Fractal dimension (df) as a new structural biomarker of clot microstructure in different stages of lung cancer

Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 114, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1251-1259

  Davies, Nia Anne ^a,b   Harrison, Nicholas Kim ^a,b   Keith Morris, Roger H ^c   Noble, Simon ^d   Lawrence, Matthew James ^a,b   D’Silva, Lindsay Antonio ^a,b   Broome, Laura ^a,b   Brown, Martin Rowan ^a   Hawkins, Karl M ^a   Williams, Phylip Rhodri ^a   Davidson, Simon ^e   Evans, Phillip Adrian ^a,b  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b MORRISTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL BROMPTON AND HAREFIELD NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Fractal; Lung cancer; Risk assessment; Venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; FIBRIN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD CLOT; BLOOD CLOTTING; CANCER STAGING; CLOT MICROSTRUCTURE; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FIBRINOLYSIS; FLOW MEASUREMENT; FRACTAL DIMENSION; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PHLEBOTOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; THROMBIN TIME; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; AGED; ALGORITHM; BLOOD; BLOOD CLOTTING TEST; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; LUNG TUMOR; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; PATHOLOGY; RISK; SINGLE BLIND PROCEDURE; SMALL CELL CARCINOMA; SMOKING; THROMBOPHILIA; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

AGED; ALGORITHMS; BIOMARKERS; BLOOD COAGULATION; BLOOD COAGULATION TESTS; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; FIBRIN; FRACTALS; HEMORHEOLOGY; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK; SINGLE-BLIND METHOD; SMOKING; THROMBOPHILIA; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 84983096084     PISSN: 03406245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1160/TH15-04-0357     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 585-593.
2. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003; 107: I4-8.
3. Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis. Br J Cancer 2010; 102: S2-9.
4. Chew HK, Davies AM, Wun T, et al. The incidence of venous thromboembolism among patients with primary lung cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 601-608.
5. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 632-634.
6. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, et al. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2005; 293: 715-722.
7. Bick RL. Alterations of hemostasis associated with malignancy: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Semin Thromb Hemost 1978; 5: 1-26.
8. Zwicker JI. Tissue factor-bearing microparticles and cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008; 34: 195-198.
9. Vormittag R, Simanek R, Ay C, et al. High factor VIII levels independently predict venous thrombembolism in cancer patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29: 2176-2181.
10. Geddings JE, Mackman, N. Tumor-derived tissue factor-positive microparticles and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Blood 2013; 122: 1873-1880.
11. Balkwill F, Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 2001; 357: 539-545
12. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860-867.
13. Rakoff-Nouham, S. Why cancer and inflammation? Yale J Biol Med 2006; 79: 123-130.
14. Mills JD, Ariëns RAS, Mansfield MW, et al. Altered fibrin clot structure in the healthy relatives of patients with premature coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 1938-1942.
15. Undas A, Szuldrzynski K, Stepien E, et al. Reduced clot permeability and susceptibility to lysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196: 551-557.
16. Undas A, Zawilska K, Ciesla-Dul M, et al. Altered fibrin clot structure/function in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism and in their relatives. Blood 2009; 114: 4272-4278.
17. Weisel JW. The mechanical properties of fibrin for basic scientists and clinicians. Biophys Chem 2004; 112: 267-276.
18. Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Mechanisms of fibrin polymerization and clinical implications. Blood 2013; 121: 1712-1719.
19. Collet JP, Park D, Lesty C, et al. Influence of fibrin network conformation and fibrin fiber diameter on fibrinolysis speed: dynamic and structural approaches by confocal microscopy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1354-1361.
20. Martinez MR, Cuker A, Mills AM, et al. Enhanced lysis and accelerated establishment of viscoelastic properties of fibrin clots associated with pulmonary embolism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; L397-404.
21. Ustuner Z, Akay OM, Keskin M, et al. Evaluating coagulation disorders in the use of bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer by thromboelastography. Med Oncol 2002; 29: 3125-3128.
22. Toukh M, Siemens DR, Black A, et al. Thromboelastography identifies hypercoagulability and predicts thromboembolic complications in patients with prostate cancer. Thromb Res 2014; 133: 88-95.
23. Thorson CM, Van Haren RM, Ryan ML, et al. Persistence of hypercoagulable state after resection of intra-abdominal malignancies. J Am Coll Surgeons 2013; 216: 580-589
24. Papa ML, Capasso F, Pudore L, et al. Thromboelastographic profiles as a tool for thrombotic risk in digestive tract cancer. Exp Oncol 2007; 29: 111-115.
25. Akay OM, Ustuner Z, Canturk Z, et al. Laboratory investigation of hypercoagulability in cancer patients using rotation thromboelastography. Med Oncol 2009; 26: 258-364.
26. Davies NA, Harrison NK, Sabra A, et al. Application of ROTEM to assess hypercoagulability in patients with lung cancer. Thromb Res 2015; 135: 1075-1080.
27. Winter HH, Chambon F. Analysis of linear viscoelasticity of a cross-linking polymer at the Gel-Point. J Rheol 1986; 30: 367-382.
28. Muthukumar M, Winter HH. Fractal dimension of a crosslinking polymer at the gel point. Macromolecules 1986; 19: 1284-1285.
29. Evans PA, Hawkins K, Williams PR, et al. Rheometrical detection of incipient blood clot formation by Fourier transform mechanical spectroscopy. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 2008; 148: 122-126.
30. Evans PA, Hawkins K, Morris RH, et al. Gel point and fractal microstructure of incipient clots are significant new markers of hemostasis for healthy and anticoagulated blood. Blood 2010; 116: 3341-3344.
31. Curtis DJ, Williams PR, Badiei N, et al. A study of microstructural templating in fibrin-thrombin gel networks by spectral and viscoelastic analysis. Soft Matter 2013; 9: 4883-4889.
32. Lawrence MJ, Kumar S, Hawkins K, et al. A new structural biomarker that quantifies and predicts changes in clot strength and quality in a model of progressive haemodilution. Thromb Res 2014; 134: 488-494.
33. Lawrence MJ, Sabra A, Mills G, et al. A new biomarker quantifies difference in clot microstructure in patients with venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 2014; 168: 571-575.
34. Stanford SN, Sabra A, D’Silva LA, et al. The changes in clot microstructure in patients with ischaemic stroke and the effects of therapeutic intervention: a prospective observational study. BMC Neurology 2015; 15: 35.
35. Lawrence MJ, Sabra A, Thomas P, et al. Fractal dimension: A novel clot microstructure use in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240: 402-407.
36. Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. AJCC Cancer staging manual. 7th edition. Springer publications 2010.
37. Curtis DJ, Brown MR, Hawkins K, et al. Rheometrical and molecular dynamics simulation studies of incipient clot formation in fibrin-thrombin gels: An activation limited aggregation approach. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 2011; 166: 932-928.
38. Brown MR, Curtis DJ, Rees P, et al. Fractal discrimination of random fractal aggregates and its application in biomarker analysis for blood coagulation. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2012; 45: 1025-1032.
39. Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to Image: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 2012; 9: 671-675.
40. Ay, C, Dunkler D, Pirker R, Thaler J, et al. High D Dimer levels are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Haematologica 2012; 97: 1158-1164.
41. Janicke F, Schmitt M, Pache L, et al. Urokinase (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 are strong and independent prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 24: 195-208.
42. Kuhn W, Pache L, Schmalfeldt B, et al. Urokinase (uPA) and PAI-1 predict survival in advanced ovarian cancer patients (FIGO III) after radical surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 55: 401-409.
43. Andreasen PA, Kjoller L, Christensen L, et al. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 1-22.
44. Schmitt M, Harbeck N, Thomssen C, et al. Clinical impact of the plasminogen activation system in tumour invasion and metastasis: prognostic relevance and target for therapy. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 285-296.
45. Gronostaj K, Richter P, Nowak W, et al. Altered plasma fibrin clot properties in patients with digestive tract cancers: links with the increased thrombin generation. Thromb Res 2013; 131: 262-267.
46. Cheng Y, Liu Z, Yao, F, et al. Current and former smoking and risk for venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 2013; 10: 1371.
47. Tesselaar ME, Osanto S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in lung cancer. Curr opin pulm med 2007; 13: 362-367.