The high heart health value of drinking-water magnesium

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 81, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1063-1065

  Rosanoff, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT HILO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; MAGNESIUM;

ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEALTH STATUS; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; MORTALITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

DRINKING WATER; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 84888434871     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Del Gobbo L.C., Imamura F., Wu J.H., de Oliveira Otto M.C., Chiuve S.E., Mozaffarian D. Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013.
2. Chiuve S.E., Sun Q., Curhan G.C., et al. Dietary and plasma magnesium and risk of coronary heart disease among women. J Am Heart Assoc 2013, 2:e000114.
3. Seelig M.S. Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease, Early Roots of Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Abnormalities 1980, Plenum Medical Book Co, New York and London.
4. Marier J.R. Role of environmental magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Magnesium 1982, 1:266-276.
5. Altura B.M., Altura B.T. Magnesium and cardiovascular biology: an important link between cardiovascular risk factors and atherogenesis. Cell Mol Biol Res 1995, 41:347-359.
6. 2+ and vascular contractility. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993, 19:323-336.
7. Seelig M.S., Rosanoff A. The Magnesium Factor 2003, Avery Penguin Group, New York.
8. Maier J.A. Low magnesium and atherosclerosis: an evidence-based link. Mol Aspects Med 2003, 24:137-146.
9. Rosanoff A., Weaver C.M., Rude R.K. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?. Nutr Rev 2012, 70:153-164.
10. Rosanoff A. Changing crop magnesium concentrations: impact on human health. Plant Soil 2012.
11. Calderon R.L., Craun G.F. Water Hardness and Cardiovascular Disease: a Review of the Epidemiological Studies, 1957-78. Nutrients in Drinking Water 2005, 116-126. World Health Organization, Geneva. W.H. Organization (Ed.).
12. Catling L.A., Abubakar I., Lake I.R., Swift L., Hunter P.R. A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness. J Water Health 2008, 6:433-442.
13. Comstock G.W. Water hardness and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol 1979, 110:375-400.
14. Comstock G.W., Cauthen G.M., Helsing K.J. Water hardness at home and deaths from arteriosclerotic heart disease in Washington County, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol 1980, 112:209-216.
15. Durlach J., Bara M., Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: a hypothesis. Magnesium 1985, 4:5-15.
16. Durlach J., Bara M., Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium Level In Drinking Water; Its Importance In Cardiovascular Risk. Magnesium in Health and Disease 1989, 173-182. J. Libbey, Paris, France, London. Y. Itokawa, J. Durlach (Eds.).
17. Goldsmith N.F. Water Resources Res Catalogue 5: The Contribution of Hard Water To The Calcium And Magnesium Intakes Of Adults. (Relation of Drinking Water Minerals to Cardiovascular Disease.) 1969, US Dept of Interior, Washington, DC.
18. Leary W.P. Content of magnesium in drinking water and deaths from ischaemic heart disease in white South Africans. Magnesium 1986, 5:150-153.
19. Leary W.P., Reyes A.J., Lockett C.J., Arbuckle D.D., van der Byl K. Magnesium and deaths ascribed to ischaemic heart disease in South Africa, A preliminary report. S Afr Med J 1983, 64:775-776.
20. Luoma H. Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Relation to Magnesium and Calcium Concentrations in Drinking Water, With Some Aspects on the Magnesium vs. Fluoride Interactions. Magnesium in Health and Disease 1989, 183-190. J. Libbey, London. Y. Itokawa, J. Durlach (Eds.).
21. Maksimovic Z.J., Jovanovic T., Rsumovic M., Dordevic M. Magnesium and Calcium in Drinking Water and Cardiovascular Mortality in Serbia 1998, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Art Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
22. Marier J.R. Cardio-protective contribution of hard waters to magnesium in-take. Rev Can Biol 1978, 37:115-125.
23. Marier J.R. Dietary magnesium and drinking water: Effects on human health status. Compendium on Mg & its role in biology. Nutr Physiol 1990, 26:85-104.
24. Marier J.R., Neri L.C. Quantifying the role of magnesium in the interrelationship between human mortality/morbidity and water hardness. Magnesium 1985, 4:53-59.
25. Marier J.R., Neri L.C., Anderson T.W. Water hardness, human health, and the importance of magnesium. National Res Coun Can Rep NRCC 1979, 17581:1-119.
26. Marier R. Role of magnesium in the "Hard-Water Story". Magnesium Bull 1986, 8:194-198.
27. Marque S., Jacqmin-Gadda H., Dartigues J.F., Commenges D. Cardiovascular mortality and calcium and magnesium in drinking water: an ecological study in elderly people. Eur J Epidemiol 2003, 18:305-309.
28. Marx A., Neutra R.R. Magnesium in drinking water and ischemic heart disease. Epidemiol Rev 1997, 19:258-272.
29. Punsar S., Karvonen M.J. Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland. Cardiology 1979, 64:24-34.
30. Rosenlund M., Berglind N., Hallqvist J., Bellander T., Bluhm G. Daily intake of magnesium and calcium from drinking water in relation to myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2005, 16:570-576.
31. Rubenowitz E., Axelsson G., Rylander R. Magnesium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 143:456-462.
32. Rubenowitz E., Axelsson G., Rylander R. Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women. Epidemiology 1999, 10:31-36.
33. Rubenowitz E., Molin I., Axelsson G., Rylander R. Magnesium in drinking water in relation to morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2000, 11:416-421.
34. Rylander R., Bonevik H., Rubenowitz E. Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991, 17:91-94.
35. WHO Calcium and Magnesum in Drinking-Water Public health Significance 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva.
36. Yang C.Y. Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1998, 29:411-414.
37. Yang C.Y., Chiu H.F. Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1999, 12:894-899.
38. Yang C.Y., Chiu H.F., Chiu J.F., Wang T.N., Cheng M.F. Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cerebrovascular mortality in Taiwan. Magnes Res 1997, 10:51-57.
39. Monarca S., Zerbini I., Simonati C., Gelatti U. Drinking water hardness and chronic degenerative diseases. II. cardiovascular diseases. Ann Ig 2003, 15:41-56.
40. Lozano R., Naghavi M., Foreman K., et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study. Lancet 2010, 380(2012):2095-2128.
41. Anderson T.W., Neri L.C., Schreiber G., Talbot F.D.F., Zdrejewski A. Ischemic heart disease, water hardness, and myocardial magnesium. Can Med Assoc J 1975, 113:199-203.
42. Marier J.R. The importance of dietary magnesium with particular reference to humans. Z Vitalstoffe Zivilisationskrankh 1968, 13:144-149.
43. Marier J.R. Nutritional and myocardial aspects of magnesium in drinking-water. Magnesium Bull 1981, 48-54. 1a.
44. Marier J.R. Quantitative factors regarding magnesium status in the modern-day world. Magnesium 1982, 1:3-15.
45. Ashe J.R., Schofield F.A., Gram M.R. The retention of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium during pregnancy: the adequacy of prenatal diets with and without supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32:286-291.
46. Brown J., Bourke G.J., Gearty G.F., et al. Nutritional and epidemiologic factors related to heart disease. World Rev Nutr Diet 1970, 12:1-42.
47. Durlach J., Rayssiguier Y., Laguitton A. Le besoin en magnesium et son apport dans la ration. Med Nutr 1980, 16.
48. Greger J.L. Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc of institutionalized aged. J Gerontol 1977, 32:549-553.
49. Greger J.L., Gruner S.M., Ethyre G.M., Abernathy R.P., Sickles V. Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to magnesium of adolescent females. Nutr Rep, Int 1979, 20.
50. Greger J.L., Huffman J., Abernathy R.P., Bennett O.A., Resneck S.E. Phosphorus and magnesium balance of adolescent females fed two levels of zinc. J Food Sci 1979, 44.
51. Holtmeier H.J., Kuhn M. Zink- und magnesium-mangel beim menschen. Therapiewoche 1972, 22:4536-4546.
52. Huber H.G., Disney G.M., Mason R.L. Dietary intake and urinary excretion of magnesium in black or white preadolescent girls. Fed Proc 1980, 39.
53. Leverton R.M., Leichsenring J.M., Linkswiler H., Meyer F. Magnesium requirement of young women receiving controlled intakes. J Nutr 1961, 74:33-38.
54. Schroeder H.A., Nason A.P., Tipton I.H. Essential metals in man. Magnesium. J Chronic Dis 1969, 21:815-841.
55. Seelig M.S. Magnesium deficiency with phosphate and vitamin D excesses; role in pediatric cardiovascular disease?. Cardiovasc Med 1978, 3:637-650.
56. Srivastava U.S., Nadeau M.H., Gueneau L. Mineral intakes of university students - magnesium content. Nutr Rep, Int 1978, 18.
57. Vir S.C., Love A.H. Nutritional status of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized aged in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32:1934-1947.
58. Ctr for Magnesium Educ & Research. Magnesium in Refined vs. Whole Foods. Accessed 4/19/13,2013. http://www.magnesiumeducation.com/whole-vs-refined-food.
59. Moshfegh A., Goldman J.D., Ahuja J., Rhodes D., LaComb R. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005-6: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food and Water Compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium 2009, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
60. Moshfegh A., Goldman J.D., Cleveland L.E. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes 2005, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
61. Nicklas T.A., O'Neil C.E., Fulgoni V.L. The role of dairy in meeting the recommendations for shortfall nutrients in the American diet. J Am Coll Nutr 2009, 28(Suppl 1):73S-81S.
62. Davis D.R. Declining fruit and vegetable nutrient composition: what Is the evidence?. HortScience 2009, 44:15-19.
63. Fan M.-S., Zhao F.-J., Fairweather-Tait S.J., Poulton P.R., Dunham S.J., McGrath S.P. Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008, 22:315-324.
64. Ficco D.B.M., Riefolo C., Nicastro G., et al. Phytate and mineral elements concentration in a collection of Italian durum wheat cultivars. Field Crops Res 2009, 111:235-242.
65. Mayer A. Historical changes in the mineral content of fruits and vegetables. Br Food J 1997, 99:207-211.
66. Murphy K.M., Reeves P.G., Jones S.S. Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica 2008, 163:381-390.
67. White P.J., Broadley M.R. Historical variation in the mineral composition of edible horticultural products. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 2005, 80:660-667.
68. Altura B.M., Shah N.C., Jiang X.C., et al. Short-term magnesium deficiency results in decreased levels of serum sphingomyelin, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in cardiovascular tissues. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009, 297:H86-92.
69. Altura B.M., Shah N.C., Li Z., Jiang X.C., Perez-Albela J.L., Altura B.T. Magnesium deficiency upregulates serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT 1 and SPT 2) in cardiovascular tissues: relationship to serum ionized Mg and cytochrome c. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010, 299:H932-938.
70. Altura B.M., Shah N.C., Li Z., et al. Short-term magnesium deficiency upregulates sphingomyelin synthase and p53 in cardiovascular tissues and cells: relevance to the de novo synthesis of ceramide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010, 299:H2046-2055.
71. Shah N.C., Liu J.P., Iqbal J., et al. Mg deficiency results in modulation of serum lipids, glutathione, and NO synthase isozyme activation in cardiovascular tissues: relevance to de novo synthesis of ceramide, serum Mg and atherogenesis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011, 4:103-118.
72. Sherer Y., Shaish A., Levkovitz H., et al. Magnesium fortification of drinking water suppresses atherogenesis in male LDL-receptor-deficient mice. Pathobiology 1999, 67:207-213.
73. Sherer Y., Shoenfeld Y., Shaish A., Levkovitz H., Bitzur R., Harats D. Suppression of atherogenesis in female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice following magnesium fortification of drinking water: the importance of diet. Pathobiology 2000, 68:93-98.
74. Calderon R.L., Hunber P. Epidemiological Studies and the Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risks With Water Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water Public health Significance 2009, WHO, Geneva, pp. 108-142.
75. Altura B.M., Altura B.T. Atherosclerosis and Magnesium. Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking-Water Public health Significance 2009, 75-81. WHO, Geneva. WHO (Ed.).
76. Monarca S., Donato F., Zerbini I., Calderon R.L., Craun G.F. Review of epidemiological studies on drinking water hardness and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006, 13:495-506.
77. Azoulay A., Garzon P., Eisenberg M.J. Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters. J Gen Intern Med 2001, 16:168-175.
78. Rosanoff A. Rising Ca:Mg intake ratio from food in USA Adults: a concern?. Magnes Res 2010, 23:181-193.
79. Bolland M.J., Avenell A., Baron J.A., et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ 2010, 341:c3691.
80. Bolland M.J., Grey A., Avenell A., Gamble G.D., Reid I.R. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the women's health initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011, 342:d2040.
81. Li K., Kaaks R., Linseisen J., Rohrmann S. Associations of dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study (EPIC-Heidelberg). Heart 2012, 98:920-925.
82. Reid I.R., Bolland M.J., Avenell A., Grey A. Cardiovascular effects of calcium supplementation. Osteoporos Int 2011, 22:1649-1658.
83. Reid I.R., Bolland M.J., Sambrook P.N., Grey A. Calcium supplementation: balancing the cardiovascular risks. Maturitas 2011, 69:289-295.
84. Seelig M.S. Increased need for magnesium with the use of combined oestrogen and calcium for osteoporosis treatment. Magnes Res 1990, 3:197-215.