Global magnesium supply in the food chain

Crop and Pasture Science

Volumn 66, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 1278-1289

  Kumssa, Diriba B ^a,b,c   Joy, Edward J M ^a,b   Ander, E Louise ^b   Watts, Michael J ^b   Young, Scott D ^a   Rosanoff, Andrea ^d   White, Philip J ^e,f   Walker, Sue ^c   Broadley, Martin R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MALAYSIA CAMPUS   (Malaysia)

^d Center for Magnesium Education and Research   (United States)

^e SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^f KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

bioavailability; calcium; cereal; EAR; phytic acid

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL COMPOUND; CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE; DIET; FOOD CHAIN; FOOD INTAKE; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; HEALTH RISK; INHIBITOR; MAGNESIUM; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; NUTRITIVE VALUE; TRACE ELEMENT;

EID: 84983102504     PISSN: 18360947     EISSN: 18365795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/CP15096     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Archer E, Hand GA, BlairSN (2013) Validity of U.S. nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971-2010. PLoS One 8, e76632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076632
2. Atkinson SA, Costello R, Donohue JM (2009) Overview of global dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and allowances. In 'Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water: Public health significance'. (Eds J Cotruvo, J Bartram) pp. 17-36. (World Health Organization: Geneva)
3. Avelino GF, Previdelli AN, de Castro MA, Lobo Marchioni DM, FisbergRM (2014) Underreporting of energy intake and associated factors in a population-based study. Cadernos de Saude Publica 30, 663-668. doi:10.1590/0102-311X00073713
4. Azoulay A, Garzon P, Eisenberg MJ (2001) Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters. Journal of General Internal Medicine 16, 168-175. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x
5. Bates B, Lennox A, Prentice A, Bates C, Page P, Nicholson S, SwanG(2014) 'National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1-4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009-2011/12).' (Public Health England, and Food Standards Agency: London)
6. Bertinato J, Lavergne C, Plouffe LJ, El Niaj HA (2014) Small increases in dietary calcium above normal requirements exacerbate magnesium deficiency in rats fed a low magnesium diet. Magnesium Research 27, 35-47.
7. Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Day K, Cassidy A, Khaw KT, Sneyd MJ, Key TJ, Roe L, Day NE (1994) Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 619-643. doi:10.1079/BJN19940064
8. Blaszczyk U, Duda-Chodak A (2013) Magnesium: its role in nutrition and carcinogenesis. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 64, 165-171.
9. Bohn T, Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF (2004a) Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content. British Journal of Nutrition 91, 601-606. doi:10.1079/BJN20031081
10. Bohn T, Davidsson L, Walczyk T, Hurrell RF (2004b) Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79, 418-423.
11. Brink EJ, Beynen A (1991) Nutrition and magnesium absorption: A review. Progress in Food & Nutrition Science 16, 125-162.
12. Broadley MR, White PJ (2010) Eats roots and leaves. Can edible horticultural crops address dietary calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) deficiencies in humans? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, 601-612. doi:10.1017/S0029665110001588
13. Broadley MR, Chilimba ADC, Joy EJM, Young SD, Black CR, Ander EL, Watts MJ, Hurst R, Fairweather-Tait SJ, White PJ, Gibson RS (2012) Dietary requirements for magnesium, but not calcium, are likely to be met in Malawi based on national food supply data. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, 192-199. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000111
14. Carriquiry AL (1999) Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutrition 2, 23-33. doi:10.1017/S1368980099000038
15. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Zulu JV, Jonathan D, Veldman FJ, Nel JH (2005) Diet and blood pressure in South Africa: Intake of foods containing sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in three ethnic groups. Nutrition 21, 39-50. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.09.007
16. Cheryan M, Anderson FW, Grynspan F (1983) Magnesium-phytate complexes-effect of pH and molar ratio on solubility characteristics. Cereal Chemistry 60, 235-237.
17. Cosaro E, Bonafini S, Montagnana M, Danese E, Trettene MS, Minuz P, Delva P, Fava C (2014) Effects of magnesium supplements on blood pressure, endothelial function and metabolic parameters in healthy young men with a family history of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 24, 1213-1220. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.010
18. Coudray C, Demigne C, Rayssiguier Y (2003) Effects of dietary fibers on magnesium absorption in animals and humans. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 1-4.
19. Dai Q, Shrubsole MJ, Ness RM, Schlundt D, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Li M, Shyr Y, Zheng W (2007) The relation of magnesium and calcium intakes and a genetic polymorphism in the magnesium transporter to colorectal neoplasia risk. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86, 743-751.
20. Das UN (2014) Magnesium supplementation reduces metabolic syndrome-how and why? Archives of Medical Research 45, 604-606. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.10.002
21. Davis DR (2009) Declining fruit and vegetable nutrient composition: what is the evidence? HortScience 44, 15-19.
22. Deng X, Song Y, Manson JE, Signorello LB, Zhang SM, Shrubsole MJ, Ness RM, Seidner DL, Dai Q (2013) Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III. BMC Medicine 11, 187. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-187
23. Dibaba DT, Xun P, He K (2014) Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein levels: meta-analysis and systematic review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 510-516. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.7
24. Ebel H, Günther T (1980) Magnesium metabolism: A review. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 18, 257-270. doi:10.1515/cclm.1980.18.5.257
25. Elin RJ (1987) Assessment of magnesium status. Clinical Chemistry 33, 1965-1970.
26. Eriksson M, Strid I, Hansson P-A (2012) Food losses in six Swedish retail stores: Wastage of fruit and vegetables in relation to quantities delivered. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 68, 14-20. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.08.001
27. FAO (2001) 'Food balance sheets: A handbook.' (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome)
28. FAO (2014) FAOSTAT: Food Supply. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostatgateway/go/to/home/E (accessed 20 June)
29. FAO, IFAD, WFP (2014) 'The state of food insecurity in the World: Strengthening the enabling environment for food security and nutrition.' (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome)
30. Ford ES, Mokdad AH (2003) Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of U.S. adults. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 2879-2882.
31. Galan P, Arnaud MJ, Czernichow S, Delabroise AM, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Franchisseur C, Maurel M, Favier A, Hercberg S (2002) Contribution of mineral waters to dietary calcium and magnesium intake in a French adult population. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102, 1658-1662. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90353-6
32. Gartside PS, Glueck CJ (1995) The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: The prospective NHANES I follow-up study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 14, 71-79. doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718476
33. Gibson RS (2005) 'Principles of nutritional assessment.' (Oxford University Press: New York)
34. Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Van Otterdijk R, MeybeckA(2011) 'Global food losses and food waste: extent, causes and prevention.' (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome)
35. Hansen KE, Nabak AC, Johnson RE, Marvdashti S, Keuler NS, Shafer MM, Abrams SA (2014) Isotope concentrations from 24-h urine and 3-h serum samples can be used to measure intestinal magnesium absorption in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition 144, 533-537. doi:10.3945/jn.113.186767
36. Hata A, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Mukai N, Hirakawa Y, Hata J, Ozawa M, Uchida K, Shirota T, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y (2013) Magnesium intake decreases Type 2 diabetes risk through the improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation: The Hisayama Study. Diabetic Medicine 30, 1487-1494. doi:10.1111/dme.12250
37. Hurst R, Siyame EWP, Young SD, Chilimba ADC, Joy EJM, Black CR, Ander EL, Watts MJ, Chilima B, Gondwe J, Kang'ombe D, Stein AJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Gibson RS, Kalimbira AA, Broadley MR (2013) Soil-type influences human selenium status and underlies widespread selenium deficiency risks in Malawi. Scientific Reports 3, 1425. doi:10.1038/srep01425
38. Imamura F, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J, Mozaffarian D(2015) Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: A systematic assessment. The Lancet. Global Health 3, e132-e142. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70381-X
39. IOM (2000) 'Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessment.' (The National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
40. Joy EJM, Young SD, Black CR, Ander EL, Watts MJ, Broadley MR (2013) Risk of dietary magnesium deficiency is low in most African countries based on food supply data. Plant and Soil 368, 129-137. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1388-z
41. Joy EJM, Ander EL, Young SD, Black CR, Watts MJ, Chilimba ADC, Chilima B, Siyame EW, Kalimbira AA, Hurst R, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Stein AJ, Gibson RS, White PJ, Broadley MR (2014) Dietary mineral supplies in Africa. Physiologia Plantarum 151, 208-229. doi:10.1111/ppl.12144
42. Joy EJM, Broadley MR, Young SD, Black CR, Chilimba ADC, Ander EL, Barlow TS, Watts MJ (2015) Soil type influences crop mineral composition in Malawi. The Science of the Total Environment 505, 587-595. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.038
43. Ju SY, Choi WS, Ock SM, Kim CM, Kim DH (2014) Dietary magnesium intake and metabolic syndrome in the adult population: dose-response meta-analysis and meta-regression. Nutrients 6, 6005-6019. doi:10.3390/nu6126005
44. Kanadhia KC, Ramavataram DVSS, Nilakhe SPD, Patel S (2014) A study of water hardness and the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in healthy subjects of Surat district (Gujarat). Magnesium Research: Official Organ of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium 27, 165-174.
45. Kumssa DB, Joy EJM, Ander EL, Watts MJ, Young SD, Walker S, Broadley MR (2015) Dietary calcium and zinc deficiency risks are decreasing but remain prevalent. Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/srep10974
46. Liberato SC, Bressan J, Hills AP (2009) Assessment of energy and macronutrient intake in young men: A comparison of 4-day food record and 24-hour dietary recall. Revista De Nutricao-Brazilian Journal of Nutrition 22, 621-630. doi:10.1590/S1415-52732009000500003
47. Marier JR (1982) Quantitative factors regarding magnesium status in the modern-day World. Magnesium 1, 3-15.
48. Marshall DH, Nordin BEC, Speed R (1976) Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium requirement. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 35, 163-173. doi:10.1079/PNS19760029
49. Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F (2006) Under-reporting of energy intake affects estimates of nutrient intakes. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 15, 459-464.
50. Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L (2005) 'What we eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes.' (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: Washington, DC)
51. Ong CN, Grandjean AC, Heaney RP (2009) The mineral composition of water and its contribution to calcium and magnesium intake. In 'Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water: Public health significance'. (Eds J Cotruvo, J Bartram) pp. 37-58. (World Health Organization: Geneva)
52. Ong C, Han WM, Wong JJ-M, Lee JH (2014) Nutrition biomarkers and clinical outcomes in critically ill children: A critical appraisal of the literature. Clinical Nutrition 33, 191-197. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.010
53. Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD (2014) Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99, 926-933. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488
54. Palacios C, Wigertz K, Braun M, Martin BR, McCabe GP, McCabe L, Pratt JH, Peacock M, Weaver CM (2013) Magnesium retention from metabolic-balance studies in female adolescents: impact of race, dietary salt, and calcium. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97, 1014-1019. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.039867
55. Pallauf J, Pietsch M, Rimbach G (1998) Dietary phytate reduces magnesium bioavailability in growing rats. Nutrtion Research 18, 1029-1037. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00085-2
56. Panhwar AH, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Talpur FN, Arain S, Kazi N (2014) Distribution of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of Pakistani hypertensive patients and control subjects. Clinical Laboratory 60, 463-474.
57. Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S (2010) Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365, 3065-3081. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
58. Pingali PL (2012) Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 12302-12308. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912953109
59. ReinhartRA(1988) Magnesium metabolism:Areview with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Archives of Internal Medicine 148, 2415-2420. doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380110065013
60. Reinhold JG, Faradji B, Abadi P, Ismail-Beigi F (1976) Decreased absorption of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus by humans due to increased fiber and phosphorus consumption as wheat bread. The Journal of Nutrition 106, 493-503.
61. Rennie K, Coward A, Wright A, Jebb S (2004) Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in a British national dietary survey. Obesity Research 12, A219-A220.
62. Rennie KL, Jebb SA, Wright A, CowardWA(2005) Secular trends in underreporting in young people. British Journal of Nutrition 93, 241-247. doi:10.1079/BJN20041307
63. Rennie KL, Coward A, Jebb SA (2007) Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method. British Journal of Nutrition 97, 1169-1176. doi:10.1017/S0007114507433086
64. Rodríguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F (2014) Oral magnesium supplementation improves the metabolic profile of metabolically obese, normal-weight individuals: A randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Archives of Medical Research 45, 388-393. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.05.003
65. Rosanoff A (2010) Rising Ca:Mg intake ratio from food in USA Adults: A concern? Magnesium Research 23, S181-S193.
66. RosanoffA(2013) The high heart health value of drinking-water magnesium. Medical Hypotheses 81, 1063-1065. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.003
67. Rosanoff A, Plesset MR (2013) Oral magnesium supplements decrease high blood pressure (SBP > 155 mmHg) in hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive medications: A targeted meta-analysis. Magnesium Research 26, 93-99.
68. Sabatier M, Pont F, Arnaud MJ, Turnlund JR (2003) A compartmental model of magnesium metabolism in healthy men based on two stable isotope tracers. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, R656-R663. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00749.2002
69. Seeling MS (1964) The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult: Summary and analysis of published data. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14, 342-390.
70. Seeling M (2006) Value of raising magnesium to calcium intake ratio for health. In 'Advances in magnesium research: New data'. (Eds PJ Porr, M Nechifor, J Durlach) pp. 69-84. (John Libbey Eurotext: Montrouge, France)
71. Stadlmayr B, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, Haytowitz D, Rittenschober D, Cunningham J, Sobolewski R, Eisenwagen S, Baines J, Probst Y, Fitt E, Charrondiere UR (2011) 'INFOODS guidelines for food matching.' (Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome)
72. United Nations (2013) World population prospects: The 2012 revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm (accessed 23 November).
73. USDA (2013) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. United States Department of Agriculture. Available at: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed 23 November).
74. Vitale JJ, White PL, Nakamura M, Hegsted DM, Zamcheck N, Hellerstein EE (1957) Interrelationships between experimental hypercholesteremia, magnesium requirement, and experimental atherosclerosis. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 106, 757-766. doi:10.1084/jem.106.5.757
75. Vormann J (2003) Magnesium: nutrition and metabolism. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 24, 27-37. doi:10.1016/S0098-2997(02)00089-4
76. Welch RM, Graham RD (1999) A new paradigm for world agriculture: meeting human needs: productive, sustainable, nutritious. Field Crops Research 60, 1-10. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00129-4
77. Wessells KR, Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050568
78. White PJ, BroadleyMR(2005) Historical variation in the mineral composition of edible horticultural products. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 80, 660-667.
79. White PJ, Broadley MR (2009) Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets-iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytologist 182, 49-84. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02738.x
80. WHO, FAO (2004) 'Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition.' (World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Geneva)
81. Winkler JT (2014) Nutritional survey data are inaccurate. BMJ 348, g3204. doi:10.1136/bmj.g3204
82. Wuehler SE, Peerson JM, Brown KH (2005) Use of national food balance data to estimate the adequacy of zinc in national food supplies: methodology and regional estimates. Public Health Nutrition 8, 812-819. doi:10.1079/PHN2005724