Malnutrition in South Asia—A Critical Reappraisal

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 56, Issue 14, 2016, Pages 2320-2330

  Akhtar, Saeed ^a  

^a BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Malnutrition; micronutrient deficiencies; South Asia; stunting; underweight; wasting

Indexed keywords

ABSTRACTING; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; FOOD SUPPLY; HEALTH CARE; INFORMATION SERVICES; NUTRIENTS; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRACE ELEMENTS;

MALNUTRITION; MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES; SOUTH ASIA; STUNTING; UNDERWEIGHT; WASTING;

NUTRITION;

ASIA; CATERING SERVICE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HUMAN; MALNUTRITION; PREVALENCE;

ASIA, WESTERN; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FOOD SUPPLY; HUMANS; MALNUTRITION; PREVALENCE;

EID: 84983084677     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.832143     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. T.Ahmed, and A.M.Ahmed, (2009). Reducing the burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh. Brit. Med. J. 339:b4490.
2. T.Ahmed, M.Hossain, and K.I.Sanin, (2013). Global burden of maternal and child undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Ann. Nutr. Metabol. 61(Suppl. 1):8–17.
3. T.Ahmed, M.Mahfuz, S.Ireen, A.S.Ahmed, S.Rahman, M.M.Islam, and A.Cravioto, (2012). Nutrition of children and women in Bangladesh:trends and directions for the future. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 30(1):1–11.
4. S.Akhtar, (2013). Zinc status in South Asian populations-An update. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 31:139–149.
5. S.Akhtar, (2013a). Vitamin D status of South Asian populations-risks and opportunities. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (DO+I 10.1080/10408398.2013.807419).
6. S.Akhtar, A.Ahmed, A.Ahmad, Z.Ali, M.Riaz, and T.Ismail, (2013b). Iron Status of Pakistani Population-Current Issues and Strategies. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 22(3):340.
7. S.Akhtar, F.M.Anjum, and M.A.Anjum, (2011). Micronutrient fortification of wheat flour:Recent development and Strategies. Food Res. Intern. 44:652–659.
8. S.Akhtar, F.M.Anjum, Z.U.Rehman, and M.Riaz, (2011a). Effect of zinc and iron fortification of feed on liver and thyroid function. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 144:894–903.
9. S.Akhtar, M.R.Sarker, and A.Hossain, (2012). Microbiological food safety:a dilemma of developing societies.” Cri. Rev. Microbiol. 00:1–13. (doi:10.3109/1040841X.2012.742036).
10. S.Akhtar, I.Tariq, S.Atukorala, and N.Arlappa, (2013). Micronutrient deficiencies in South Asia-current status and Strategies. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 31:55–62.
11. S.Akhtar, I.Tariq, S.Atukorala, and N.Arlappa, (2013a). Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia-causes, outcomes and possible remedies. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 31(4):413–423.
12. S.Akhtar,. (2011b). Food safety challenges -A Pakistan's Perspective. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55(2):219–226.
13. S.S.Ali, N.Karim, A.G.Billoo, and S.S.Haider, (2005). Association of literacy of mothers with malnutrition among children under three years of age in rural area of district Malir, Karachi. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 55(12):550–553.
14. J.Alom, M.A.Quddus, and M.A.Islam, (2012). Nutritional status of under-five children in Bangladesh:A multilevel analysis. J. Biosoc. Sci. 44(5):525–535.
15. Annual report. (2008). Social infrastructure policies, institutional frame work and performance, S.Swarnajothi, Central bank of Sri Lanka, Janadipati mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
16. B.Aurangzeb, K.E.Whitten, B.Harrison, M.Mitchell, H.Kepreotes, M.Sidler, and A.S.Day, (2012). Prevalence of malnutrition and risk of under-nutrition in hospitalized children. Clin. Nutr. 31(1):35–40.
17. N.F.Babar, R.Muzaffar, M.A.Khan, and S.Imdad, (2010). Impact of socioeconomic factors on nutritional status in primary school children. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 22(4):15–18.
18. Y.Balarajan, U.Ramakrishnan, E.Ozaltin, A.H.Shankar, and S.V.Subramanian, (2012). Anemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 378:2123–2135.
19. L.Bartlett, S.Mawji, S.Whitehead, C.Crouse, S.Bowens, D.Ionete, and P.Salama, (2002). Maternal mortality in Afghanistan:magnitude, causes, risk factors and preventability. Preliminary Findings, UNICEF-CDC November (2002).
20. A.Basit, S.Nair, K.B.Chakraborthy, B.B.Darshan, and A.Kamath, (2012). Risk factors for under-nutrition among children aged one to five years in Udupi taluk of Karnataka, India:A case control study. Australas Med J. Australas Med J. 5(3):163–167.
21. D.Bhanderi, and S.K.Choudhary, (2006). An epidemiological study of health and nutritional status of under five children in semi-urban community of Gujarat. Indian J. Public Health. 50(4):213–219.
22. S.Bharati, M.Pal, and P.Bharati, (2008). Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. J. Biosoc. Sci. 40(6):801–814.
23. S.Bharati, M.Pal, S.Chakrabarty, and P.Bharati, (2011). Trends in socioeconomic and nutritional status of children younger than 6 years in India. Asia Pac. J. Public Health. 23(3):324–340.
24. Z.A.Bhutta, (2008). Micronutrient needs of malnourished children. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 11(3):309–314.
25. Z.A.Bhutta, and R.A.Salam, (2013). Global nutrition epidemiology and trends. Ann. Nutr. Metabol. 61(Suppl. 1):19–27.
26. S.Biswas, K.Bose, A.Mukhopadhyay, and M.Bhadra, (2009). Prevalence of undernutrition among pre-school children of Chapra, Nadia District, West Bengal, India, measured by composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF). Anthropol. Anz. 67(3):269–279.
27. R.E.Black, L.H.Allen, Z.A.Bhutta, L.E.Caulfield, M.De Onis, M.Ezzati, and J.Rivera, (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition:global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 371:243–260.
28. R.E.Black, S.Cousens, H.L.Johnson, J.E.Lawn, I.Rudan, D.G.Bassani, and C.Mathers, (2010). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008:a systematic analysis. Lancet. 375:1969–1987.
29. T.Bradshaw, (2006). Theories of poverty and anti-poverty programs in community development. Rural Poverty Res. Center. Working Paper No. 06-05.
30. L.V.Brown, M.F.Zeitlin, K.E.Peterson, A.M.Chowdhury, B.L.Rogers, L.H.Weld, and S.N.Gershoff, (1992). Evaluation of the impact of weaning food messages on infant feeding prac-tices and child growth in rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:994–1003.
31. J.Buttriss, and H.Riley, (2013). Sustainable diets:harnessing the nutrition agenda. Food Chem. 140(3):402–407.
32. S.Collins, K.Sadler, N.Dent, T.Khara, S.Guerrero, M.Myatt, and A.Walsh, (2006). Key issues in the success of community-based management of severe malnutrition. Food Nutr. Bull. 27:S49–82.
33. CSO (Central Statistics Office). 2009. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007/8, October 2009. Afghanistan-Kabul Ministry of rural rehabilitation and development.
34. M.S.Ejaz, and N.Latif, (2010). Stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in malnourished children. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 60(7):543–547.
35. M.Elia, (2006). Nutrition and health economics. Nutr. 22:576–578.
36. FAO. (2013). Country Nutrition Profiles-Nepal. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/nep_en.stm. Retrieved on June28, 2013
37. A.S.G.Faruque, A.S.Ahmed, T.Ahmed, M.M.Islam, M.I.Hossain, S.K.Roy, and D.A.Sack, (2008). Nutrition:basis for healthy children and mothers in Bangladesh. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 26(3):325–339.
38. D.A.Fenn, (2011). Research for Save the Children's report, A Life Free From Hunger:Tackling child malnutrition.
39. R.W.Fogel, (1984). Economic growth, population theory, and physi-ology:The bearing of long term processes on the making of economic policy. Am. Econ. Rev. 84:369–394.
40. A.K.Fosu, 2009. Inequality and the impact of growth on poverty:Comparative evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa. J. Deve. Stud. 45(5):726–745.
41. R.Gaiha, V.S.Kulkarni, and M.K.Pandey, (2012). On hunger and child mortality in India. J. Asian Afr. Stud. 47(1):3–17.
42. K.C.Gautam, (2010). 10+ 2 agenda for public health in Nepal. JNMA, J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 49(178):174–177.
43. A.Ghosh, P.Adhikari, S.D.Chowdhury, and T.Ghosh, (2008). Prevalence of undernutrition in Nepalese children. Ann. Hum. Bio. 36(1):38–45.
44. A.Ghosh, S.D.Chowdhury, and T.Ghosh, (2012). Undernutrition in Nepalese children:a biochemical and haematological study. Acta Paediatrica. 101(6):671–676.
45. GOP. (1988). National Nutritional Survey; 1985–86. Nutrition Division National Institute of Health, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad.
46. M.M.Hasan, M.A.Hoque, M.A.Hossain, A.H.Mollah, M.N.Islam, M.M.Ahsan, and B.Chowdhury, (2013). Nutritional status among primary school children of mymensingh. Mymensingh Med. J. MMJ. 22(2):267–274.
47. IDRC, (2004). Gender Inequality and Poverty Eradication:Promoting Household Livelihoods. Available at:web.idrc.ca/fr/er-42966-201-1-DO_topic.html.
48. A.Imdad, and Z.A.Bhutta, (2012). Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes:Effect of balanced protein‐energy supplementation. Paediatr. Perinat Epidemiol. 26(s1):178–190.
49. T.Ismail, P.Sistelli, and S.Akhtar, (2012). Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts:A review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. J. Ethnopharmacol. 143:397–405.
50. R.Jayatissa, and R.M.Ranbanda, (2006). Prevalence of challenging nutritional problems among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Food Nutr. Bull. 27(2):153–160.
51. R.Jayatissa, A.Bekele, A.Kethiswaran, and A.H.De Silva, (2012). Community-based management of severe and moderate acute malnutrition during emergencies in Sri Lanka:Challenges of implementation. Food Nutr. Bull. 33(4):251–260.
52. R.Jayatissa, A.Bekele, C.L.Piyasena, and S.Mahamithawa, (2006). Assessment of nutritional status of children under five years of age, pregnant women, and lactating women living in relief camps after the tsunami in Sri Lanka. Food Nutr. Bull. 27(2):144–152.
53. A.Jesmin, S.S.Yamamoto, A.A.Malik, and M.A.Haque, (2011). Prevalence and determinants of chronic malnutrition among preschool children:a cross-sectional study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 29(5):494–499.
54. G.Jones, W.Schultink, and M.Babille, (2006). Child survival in India. Indian J. Pediatr. 73(6):479–487.
55. H.Joshi, M.Joshi, A.Singh, P.Joshi, and N.I.Khan, (2011). Determinants of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in 0-6 years children in rural community of Bareilly. Indian J. Prev. Soc. Med. 42(2):154–158.
56. P.C.Joshi, (2013). Malnutrition in children:A serious public health issue in Nepal. Health Prospect 11:61–62.
57. D.A.Khan, S.Fatima, R.Imran, and F.A.Khan, (2010). Iron, folate and cobalamin deficiency in anaemic pregnant females in tertiary care centre at rawalpindi. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 22(1):17–21.
58. R.Khanam, H.S.Nghiem, and M.M.Rahman, (2011). The impact of childhood malnutrition on schooling:evidence from Bangladesh. J. biosoc. sci. 43(4):437–451.
59. G.L.Khor, (2003). Update on the prevalence of malnutrition among children in Asia. Nepal Med. Coll. J. 5(2):113–122.
60. S.Khuwaja, B.J.Selwyn, and S.M.Shah, (2005). Prevalence and correlates of stunting among primary school children in rural areas of southern Pakistan. J. Trop. Pediatr. 51(2):72–77.
61. M.Krishnan, P.V.Rajalakshmi, and K.Kalaiselvi, (2012). A study of protein energy malnutrition in the school girls of a rural population. Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis. 2:142–146.
62. L.M.Lamberti, C.L.F.Walker, and A.Noiman, (2011). Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 11(S3):S15–27.
63. A.Laxmaiah, N.Arlappa, N.Balakrishna, C.Galreddy, S.Kumar, M.Ravindranath, and G.N.V.Brahmam, (2013). Prevalence and determinants of micronutrient deficiencies among rural children of eight states in India. Ann. Nutr. Metabol. 62(3):231–241.
64. E.Levitt, (2011). Malnutrition in Afghanistan:Scale, Scope, Causes and Potential Response. World Bank Publications.
65. J.B.Mason, L.S.Saldanha, U.Ramakrishnan, A.Lowe, E.A.Noznesky, A.Webb Girard, and R.Martorell, (2012). Opportunities for improving maternal nutrition and birth outcomes:synthesis of country experiences. Food Nutr Bull. 33(2 Suppl):S104–37.
66. V.Mathad, C.Metgud, and M.D.Mallapur, (2011). Nutritional status of under-fives in rural area of South India. Indian J. Med. Sci. 65(4):151–156.
67. I.I.Meshram, N.Arlappa, N.Balakrishna, A.Laxmaiah, K.M.Rao, C.G.Reddy, and G.N.V.Brahmam, (2012). Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition and its trends among pre-school tribal children of Maharashtra State, India. J. Trop Pediatr. 58(2):125–132.
68. I.I.Meshram, A.Laxmaiah, C.Gal Reddy, M.Ravindranath, K.Venkaiah, and G.N.V.Brahmam, (2011). Prevalence of under-nutrition and its correlates among under 3 year-old children in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. Ann. Hum. Biol. 38(1):93–101.
69. S.Mishra, (2012). Hunger, ethics and the right to food. Indian J. Med. Ethics. 9(1):32–37.
70. M.Mitra, P.V.Kumar, S.Chakrabarty, and P.Bharati, (2007). Nutritional status of Kamar tribal children in Chhattisgarh. Indian J. Pediatr. 74(4):381–384.
71. N.Mondal, and J.Sen, (2010). Prevalence of undernutrition among children (5-12 years) belonging to three communities residing in a similar habitat in North Bengal, India. Ann. Hum. Biol. 37(2):199–217.
72. MOPH, UNICEF, CDC and National Institute for research on food and nutrition-Italy and Tuft University 2009. 2004 Afghanistan National Nutrition Survey Atlanta CDC.
73. O.Müller, and M.Krawinkel, (2005). Malnutrition and health in developing countries. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 173(3):279–286.
74. A.M.S.Niranjala, and N.S.Gunawardena, (2011). Nutritional status of adolescent females in estates in haliela, Sri Lanka. ICAN. 3(5):260–267.
75. NNS., (2011) National Nutritional Survey Pakistan. Nutrition Wing, Cabinet Division, Government of Pakistan.
76. R.P.Parajuli, M.Umezaki, C.Watanabe, M.Anttolainen, J.Javanainen, P.Kaartinen, and R.K.Shreshtra, (2012). Diet among people in the terai region of nepal, an area of micronutrient deficiency. J. Biosoc. Sci. 44(4):401–415.
77. A.Pathmeswaran, R.Jayatissa, S.Samarasinghe, A.Fernando, R.P.De Silva, R.O.Thattil, and N.R.De Silva, (2005). Health status of primary schoolchildren in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med. J. 50(2):46–50.
78. S.Psaki, Z.A.Bhutta, T.Ahmed, S.Ahmed, P.Bessong, M.Islam, and W.Checkley, (2012). Household food access and child malnutrition:results from the eight-country MAL-ED study. Popul Health Metrics. 10(1):24.
79. A.Rahman, S.Chowdhury, and D.Hossain, (2009). Acute Malnutrition in Bangladeshi Children Levels and Determinants. Asia Pac. J. Public Health. 21(3):294–302.
80. C.L.Rajapaksa, C.Arambepola, and N.Gunawardena, (2011). Nutritional status in Sri Lanka, determinants and interventions:a desk review 2006-2011.
81. U.Ramakrishnan, A.Lowe, S.Vir, S.Kumar, R.Mohanraj, A.Chaturvedi, and J.B.Mason, (2012). Public health interventions, barriers, and opportunities for improving maternal nutrition in India. Food Nutr. Bull. 33(2 Suppl):S71–S92.
82. S.K.Ray, (2005). Action for tackling malnutrition:growth monitoring or surveillance? Indian J. Public Health. 49(4):214–217.
83. P.Sen, S.Bharati, S.Som, M.Pal, and P.Bharati, (2011). Growth and nutritional status of preschool children in India:a study of two recent time periods. Food Nutr. Bull. 32(2):84–93.
84. K.R.Sharma, (2012). Malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months in mugu district. J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 10(21):156–159.
85. N.K.Sinha, K.Maiti, P.Samanta, D.C.Das, and P.Banerjee, (2012). Nutritional status of 2–6 year old children of Kankabati grampanchayat, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. Sri Lanka J. Child Health 41(2):60–64.
86. L.C.Smith, and L.Haddad, (2000). Explaining Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries:A Cross-country Analysis. IFPRI Research Monograph, 111, IFPRI, Washington, DC.
87. L.C.Smith, U.Ramakrishnan, A.Ndiaye, L.J.Haddad, and R.Martorell, (2003). The importance of women's status for child nutrition in developing countries. Washington, DC:International Food Policy Research Institute.
88. A.Srivastava, S.E.Mahmood, P.M.Srivastava, V.P.Shrotriya, and B.Kumar, (2012). Nutritional status of school-age children - A scenario of urban slums in India. Arch. Public Health. 17(1):70–78.
89. R.J.Stratton, C.J.Green, and M.Elia, (2003). Disease-related malnutrition. An evidence-based approach to treatment. Wallingford, Oxon:CAB International.
90. J.S.Thakur, S.Prinja, and S.S.Bhatia, (2011). Persisting malnutrition in Chandigarh:decadal underweight trends and impact of ICDS program. Indian Pediatr. 48(4):315–318.
91. H.Torlesse, L.Kiess, and M.W.Bloem, (2003). Association of household rice expenditure with child nutritional status indicates a role for macroeconomic food policy in combating malnutrition. J. Nutr. 133(5):1320–1325.
92. R.Uauy, E.Hertrampf, and M.Reddy, (2002). Iron fortifi cation of foods:Overcoming technical and practical barriers. J. Nutr. 132:849S–52S.
93. UNICEF (2013). Health and Nutrition, Bangladesh. Available at http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/health_nutrition_377.htm.
94. UNICEF., (2001). The State of the World's Children (2001) available at:www.unicef.org/sowc01/tables/.
95. C.G.Victora, F.C.Barros, M.C.Assuncao, M.C.Restrepo-Mendez, A.Matijasevich, and R.Martorell, (2012). Scaling up maternal nutrition programs to improve birth outcomes:A review of implementation issues. Food Nutr. Bull. 33(Supplement 1):6–26.
96. G.Weisstaub, A.Magdalena, H.Ann, and U.Ricardo,. (2008). Childhood malnutrition:Prevention and control at the national level. In:Nutrition in Pediatrics, 4th ed., pp. 143–152. C.Duggan, J.Watkins, and W.A.Walker, Eds., BC Decker Inc Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
97. WFP, World Food Program. (2006). Micronutrient fortification:WFP experiences and ways forward. Food Nutr. Bull. 27(1):67–75.
98. World Bank. (2006). Repositioning Nutrition as Central to development—A strategy for large scale action.
99. M.Y.Yakoob, and Z.A.Bhutta, (2011). Effect of routine iron supplementation with or without folic acid on anemia during pregnancy. BMC Public Health. 11(Suppl 3):S21.
100. A.K.Yousafzai, M.A.Rasheed, and Z.A.Bhutta, (2013). Annual Research Review:Improved nutrition–pathway to resilience. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 54(4):367–377.
101. T.Zuberi, and K.J.Thomas, (2012). Demographic Change, the IMPACT Model, and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa (No. 2012-003).