Before your very eyes: The value and limitations of eye tracking in medical education

Medical Education

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 114-122

  Kok, Ellen M ^a   Jarodzka, Halszka ^b,c  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS   (Netherlands)

^c LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EYE TRACKING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEARNING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STUDENT; SCIENTIST; SOUND; THEORETICAL MODEL; VISION; DEVICES; EYE MOVEMENT; OCULOGRAPHY; PHYSIOLOGY;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EYE MOVEMENT MEASUREMENTS; EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; LEARNING;

EID: 84984697693     PISSN: 03080110     EISSN: 13652923     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/medu.13066     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Ericsson KA, Simon HA. Verbal reports as data. Psychol Rev 1980;87 (3):215–51.
2. Marti S, Bayet L, Dehaene S. Subjective report of eye fixations during serial search. Conscious Cogn 2015;33:1–15.
3. Holmqvist K, Nyström M, Andersson R, Dewhurst R, Jarodzka H, van de Weijer J. Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011.
4. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol Bull 1998;124 (3):372–422.
5. Van Gog T, Jarodzka H. Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance cognitive and metacognitive processes in computer-based learning environments. In: Azevedo R, Aleven V, eds. International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning Technologies. Springer International Handbooks of Education. New York: Springer Science+ Business media 2013;p. 143–56.
6. Koh RY, Park T, Wickens CD, Ong LT, Chia SN. Differences in attentional strategies by novice and experienced operating theatre scrub nurses. J Exp Psychol Appl 2011;17 (3):233.
7. Johnson A, Proctor RW. Attention: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA [etc.]: Sage 2004. XIV, 474 pp.
8. Jarodzka H, Boshuizen HPA, Kirschner P. Cognitive skills in cather-based cardiovascular invervention. In: Lanzer P, ed. Cather-Based Cardiovascular Interventions: A Knowledge-Based Approach. Heidelberg: Springer 2012;69–86.
9. Findlay JM, Gilchrist ID. Active Vision: The Psychology of Looking and Seeing. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003.
10. Posner MI. Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol 1980;32 (1):3–25.
11. Levi DM. Crowding – an essential bottleneck for object recognition: a mini-review. Vision Res 2008;48 (5):635–54.
12. Henderson JM, Hollingworth A. High-level scene perception. Annu Rev Psychol 1999;50 (1):243–71.
13. Just MA, Carpenter PA. A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychol Rev 1980;87 (4):329–54.
14. Feng G. From eye movement to cognition: toward a general framework of inference comment on Liechty et al., 2003. Psychometrika 2003;68 (4):551–6.
15. Wedel M, Pieters R. A review of eye-tracking research in marketing. In: Malhotra NK, ed. Review of Marketing Research. London: M.E. Sharpe 2008;123–47.
16. Arizpe J, Kravitz DJ, Yovel G, Baker CI. Start position strongly influences fixation patterns during face processing: difficulties with eye movements as a measure of information use. PLoS One 2012;7 (2):1–17.
17. Nystrom M, Andersson R, Holmqvist K, van de Weijer J. The influence of calibration method and eye physiology on eyetracking data quality. Behav Res Methods 2013;45 (1):272–88.
18. Mayer RE. Applying the science of learning to medical education. Med Educ 2010;44 (6):543–9.
19. Balslev T, Jarodzka H, Holmqvist K, de Grave W, Muijtjens AMM, Eika B, van Merriënboer J, Scherpbier AJJA. Visual expertise in paediatric neurology. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012;16 (2):161–6.
20. Yarbus AL. Eye Movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press 1967.
21. Jaarsma T, Jarodzka H, Nap M, van Merriënboer JJ, Boshuizen HP. Expertise in clinical pathology: combining the visual and cognitive perspective. Adv Health Sci Educ 2015;20 (4):1089–106.
22. Jarodzka H, Scheiter K, Gerjets P, Van Gog T. In the eyes of the beholder: how experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli. Learn Instr 2010;20 (2):146–54.
23. Kundel HL, Nodine CF, Conant EF, Weinstein SP. Holistic component of image perception in mammogram interpretation: gaze-tracking study. Radiology 2007;242 (2):396–402.
24. Reingold EM, Sheridan H. Eye movements and visual expertise in chess and medicine. In: Leversedge SP, Gilchrist ID, Everling S, eds. Oxford Handbook on Eye Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011;528–50.
25. Kok EM, De Bruin ABH, Robben SGF, van Merriënboer JJG. Looking in the same manner but seeing it differently: bottom-up and expertise effects in radiology. Appl Cogn Psych 2012;26 (6):854–62.
26. Bertram R, Helle L, Kaakinen JK, Svedstrom E. The effect of expertise on eye movement behaviour in medical image perception. PLoS One 2013;8(6):1–15.
27. Jarodzka H, Janssen N, Kirschner PA, Erkens G. Avoiding split attention in computer-based testing: is neglecting additional information facilitative? Br J Educ Technol 2015;46 (4):803–17.
28. Holsanova J, Holmberg N, Holmqvist K. Reading information graphics: the role of spatial contiguity and dual attentional guidance. Appl Cognitive Psych 2009;23 (9):1215–26.
29. van Merriënboer JJG, Sweller J. Cognitive load theory in health professional education: design principles and strategies. Med Educ 2010;44 (1):85–93.
30. Szulewski A, Roth N, Howes D. The use of task-evoked pupillary response as an objective measure of cognitive load in novices and trained physicians: a new tool for the assessment of expertise. Acad Med 2015;90 (7):981–7.
31. Jarodzka H, van Gog T, Dorr M, Scheiter K, Gerjets P. Learning to see: guiding students’ attention via a model's eye movements fosters learning. Learn Instr 2013;25:62–70.
32. Jarodzka H, Balslev T, Holmqvist K, Nyström M, Scheiter K, Gerjets P, Eika B. Conveying clinical reasoning based on visual observation via eye-movement modelling examples. Instr Sci 2012;40 (5):813–27.