Environmental risk factors in psoriasis: The point of view of the nutritionist

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2016, Pages

  Barrea, Luigi ^a   Nappi, Francesca ^a   Di Somma, Carolina ^b   Savanelli, Maria Cristina ^a   Falco, Andrea ^a   Balato, Anna ^c   Balato, Nicola ^c   Savastano, Silvia ^c  

^a IOS and COLEMAN Srl   (Italy)

^b IRCCS SDN   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bioelectrical impedance analysis; Body composition; Environmental risk factors; Lifestyle; Mediterranean diet; Nutrition; Nutritionist; Obesity; Phase angle

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT;

DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; LIFESTYLE; OBESITY; RISK FACTOR; SKIN DISORDER;

BODY MASS; COMORBIDITY; DIET THERAPY; DIETITIAN; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WEIGHT REDUCTION; DIET; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

COMORBIDITY; DIET; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONISTS; OBESITY; PSORIASIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84979217568     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070743     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Trojacka, E, Zaleska, M, Galus, R. Influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on the course of psoriasis. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski. 2015, 38, 169-173. [PubMed]
2. Wang, L, Yang, H, Li, N, Wang, W, Bai, Y. Acupuncture for psoriasis: Protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e007526. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Gelfand, J.M, Weinstein, R, Porter, S.B, Neimann, A.L, Berlin, J.A, Margolis, D.J. Prevalence and treatment of psoriasis in the United Kingdom: A population-based study. Arch. Dermatol. 2005, 141, 1537-1541. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Parisi, R, Symmons, D.P, Griffiths, C.E, Ashcroft, D.M. Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) Project Team. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: A systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2013, 133, 377-385. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Ganzetti, G, Campanati, A, Molinelli, E, Offidani, A. Psoriasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease: Three different diseases on a unique background. World J. Cardiol. 2016, 8, 120-131. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Gisondi, P, Galvan, A, Idolazzi, L, Girolomoni, G. Management of moderate to severe psoriasis in patients with metabolic comorbidities. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Fleming, P, Kraft, J, Gulliver, W.P, Lynde, C. The relationship of obesity with the severity of psoriasis: A systematic review. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2015, 19, 450-456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Voiculescu, V.M, Lupu, M, Papagheorghe, L, Giurcaneanu, C, Micu, E. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome-Scientific evidence and therapeutic implications. J. Med. Life 2014, 7, 468-471. [PubMed]
9. Shahwan, K.T, Kimball, A.B. Psoriasis and cardiovascular disease. Med. Clin. North Am. 2015, 99, 1227-1242. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Korman, N.J, Zhao, Y, Pike, J, Roberts, J. Relationship between psoriasis severity, clinical symptoms, quality of life and work productivity among patients in the USA. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Ahdout, J, Kotlerman, J, Elashoff, D, Kim, J, Chiu, M.W. Modifiable lifestyle factors associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2012, 37, 477-483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Wells, J.C, Fewtrell, M.S. Measuring body composition. Arch. Dis. Child. 2006, 91, 612-617. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Smalley, K.J, Knerr, A.N, Kendrick, Z.V, Colliver, J.A, Owen, O.E. Reassessment of body mass indices. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 52, 405-408. [PubMed]
14. Elia, M. Body composition by whole-body bioelectrical impedance and prediction of clinically relevant outcomes: Overvalued or underused? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 67 (Suppl. 1), S60-S70. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Segal, K.R, Burastero, S, Chun, A, Coronel, P, Pierson, R.N., Jr, Wang, J. Estimation of extracellular and total body water by multiple-frequency bioelectrical-impedance measurement. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 54, 26-29. [PubMed]
16. Toussirot, E, Aubin, F, Dumoulin, G. Relationships between adipose tissue and psoriasis, with or without arthritis. Front. Immunol. 2014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Millsop, J.W, Bhatia, B.K, Debbaneh, M, Koo, J, Liao, W. Diet and psoriasis, part III: Role of nutritional supplements. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 71, 561-569. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Carrascosa, J.M, Rocamora, V, Fernandez-Torres, R.M, Jimenez-Puya, R, Moreno, J.C, Coll-Puigserver, N, Fonseca, E. Obesity and psoriasis: Inflammatory nature of obesity, relationship between psoriasis and obesity, and therapeutic implications. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014, 105, 31-44. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Mraz, M, Haluzik, M. The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 222, R113-R127. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Zhu, K.J, Zhang, C, Li, M, Zhu, C.Y, Shi, G, Fan, Y.M. Leptin levels in patients with psoriasis: A meta-analysis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2013, 38, 478-483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Conde, J, Scotece, M, Gomez, R, Lopez, V, Gomez-Reino, J.J, Lago, F. Adipokines: biofactors from white adipose tissue. A complex hub among inflammation, metabolism, and immunity. Biofactors 2011, 37, 413-420. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Esteghamati, A, Khalilzadeh, O, Anvari, M, Rashidi, A, Mokhtari, M, Nakhjavani, M. Association of serum leptin levels with homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: The key role of central obesity. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2009, 7, 447-452. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Chen, Y.J, Wu, C.Y, Shen, J.L, Chu, S.Y, Chen, C.K, Chang, Y.T, Chen, C.-M. Psoriasis independently associated with hyperleptinemia contributing to metabolic syndrome. Arch. Dermatol. 2008, 144, 1571-1575. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Peluso, I, Palmery, M. The relationship between body weight and inflammation: Lesson from anti-TNF-α antibody therapy. Hum. Immunol. 2016, 77, 47-53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Yamauchi, P.S, Bissonnette, R, Teixeira, H.D, Valdecantos, W.C. Systematic review of efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in patients with psoriasis previously treated with a different anti-TNF agent. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol 2016. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Harari, M, Shani, J, Hristakieva, E, Stanimirovic, A, Seidl, W, Burdo, A. Clinical evaluation of a more rapid and sensitive Psoriasis Assessment Severity Score (PASS), and its comparison with the classic method of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), before and after climatotherapy at the Dead-Sea. Int. J. Dermatol. 2000, 39, 913-918. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Beygi, S, Lajevardi, V, Abedini, R. C-reactive protein in psoriasis: A review of the literature. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2014, 28, 700-711. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Wilson, P.B. Are patients with mild to moderate psoriasis more physically active than healthy controls? Comments on the study by Demirel et al. Int. J. Dermatol. 2014, 53, e592. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Do, Y.K, Lakhani, N, Malhotra, R, Halstater, B, Theng, C, Østbye, T. Association between psoriasis and leisure-time physical activity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Dermatol. 2015, 42, 148-153. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Romero-Talamás, H, Aminian, A, Corcelles, R, Fernandez, A.P, Schauer, P.R, Brethauer, S. Psoriasis improvement after bariatric surgery. Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis. 2014, 10, 1155-1159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004, 363, 157-163.
32. Kim, C.R, Lee, J.H. An observational study on the obesity and metabolic status of psoriasis patients. Ann. Dermatol. 2013, 25, 440-444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Ni, C, Chiu, M.W. Psoriasis and comorbidities: Links and risks. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. 2014, 7, 119-132. [PubMed]
34. Debbaneh, M, Millsop, J.W, Bhatia, B.K, Koo, J, Liao, W. Diet and psoriasis, part I: Impact of weight loss interventions. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 71, 133-140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Wolk, K, Mallbris, L, Larsson, P, Rosenblad, A, Vingard, E, Stahle, M. Excessive body weight and smoking associates with a high risk of onset of plaque psoriasis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009, 89, 492-497. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Okorodudu, D.O, Jumean, M.F, Montori, V.M, Romero-Corral, A, Somers, V.K, Erwin, P.J, Lopez-Jimenez, F. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2010, 34, 791-799. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. De Lorenzo, A, Bianchi, A, Maroni, P, Iannarelli, A, Di Daniele, N, Iacopino, L, Di Renzo, L. Adiposity rather than BMI determines metabolic risk. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013, 166, 111-117. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. The National Institute of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-The evidence report. Natl. Inst. Health Obes. Res. 1998, 6 (Suppl. 2), S51-S209.
39. Bosy-Westphal, A, Booke, C.A, Blocker, T, Kossel, E, Goele, K, Later, W, Hitze, B, Heller, M, Glüer, C.-C, Müller, M.J. Measurement site for waist circumference affects its accuracy as an index of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous fat in a Caucasian population. J. Nutr. 2010, 140, 954-961. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Jensen, M.D. Role of body fat distribution and the metabolic complications of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93, S57-S63. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Tobin, A.M, Hackett, C.B, Rogers, S, Collins, P, Richards, H.L, O’Shea, D, Kirby, B. Body mass index, waist circumference and HOMA-IR correlate with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index in patients with psoriasis receiving phototherapy. Br. J. Dermatol. 2014, 171, 436-438. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Di Renzo, L, Saraceno, R, Schipani, C, Rizzo, M, Bianchi, A, Noce, A, Esposito, M, Tiberti, S, Chimenti, S, De Lorenzo, A. Prospective assessment of body weight and body composition changes in patients with psoriasis receiving anti-TNF-α treatment. Dermatol. Ther. 2011, 24, 446-451. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Pedreira, P.G, Pinheiro, M.M, Szejnfeld, V.L. Bone mineral density and body composition in postmenopausal women with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2011, 13, R16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Bohm, A, Heitmann, B.L. The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition in epidemiological studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 67 (Suppl. 1), S79-S85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Engin, B, Kutlubay, Z, Yardımcı, G, Vehid, H.E, Ambarcıoğlu, P, Serdaroğlu, S, Tüzün, Y. Evaluation of body composition parameters in patients with psoriasis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2014, 53, 1468-1473. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Barrea, L, Balato, N, Di Somma, C, Macchia, P.E, Napolitano, M, Savanelli, M.C, Esposito, K, Colao, A, Savastano, S. Nutrition and psoriasis: Is there any association between the severity of the disease and adherence to the Mediterranean diet? J. Transl. Med. 2015, 13, 18. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Di Renzo, L, Bianchi, A, Saraceno, R, Calabrese, V, Cornelius, C, Iacopino, L, Chimenti, S, De Lorenzo, A. 174G/C IL-6 gene promoter polymorphism predicts therapeutic response to TNF-α blockers. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2012, 22, 134-142. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Xu, Y, Xie, X, Duan, Y, Wang, L, Cheng, Z, Cheng, J.A. Review of impedance measurements of whole cells. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 15, 824-836. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Marini, E, Buffa, R, Saragat, B, Coin, A, Toffanello, E.D, Berton, L, Manzato, E, Sergi, G. The potential of classic and specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis for the assessment of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Clin. Interv. Aging 2012, 7, 585-591. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Barrea, L, Macchia, P.E, Di Somma, C, Napolitano, M, Balato, A, Falco, A, Savanelli, M.C, Balato, N, Colao, A, Savastano, S. Bioelectrical phase angle and psoriasis: A novel association with psoriasis severity, quality of life and metabolic syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 2016, 14, 130. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Myette-Côté, É, Terada, T, Boulé, N.G. The effect of exercise with or without metformin on glucose profiles in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Can. J. Diabetes 2016, 40, 173-177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Bardazzi, F, Balestri, R, Baldi, E, Antonucci, A, De Tommaso, S, Patrizi, A. Correlation between BMI and PASI in patients affected by moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing biological therapy. Dermatol. Ther. 2010, 23 (Suppl. 1), S14-S19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Al-Mutairi, N, Nour, T. The effect of weight reduction on treatment outcomes in obese patients with psoriasis on biologic therapy: A randomized controlled prospective trial. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 2014, 14, 749-756. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Upala, S, Sanguankeo, A. Effect of lifestyle weight loss intervention on disease severity in patients with psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2015, 39, 1197-1202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Wolters, M. The significance of diet and associated factors in psoriasis. Hautarzt 2006, 57, 999-1004. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Wolters, M. Diet and psoriasis: Experimental data and clinical evidence. Br. J. Dermatol. 2005, 153, 706-714. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Leeds, A.R. Formula food-reducing diets: A new evidence-based addition to the weight management tool box. Nutr. Bull. 2014, 39, 238-246. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Bhatia, B.K, Millsop, J.W, Debbaneh, M, Koo, J, Linos, E, Liao, W. Diet and psoriasis, part II: Celiac disease and role of a gluten-free diet. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 71, 350-358. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Castaldo, G, Galdo, G, Rotondi Aufiero, F, Cereda, E. Very low-calorie ketogenic diet may allow restoring response to systemic therapy in relapsing plaque psoriasis. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Guida, B, Napoleone, A, Trio, R, Nastasi, A, Balato, N, Laccetti, R, Cataldi, M. Energy-restricted, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-rich diet improves the clinical response to immuno-modulating drugs in obese patients with plaque-type psoriasis: A randomized control clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 33, 399-405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Johnson, G.H, Fritsche, K. Effect of dietary linoleic acid on markers of inflammation in healthy persons: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2012, 112, 1029-1041. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Nagui, N, El Nabarawy, E, Mahgoub, D, Mashaly, H.M, Saad, N.E, El-Deeb, D.F. Estimation of (IgA) anti-gliadin, anti-endomysium and tissue transglutaminase in the serum of patients with psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2011, 36, 302-304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Murzaku, E.C, Bronsnick, T, Rao, B.K. Diet in dermatology: Part II. Melanoma, chronic urticaria, and psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 71, 1053.e1-1053.e16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Mattozzi, C, Paolino, G, Richetta, A.G, Calvieri, S. Psoriasis, vitamin D and the importance of the cutaneous barrier’s integrity: An update. J. Dermatol. 2016, 43, 507-514. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Berbert, A.A, Kondo, C.R, Almendra, C.L, Matsuo, T, Dichi, I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005, 21, 131-136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Barrea, L, Macchia, P.E, Tarantino, G, Di Somma, C, Pane, E, Balato, N, Napolitano, M, Colao, A, Savastano, S. Nutrition: A key environmental dietary factor in clinical severity and cardio-metabolic risk in psoriatic male patients evaluated by 7-day food-frequency questionnaire. J. Transl. Med. 2015, 13, 303. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Rajaram, S, Connell, K.M, Sabate, J. Effect of almond-enriched high-monounsaturated fat diet on selected markers of inflammation: A randomised, controlled, crossover study. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 907-912. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Morken, T, Bohov, P, Skorve, J, Ulvik, R, Aukrust, P, Berge, R.K, Livden, J.K. Anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects of the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid in psoriasis-A pilot study. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 2011, 71, 269-273. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Hu, F.B. Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2002, 13, 3-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Wood, A.D, Strachan, A.A, Thies, F, Aucott, L.S, Reid, D.M, Hardcastle, A.C, Mavroeidi, A, Simpson, W.G, Duthie, G.G, Macdonald, H.M. Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112, 1341-1352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Akbaraly, T.N, Shipley, M.J, Ferrie, J.E, Virtanen, M, Lowe, G, Hamer, M, Kivimaki, M. Long-term adherence to healthy dietary guidelines and chronic inflammation in the prospective Whitehall II study. Am. J. Med. 2015, 128, 152-160. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Barbaresko, J, Koch, M, Schulze, M.B, Nöthlings, U. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: A systematic literature review. Nutr. Rev. 2013, 71, 511-527. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Bach-Faig, A, Berry, E.M, Lairon, D, Reguant, J, Trichopoulou, A, Dernini, S, Medina, F.X, Battino, M, Belahsen, R, Miranda, G, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 2274-2284. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Salas-Salvadó, J, Guasch-Ferré, M, Lee, C.H, Estruch, R, Clish, C.B, Ros, E. Protective effects of the mediterranean diet on type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. J. Nutr. 2016, 146, S920-S927. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Esposito, K, Giugliano, D. Mediterranean diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 674-675. [PubMed]
76. Schwingshackl, L, Hoffmann, G. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Canc. 2014, 135, 1884-1897. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Esposito, K, Di Palo, C, Maiorino, M.I, Petrizzo, M, Bellastella, G, Siniscalchi, I, Giugliano, D. Long-term effect of mediterranean-style diet and calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity and oxidative stress in overweight men. Cardiol Res Pract. 2011. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Tresserra-Rimbau, A, Rimm, E.B, Medina-Remon, A, Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A, Lopez-Sabater, M.C, Covas, M.I, Corella, D, Salas-Salvadó, J, Gómez-Gracia, E, Lapetra, J, et al. Polyphenol intake and mortality risk: A re-analysis of the PREDIMED trial. BMC Med. 2014, 12, 77. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Loued, S, Berrougui, H, Componova, P, Ikhlef, S, Helal, O, Khalil, A. Extra-virgin olive oil consumption reduces the age-related decrease in HDL and paraoxonase 1 anti-inflammatory activities. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 1272-1784. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Konstantinidou, V, Covas, M.I, Muñoz-Aguayo, D, Khymenets, O, de la Torre, R, Saez, G, Tormos Mdel, C, Toledo, E, Marti, A, Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V, et al. In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: A randomized controlled trial. FASEB J. 2010, 24, 2546-2557. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Julia, C, Meunier, N, Touvier, M, Ahluwalia, N, Sapin, V, Papet, I, Cano, N, Hercberg, S, Galan, P, Kesse-Guyot, E. Dietary patterns and risk of elevated C-reactive protein concentrations 12 years later. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 747-754. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Oliveira, A, Rodríguez-Artalejo, F, Lopes, C. The association of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Sex and body mass index interactions. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 63, 1345-1352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. O’Keefe, J.H, Gheewala, N.M, O’Keefe, J.O. Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 51, 249-255. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Root, M.M, McGinn, M.C, Nieman, D.C, Henson, D.A, Heinz, S.A, Shanely, R.A, Knab, A.M, Jin, F. Combined fruit and vegetable intake is correlated with improved inflammatory and oxidant status from a cross-sectional study in a community setting. Nutrients 2012, 4, 29-41. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Afridi, H.I, Kazi, T.G, Kazi, N, Kandhro, G.A, Baig, J.A, Shah, A.Q, Khan, S, Kolachi, N.F, Wadhwa, S.K, Shah, F, et al. Evaluation of cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc in biological samples of psoriasis patients living in Pakistani cement factory area. Biol. Trace Element Res. 2011, 142, 284-301. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Festugato, M. Pilot study on which foods should be avoided by patients with psoriasis. Anais Bras. Dermatol. 2011, 86, 1103-1108. [CrossRef]