T. R. et al. Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus. Science 348, 1469-1472 (2015).
10. Crowley, T. J., Obrochta, S. P. & Liu, J. Recent global temperature "plateau" in the context of a new proxy reconstruction. Earths Futur. 2, 281-294 (2014).
11. Marshall, J. et al. The ocean's role in the transient response of climate to abrupt greenhouse gas forcing. Clim. Dyn. 44, 2287-2299 (2015).
12. Lewis, S. L. & Maslin, M. A. Defining the Anthropocene. Nature 519, 171-180 (2015).
13. Ruddiman, W. F. The Anthropocene. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 41, 45-68 (2013).
14. Tierney, J. E. et al. Tropical sea-surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives. Paleoceanography 30, 226-252 (2015).
15. McGregor, H. V. et al. Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era. Nat. Geosci. 8, 671-677 (2015).
16. McKay, N. P. & Kaufman, D. S. An extended Arctic proxy temperature database for the past 2,000 years. Sci. Data 1, 140026 (2014).
17. Schmidt, G. A. et al. Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium (v1.0). Geosci. Model Dev. 4, 33-45 (2011).
18. Crespin, E., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., Mairesse, A. & Sallaz-Damaz, Y. Arctic climate over the past millennium: annual and seasonal responses to external forcings. Holocene 23, 321-329 (2013).
19. Otto-Bliesner, B. L. et al. Climate variability and change since 850 CE: an ensemble approach with the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 97, 735-754 (2015).
20. Schurer, A. P., Tett, S. F. B. & Hegerl, G. C. Small influence of solar variability on climate over the past millennium. Nat. Geosci. 7, 104-108 (2014).
21. Phipps, S. J. et al. Paleoclimate data-model comparison and the role of climate forcings over the past 1500 years. J. Clim. 26, 6915-6936 (2013).
22. Sigl, M. et al. Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature 523, 543-549 (2015).
23. Abram, N. J. et al. Acceleration of snow melt in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core during the twentieth century. Nat. Geosci. 6, 404-411 (2013).
24. Hannig, J. & Marron, J. S. Advanced distribution theory for SiZer. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 101, 484-499 (2006).
25. Steig, E. J. et al. Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year. Nature 457, 459-462 (2009).
26. Jones, J. M. et al. Assessing recent trends in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere surface climate. Nat. Clim. Chang. (in the press).
27. Screen, J. A. & Simmonds, I. The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature 464, 1334-1337 (2010).
28. Hawkins, E. & Sutton, R. Time of emergence of climate signals. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L01702 (2012).
29. Diffenbaugh, N. & Scherer, M. Observational and model evidence of global emergence of permanent, unprecedented heat in the 20th and 21st centuries. Clim. Change 107, 615-624 (2011).
30. Mora, C. et al. The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. Nature 502, 183-187 (2013).
31. Lyu, K., Zhang, X., Church, J. A., Slangen, A. B. A. & Hu, J. Time of emergence for regional sea-level change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 1006-1010 (2014).
32. PAGES 2k-PMIP3 group. Continental-scale temperature variability in PMIP3 simulations and PAGES 2k regional temperature reconstructions over the past millennium. Clim. Past 11, 1673-1699 (2015).
33. Bracegirdle, T. J., Stephenson, D. B., Turner, J. & Phillips, T. The importance of sea ice area biases in 21st century multimodel projections of Antarctic temperature and precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 10832-10839 (2015).
34. Schurer, A. P., Hegerl, G. C. & Obrochta, S. P. Determining the likelihood of pauses and surges in global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 5974-5982 (2015).
35. Stott, P. A. et al. Detection and attribution of climate change: a regional perspective. WIREs Clim. Chang. 1, 192-211 (2010).
36. Bakun, A. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247, 198-201 (1990).
37. McGregor, H. V., Dima, M., Fischer, H. W. & Mulitza, S. Rapid 20th-century increase in coastal upwelling off northwest Africa. Science 315, 637-639 (2007).
38. Narayan, N., Paul, A., Mulitza, S. & Schulz, M. Trends in coastal upwelling intensity during the late 20th century. Ocean Sci. 6, 815-823 (2010).
39. Liu, Z., Vavrus, S., He, F., Wen, N. & Zhong, Y. Rethinking tropical ocean response to global warming: the enhanced equatorial warming. J. Clim. 18, 4684-4700 (2005).
40. Xie, S.-P. et al. Global warming pattern formation: sea surface temperature and rainfall. J. Clim. 23, 966-986 (2010).
41. Collins, M. et al. The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño. Nat. Geosci. 3, 391-397 (2010).
42. Ji, F., Wu, Z., Huang, J. & Chassignet, E. P. Evolution of land surface air temperature trend. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 462-466 (2014).
43. Brönnimann, S. et al. Southward shift of the northern tropical belt from 1945 to 1980. Nat. Geosci. 8, 969-974 (2015).
44. Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. & Reichler, T. J. Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nat. Geosci. 1, 21-24 (2008).
45. Hu, Y., Zhou, C. & Liu, J. Observational evidence for poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 28, 33-44 (2011).
46. Staten, P. W., Rutz, J. J., Reichler, T. & Lu, J. Breaking down the tropospheric circulation response by forcing. Clim. Dyn. 39, 2361-2375 (2012).
47. Armour, K. C., Marshall, J., Scott, J. R., Donohoe, A. & Newsom, E. R. Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nat. Geosci. 9, 549-554 (2016).
48. Abram, N. J. et al. Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 564-569 (2014).
49. Rahmstorf, S. et al. Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 475-480 (2015).
50. Ricke, K. L. & Caldeira, K. Maximum warming occurs about one decade after a carbon dioxide emission. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 124002 (2014).
51. Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 485-498 (2012).
52. Schmidt, G. A. et al. Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium (v1.1). Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 185-191 (2012).
53. Mudelsee, M. Break function regression. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 174, 49-63 (2009).
54. Ruggieri, E. A Bayesian approach to detecting change points in climatic records. Int. J. Climatol. 33, 520-528 (2013).
55. Crowley, T. J. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289, 270-277 (2000).
56. Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J. & Lister, D. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 dataset. Int. J. Climatol. 34, 623-642 (2014).
57. Nicolas, J. P. & Bromwich, D. H. New reconstruction of Antarctic near-surface temperatures: multidecadal trends and reliability of global reanalyses. J. Clim. 27, 8070-8093 (2014).
58. Rayner, N. A. et al. Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4407 (2003).
59. MacFarling Meure, C. et al. Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L14810 (2006).
60. Oppo, D. W., Rosenthal, Y. & Linsley, B. K. 2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature 460, 1113-1116 (2009).
61. Pahnke, K., Sachs, J. P., Keigwin, L., Timmermann, A. & Xie, S.-P. Eastern tropical Pacific hydrologic changes during the past 27,000 years from D/H ratios in alkenones. Paleoceanography 22, PA4214 (2007).
62. Hendy, E. J. et al. Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age. Science 295, 1511-1514 (2002).
63. Hendy, I. L., Dunn, L., Schimmelmann, A. & Pak, D. K. Resolving varve and radiocarbon chronology differences during the last 2000 years in the Santa Barbara Basin sedimentary record, California. Quat. Int. 310, 155-168 (2013).
64. Schimmelmann, A., Hendy, I. L., Dunn, L., Pak, D. K. & Lange, C. B. Revised ∼2000-year chronostratigraphy of partially varved marine sediment in Santa Barbara Basin, California. GFF 135, 258-264 (2013).
65. Zhao, M., Eglinton, G., Read, G. & Schimmelmann, A. An alkenone (U37 K′) quasiannual sea surface temperature record (A.D. 1440 to 1940) using varved sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin. Org. Geochem. 31, 903-917 (2000).
66. Gutiérrez, D. et al. Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid-twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L07603 (2011).
67. Goni, M. A., Thunell, R. C., Woodwort, M. P. & Müller-Karger, F. E. Changes in wind-driven upwelling during the last three centuries: interocean teleconnections. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L15604 (2006).
68. Doose-Rolinski, H., Rogalla, U. R., Scheeder, G., Lückge, A. & von Rad, U. High-resolution temperature and evaporation changes during the late Holocene in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Paleoceanography 16, 358-367 (2001).
69. Black, D. E. et al. An 8-century tropical Atlantic SST record from the Cariaco Basin: baseline variability, twentieth-century warming, and Atlantic hurricane frequency. Paleoceanography 22, PA4204 (2007).
70. Kuhnert, H. & Mulitza, S. Multidecadal variability and late medieval cooling of near-coastal sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 26, PA4224 (2011).
71. Leduc, G., Herbert, C. T., Blanz, T., Martinez, P. & Schneider, R. Contrasting evolution of sea surface temperature in the Benguela upwelling system under natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L20705 (2010).
72. Richter, T. O., Peeters, F. J. C. & van Weering, T. C. E. Late Holocene (0-2.4 ka BP) surface water temperature and salinity variability, Feni Drift, NE Atlantic Ocean. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 1941-1955 (2009).
73. Sicre, M. A. et al. Sea surface temperature variability in the subpolar Atlantic over the last two millennia. Paleoceanography 26, PA4218 (2011).
74. Abrantes, F. et al. Shallow-marine sediment cores record climate variability and earthquake activity off Lisbon (Portugal) for the last 2000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 2477-2494 (2005).
75. Versteegh, G. J. M., de Leeuw, J. W., Taricco, C. & Romero, A. Temperature and productivity influences on U37 K′ and their possible relation to solar forcing of the Mediterranean winter. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 8, Q09005 (2007).
76. Moreno, A. et al. The Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Iberian Peninsula reconstructed from marine and lake records. Quat. Sci. Rev. 43, 16-32 (2012).
77. Nieto-Moreno, V. et al. Climate conditions in the westernmost Mediterranean over the last two millennia: an integrated biomarker approach. Org. Geochem. 55, 1-10 (2013).
78. Bonnet, S., de Vernal, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Radi, T. & Husum, K. Variability of sea-surface temperature and sea-ice cover in the Fram Strait over the last two millennia. Mar. Micropaleontol. 74, 59-74 (2010).
79. Felis, T. et al. Subtropical coral reveals abrupt early-twentieth-century freshening in the western North Pacific Ocean. Geology 37, 527-530 (2009).
80. Asami, R. et al. Interannual and decadal variability of the western Pacific sea surface condition for the years 1787-2000: reconstruction based on stable isotope record from a Guam coral. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 110, C05018 (2005).
81. Charles, C. D., Cobb, K., Moore, M. D. & Fairbanks, R. G. Monsoon-tropical ocean interaction in a network of coral records spanning the 20th century. Mar. Geol. 201, 207-222 (2003).
82. Boiseau, M., Ghil, M. & Juillet-Leclerc, A. Climatic trends and interdecadal variability from South-Central Pacific coral records. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2881-2884 (1999).
83. Boiseau, M. et al. Atmospheric and oceanic evidences of El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the south central Pacific Ocean from coral stable isotopic records over the last 137 years. Paleoceanography 13, 671-685 (1998).
84. Tudhope, A. W. et al. Variability in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation through a glacial-interglacial cycle. Science 291, 1511-1517 (2001).
85. Alibert, C. & Kinsley, L. A 170-year Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca coral record from the Western Pacific Warm Pool: What can we learn from an unusual coral record? J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 113, C04008 (2008).
86. Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W. & Crowley, T. J. Coral-based climate variability in the Western Pacific Warm Pool since 1867. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 111, C11006 (2006).
87. Linsley, B. K. et al. Tracking the extent of the South Pacific Convergence Zone since the early 1600s. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, Q05003 (2006).
88. Quinn, T. M., Crowley, T. J. & Taylor, F. W. New stable isotope results from a 173-year coral from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3413-3416 (1996).
89. Gorman, M. K. et al. A coral-based reconstruction of sea surface salinity at Sabine Bank, Vanuatu from 1842 to 2007 CE. Paleoceanography 27, PA3226 (2012).
90. DeLong, K. L., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Lin, K. & Shen, C.-C. Sea surface temperature variability in the southwest tropical Pacific since ad 1649. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 799-804 (2012).
91. DeLong, K. L., Quinn, T. M., Taylor, F. W., Shen, C.-C. & Lin, K. Improving coral-base paleoclimate reconstructions by replicating 350 years of coral Sr/Ca variations. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 373, 6-24 (2013).
92. Quinn, T. M. et al. A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 AD. Paleoceanography 13, 412-426 (1998).
93. Bagnato, S., Linsley, B. K., Howe, S. S. & Wellington, G. M. Coral oxygen isotope records of interdecadal climate variations in the South Pacific Convergence Zone region. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6, Q06001 (2005).
94. Kuhnert, H., Patzold, J., Wyrwoll, K. H. & Wefer, G. Monitoring climate variability over the past 116 years in coral oxygen isotopes from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Int. J. Earth Sci. 88, 725-732 (2000).
95. Druffel, E. R. M. & Griffin, S. Variability of surface ocean radiocarbon and stable isotopes in the southwestern Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 104, 23607-23613 (1999).
96. Wu, H. C., Linsley, B. K., Dassie, E. P., Schiraldi, B. & deMenocal, P. B. Oceanographic variability in the South Pacific Convergence Zone region over the last 210 years from multi-site coral Sr/Ca records. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14, 1435-1453 (2013).
97. Linsley, B. K., Ren, L., Dunbar, R. B. & Howe, S. S. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and decadal-scale climate variability at 10°N in the eastern Pacific from 1893 to 1994: a coral-based reconstruction from Clipperton Atoll. Paleoceanography 15, 322-335 (2000).
98. Dunbar, R. B., Wellington, G. M., Colgan, M. W. & Glynn, P. W. Eastern Pacific sea-surface temperature since 1600 A.D.: the δ18O record of climate variability in Galápagos Corals. Paleoceanography 9, 291-315 (1994).
99. Urban, F. E., Cole, J. E. & Overpeck, J. T. Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407, 989-993 (2000).
100. Cole, J. E. & Fairbanks, R. G. The Southern Oscillation recorded in the δ18O of corals from Tarawa Atoll. Paleoceanography 5, 669-683 (1990).
101. Cole, J. E., Fairbanks, R. G. & Shen, G. T. Recent variability in the Southern Oscillation: isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral. Science 260, 1790-1793 (1993).
102. Guilderson, T. P. & Schrag, D. P. Reliability of coral isotope records from the Western Pacific Warm Pool: a comparison using age-optimized records. Paleoceanography 14, 457-464 (1999).
103. Linsley, B. K., Dunbar, R. B., Wellington, G. M. & Mucciarone, D. A. A coral-based reconstruction of Intertropical Convergence Zone variability over Central America since 1707. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 99, 9977-9994 (1994).
104. Cobb, K. M., Charles, C. D., Cheng, H. & Edwards, R. L. El Niño/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature 424, 271-276 (2003).
105. Nurhati, I. S., Cobb, K. M., Charles, C. D. & Dunbar, R. B. Late 20th century warming and freshening in the central tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L21606 (2009).
106. Nurhati, I. S., Cobb, K. M. & Di Lorenzo, E. Decadal-scale SST and salinity variations in the central tropical Pacific: signatures of natural and anthropogenic climate change. J. Clim. 24, 3294-3308 (2011).
107. Cole, J. E., Dunbar, R. B., McClanahan, T. R. & Muthiga, N. A. Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal SST variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries. Science 287, 617-619 (2000).
108. Zinke, J., Pfeiffer, M., Timm, O., Dullo, W. C. & Brummer, G. J. A. Western Indian Ocean marine and terrestrial records of climate variability: a review and new concepts on land-ocean interactions since AD 1660. Int. J. Earth Sci. 98, 115-133 (2009).
109. Zinke, J. et al. Mayotte coral reveals hydrological changes in the western Indian Ocean between 1881 and 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L23707 (2008).
110. Zinke, J., Dullo, W. C., Heiss, G. A. & Eisenhauer, A. ENSO and Indian Ocean subtropical dipole variability is recorded in a coral record off southwest Madagascar for the period 1659 to 1995. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228, 177-194 (2004).
111. Kuhnert, H. et al. A 200-year coral stable oxygen isotope record from a high-latitude reef off western Australia. Coral Reefs 18, 1-12 (1999).
112. Damassa, T. D., Cole, J. E., Barnett, H. R., Ault, T. R. & McClanahan, T. R. Enhanced multidecadal climate variability in the seventeenth century from coral isotope records in the western Indian Ocean. Paleoceanography 21, PA2016 (2006).
113. Abram, N. J., Gagan, M. K., Cole, J. E., Hantoro, W. S. & Mudelsee, M. Recent intensification of tropical climate variability in the Indian Ocean. Nat. Geosci. 1, 849-853 (2008).
114. Charles, C. D., Hunter, D. E. & Fairbanks, R. G. Interaction between the ENSO and the Asian monsoon in a coral record of tropical climate. Science 277, 925-928 (1997).
115. Nakamura, N. et al. Mode shift in the Indian Ocean climate under global warming stress. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L23708 (2009).
116. Pfeiffer, M., Timm, O., Dullo, W. C. & Podlech, S. Oceanic forcing of interannual and multidecadal climate variability in the southwestern Indian Ocean: evidence from a 160 year coral isotopic record (La Reunion, 55°E, 21°S). Paleoceanography 19, PA4006 (2004).
117. Heiss, G. A. Coral Reefs in the Red Sea: Growth, Production, and Stable Isotopes. PhD thesis, Christian Albrechts Univ., http://eprints.uni-kiel.de/29262/ (GEOMAR Report 32, GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences, 1994).
118. Moustafa, Y. Paleoclimatic Reconstructions of the Northern Red Sea During the Holocene Inferred from Stable Isotope Records of Modern and Fossil Corals and Molluscs. PhD thesis, Univ. Bremen., http://elib.suub.uni-bremen.de/ip/ docs/00010274.pdf (2000).
119. Felis, T. et al. A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO, ENSO, and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750. Paleoceanography 15, 679-694 (2000).
120. Goodkin, N. F., Hughen, K. A., Curry, W. B., Doney, S. C. & Ostermann, D. R. Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age. Paleoceanography 23, PA3203 (2008).
121. Hetzinger, S., Pfeiffer, M., Dullo, W.-C., Garbe-Schoenberg, D. & Halfar, J. Rapid 20th century warming in the Caribbean and impact of remote forcing on climate in the northern tropical Atlantic as recorded in a Guadeloupe coral. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 296, 111-124 (2010).
122. Kilbourne, K. H. et al. Paleoclimate proxy perspective on Caribbean climate since the year 1751: evidence of cooler temperatures and multidecadal variability. Paleoceanography 23, PA3220 (2008).
123. Kuhnert, H., Cruger, T. & Patzold, J. NAO signature in a Bermuda coral Sr/Ca record. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6, Q04004 (2005).
124. Swart, P. K. et al. The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 123, 219-237 (1996).
125. Swart, P. K., Dodge, R. E. & Hudson, H. J. A 240-year stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record in a coral from South Florida: implications for the prediction of precipitation in Southern Florida. Palaios 11, 362-375 (1996).
126. Saenger, C., Cohen, A. L., Oppo, D. W., Halley, R. B. & Carilli, J. E. Surfacetemperature trends and variability in the low-latitude North Atlantic since 1552. Nat. Geosci. 2, 492-495 (2009).
127. Vásquez-Bedoya, L. F., Cohen, A. L., Oppo, D. W. & Blanchon, P. Corals record persistent multidecadal SST variability in the Atlantic Warm Pool since 1775 AD. Paleoceanography 27, PA3231 (2012).
128. DeLong, K. L. et al. A reconstruction of sea surface temperature variability in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico from 1734 to 2008 C.E. using cross-dated Sr/ Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea. Paleoceanography 29, 403-422 (2014).
129. Watanabe, S. et al. MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments. Geosci. Model Dev. 4, 845-872 (2011).
130. Bothe, O., Jungclaus, J. H. & Zanchettin, D. Consistency of the multi-model CMIP5/PMIP3-past1000 ensemble. Clim. Past 9, 2471-2487 (2013).
131. Landrum, L. et al. Last millennium climate and its variability in CCSM4. J. Clim. 26, 1085-1111 (2013).