Long-Term Field Study of Microbial Community and Dechlorinating Activity Following Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Injection

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 50, Issue 14, 2016, Pages 7658-7670

  Kocur, Chris M D ^a,d   Lomheim, Line ^b   Molenda, Olivia ^b   Weber, Kela P ^c   Austrins, Leanne M ^d   Sleep, Brent E ^b   Boparai, Hardiljeet K ^a   Edwards, Elizabeth A ^b   O'Carroll, Denis M ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA   (Canada)

^d CH2M Hill Canada   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE; DECHLORINATION; ETHYLENE; GENES; IRON; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA;

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION; CARBOXY-METHYL CELLULOSE; CHLORINATED ETHENES; EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; NANO-SCALE ZERO VALENT IRONS; NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON;

MICROORGANISMS;

CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE; IRON NANOPARTICLE; RNA 16S; IRON;

ABIOTIC FACTOR; ABUNDANCE; BIODEGRADATION; BIOREMEDIATION; CELLULOSE; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DECHLORINATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ETHANE; IRON; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NANOPARTICLE; OXIDATION; SOIL MICROORGANISM;

AMPLICON; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; DECHLORINATION; DEHALOCOCCOIDACEAE; DEHALOCOCCOIDES; DEHALOGENIMONAS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PYROSEQUENCING; VINYL CHLORIDE REDUCTASE GENE; CHLOROFLEXI; HALOGENATION;

CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE; GENES; IRON; MICROBIOLOGY; VINYL CHLORIDE;

DEHALOCOCCOIDES;

CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SODIUM; CHLOROFLEXI; HALOGENATION; IRON; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S;

EID: 84978886843     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01745     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Boparai, H. K.; Joseph, M.; O'Carroll, D. M. Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 186 (1) 458-465 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.029
2. He, F.; Zhao, D. Preparation and Characterization of a New Class of Starch-Stabilized Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (9) 3314-3320 10.1021/es048743y
3. Kanel, S. R.; Grenéche, J.-M.; Choi, H. Arsenic(V) Removal from Groundwater Using Nano Scale Zero-Valent Iron as a Colloidal Reactive Barrier Material Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (6) 2045-2050 10.1021/es0520924
4. Liu, Y.; Choi, H.; Dionysiou, D.; Lowry, G. V. Trichloroethene Hydrodechlorination in Water by Highly Disordered Monometallic Nanoiron Chem. Mater. 2005, 17 (21) 5315-5322 10.1021/cm0511217
5. Taghavy, A.; Costanza, J.; Pennell, K. D.; Abriola, L. M. Effectiveness of nanoscale zero-valent iron for treatment of a PCE-DNAPL source zone J. Contam. Hydrol. 2010, 118 (3-4) 128-142 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.001
6. Song, H.; Carraway, E. R. Reduction of Chlorinated Ethanes by Nanosized Zero-Valent Iron: Kinetics, Pathways, and Effects of Reaction Conditions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (16) 6237-6245 10.1021/es048262e
7. Comba, S.; Dalmazzo, D.; Santagata, E.; Sethi, R. Rheological characterization of xanthan suspensions of nanoscale iron for injection in porous media J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 185 (2-3) 598-605 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.060
8. Comba, S.; Sethi, R. Stabilization of highly concentrated suspensions of iron nanoparticles using shear-thinning gels of xanthan gum Water Res. 2009, 43 (15) 3717-3726 10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.046
9. Fagerlund, F.; Illangasekare, T. H.; Phenrat, T.; Kim, H. J.; Lowry, G. V. PCE dissolution and simultaneous dechlorination by nanoscale zero-valent iron particles in a DNAPL source zone J. Contam. Hydrol. 2012, 131 (1-4) 9-28 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.08.011
10. Kanel, S. R.; Goswami, R. R.; Clement, T. P.; Barnett, M. O.; Zhao, D. Two Dimensional Transport Characteristics of Surface Stabilized Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles in Porous Media Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (3) 896-900 10.1021/es071774j
11. Phenrat, T.; Fagerlund, F.; Illangasekare, T.; Lowry, G. V.; Tilton, R. D. Polymer-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles Target Entrapped NAPL in Two Dimensional Porous Media: Effect of Particle Concentration, NAPL Saturation, and Injection Strategy Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (14) 6102-6109 10.1021/es200577n
12. Raychoudhury, T.; Naja, G.; Ghoshal, S. Assessment of transport of two polyelectrolyte-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles in porous media J. Contam. Hydrol. 2010, 118 (3-4) 143-151 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.005
13. Raychoudhury, T.; Tufenkji, N.; Ghoshal, S. Aggregation and deposition kinetics of carboxymethyl cellulose-modified zero-valent iron nanoparticles in porous media Water Res. 2012, 46 (6) 1735-1744 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.045
14. Raychoudhury, T.; Tufenkji, N.; Ghoshal, S. Straining of polyelectrolyte-stabilized nanoscale zero valent iron particles during transport through granular porous media Water Res. 2014, 50 (0) 80-89 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.038
15. Sakulchaicharoen, N.; O'Carroll, D. M.; Herrera, J. E. Enhanced stability and dechlorination activity of pre-synthesis stabilized nanoscale FePd particles J. Contam. Hydrol. 2010, 118 (3-4) 117-127 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.004
16. Tiraferri, A.; Chen, K. L.; Sethi, R.; Elimelech, M. Reduced aggregation and sedimentation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in the presence of guar gum J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 324 (1-2) 71-79 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.04.064
17. Tiraferri, A.; Sethi, R. Enhanced transport of zerovalent iron nanoparticles in saturated porous media by guar gum J. Nanopart. Res. 2009, 11 (3) 635-645 10.1007/s11051-008-9405-0
18. Tosco, T.; Sethi, R. Transport of Non-Newtonian Suspensions of Highly Concentrated Micro- And Nanoscale Iron Particles in Porous Media: A Modeling Approach Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (23) 9062-9068 10.1021/es100868n
19. Vecchia, E. D.; Luna, M.; Sethi, R. Transport in Porous Media of Highly Concentrated Iron Micro- and Nanoparticles in the Presence of Xanthan Gum Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 8942 10.1021/es901897d
20. Wang, Y.; Zhou, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, X.; Jin, S. Humic acid and metal ions accelerating the dechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl by nanoscale zero-valent iron J. Environ. Sci. 2011, 23 (8) 1286-1292 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60543-8
21. Bennett, P.; He, F.; Zhao, D.; Aiken, B.; Feldman, L. In Situ Testing of Metallic Iron Nanoparticle Mobility and Reactivity in a Shallow Granular Aquifer J. Contam. Hydrol. 2010, 116 (1-4) 35-46 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.05.006
22. He, F.; Zhao, D.; Paul, C. Field assessment of carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized iron nanoparticles for in situ destruction of chlorinated solvents in source zones Water Res. 2010, 44 (7) 2360-2370 10.1016/j.watres.2009.12.041
23. Henn, K. W.; Waddill, D. W. Utilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron for source remediation-A case study Remediation Journal 2006, 16 (2) 57-77 10.1002/rem.20081
24. Johnson, R. L.; Nurmi, J. T.; O'Brien Johnson, G. S.; Fan, D.; O'Brien Johnson, R. L.; Shi, Z.; Salter-Blanc, A. J.; Tratnyek, P. G.; Lowry, G. V. Field-Scale Transport and Transformation of Carboxymethylcellulose-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (3) 1573-1580 10.1021/es304564q
25. Kocur, C. M.; Chowdhury, A. I.; Sakulchaicharoen, N.; Boparai, H. K.; Weber, K. P.; Sharma, P.; Krol, M. M.; Austrins, L.; Peace, C.; Sleep, B. E.; O'Carroll, D. M. Characterization of nZVI Mobility in a Field Scale Test Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (5) 2862-2869 10.1021/es4044209
26. Su, C.; Puls, R. W.; Krug, T. A.; Watling, M. T.; O'Hara, S. K.; Quinn, J. W.; Ruiz, N. E. A two and half-year-performance evaluation of a field test on treatment of source zone tetrachloroethene and its chlorinated daughter products using emulsified zero valent iron nanoparticles Water Res. 2012, 46 (16) 5071-5084 10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.051
27. Johnson, R. L.; Johnson, G. O. B.; Nurmi, J. T.; Tratnyek, P. G. Natural Organic Matter Enhanced Mobility of Nano Zero Valent Iron Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (14) 5455-5460 10.1021/es900474f
28. Kocur, C. M.; O'Carroll, D. M.; Sleep, B. E. Impact of nZVI stability on mobility in porous media J. Contam. Hydrol. 2013, 145 (0) 17-25 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.11.001
29. Phenrat, T.; Kim, H. J.; Fagerlund, F.; Illangasekare, T.; Lowry, G. V. Empirical correlations to estimate agglomerate size and deposition during injection of a polyelectrolyte-modified Fe-0 nanoparticle at high particle concentration in saturated sand J. Contam. Hydrol. 2010, 118 (3-4) 152-164 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.002
30. Phenrat, T.; Kim, H.-J.; Fagerlund, F.; Illangasekare, T.; Tilton, R. D.; Lowry, G. V. Particle Size Distribution, Concentration, and Magnetic Attraction Affect Transport of Polymer-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Sand Columns Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (13) 5079-5085 10.1021/es900171v
31. He, F.; Zhang, M.; Qian, T.; Zhao, D. Transport of carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized iron nanoparticles in porous media: Column experiments and modeling J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 334 (1) 96-102 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.058
32. Wei, Y. T.; Wu, S. C.; Chou, C. M.; Che, C. H.; Tsai, S. M.; Lien, H. L. Influence of nanoscale zero-valent iron on geochemical properties of groundwater and vinyl chloride degradation: A field case study Water Res. 2010, 44 (1) 131-140 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.012
33. Elliott, D. W.; Zhang, W.-x. Field Assessment of Nanoscale Bimetallic Particles for Groundwater Treatment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (24) 4922-4926 10.1021/es0108584
34. Mace, C. Controlling Groundwater VOCs: do nanoscale ZVI particles have any advantages over microscale ZVI of BNP Pollution Engineering 2006, 38 (4) 24-28
35. Zhang, W.-x. Nanoscale Iron Particles for Environmental Remediation: An Overview J. Nanopart. Res. 2003, 5 (3) 323-332 10.1023/A:1025520116015
36. Gerritse, J.; Renard, V.; Gomes, T. M. P.; Lawson, P. A.; Collins, M. D.; Gottschal, J. C. Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1, an anaerobic bacterium that can grow by reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene or ortho-chlorinated phenols Arch. Microbiol. 1996, 165 (2) 132-140 10.1007/s002030050308
37. Holliger, C.; Hahn, D.; Harmsen, H.; Ludwig, W.; Schumacher, W.; Tindall, B.; Vazquez, F.; Weiss, N.; Zehnder, A. J. B. Dehalobacter restrictus gen. nov. and sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetra- and trichloroethene in an anaerobic respiration Arch. Microbiol. 1998, 169 (4) 313-321 10.1007/s002030050577
38. Krumholz, L. R.; McKinley, J. P.; Ulrich, G. A.; Suflita, J. M. Confined subsurface microbial communities in Cretaceous rock Nature 1997, 386 (6620) 64-66 10.1038/386064a0
39. Luijten, M. L. G. C.; de Weert, J.; Smidt, H.; Boschker, H. T. S.; de Vos, W. M.; Schraa, G.; Stams, A. J. M. Description of Sulfurospirillum halorespirans sp. nov., an anaerobic, tetrachloroethene-respiring bacterium, and transfer of Dehalospirillum multivorans to the genus Sulfurospirillum as Sulfurospirillum multivorans comb. nov Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2003, 53 (3) 787-793 10.1099/ijs.0.02417-0
40. Moe, W. M.; Yan, J.; Nobre, M. F.; da Costa, M. S.; Rainey, F. A. Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. nov., sp. nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2009, 59 (11) 2692-2697 10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0
41. Sung, Y.; Fletcher, K. E.; Ritalahti, K. M.; Apkarian, R. P.; Ramos-Hernández, N.; Sanford, R. A.; Mesbah, N. M.; Löffler, F. E. Geobacter lovleyi sp. nov. Strain SZ, a Novel Metal-Reducing and Tetrachloroethene-Dechlorinating Bacterium Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (4) 2775-2782 10.1128/AEM.72.4.2775-2782.2006
42. Cupples, A. M.; Spormann, A. M.; McCarty, P. L. Growth of a Dehalococcoides-Like Microorganism on Vinyl Chloride and cis-Dichloroethene as Electron Acceptors as Determined by Competitive PCR Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69 (2) 953-959 10.1128/AEM.69.2.953-959.2003
43. Duhamel, M.; Mo, K.; Edwards, E. A. Characterization of a Highly Enriched Dehalococcoides-Containing Culture That Grows on Vinyl Chloride and Trichloroethene Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70 (9) 5538-5545 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5538-5545.2004
44. He, J.; Ritalahti, K. M.; Aiello, M. R.; Löffler, F. E. Complete Detoxification of Vinyl Chloride by an Anaerobic Enrichment Culture and Identification of the Reductively Dechlorinating Population as a Dehalococcoides Species Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69 (2) 996-1003 10.1128/AEM.69.2.996-1003.2003
45. Manchester, M. J.; Hug, L. A.; Zarek, M.; Zila, A.; Edwards, E. A. Discovery of a trans-Dichloroethene-Respiring Dehalogenimonas Species in the 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-Dechlorinating WBC-2 Consortium Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78 (15) 5280-5287 10.1128/AEM.00384-12
46. Maymó-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.-t.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H. Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene Science 1997, 276 (5318) 1568-1571 10.1126/science.276.5318.1568
47. Sung, Y.; Ritalahti, K. M.; Apkarian, R. P.; Löffler, F. E. Quantitative PCR confirms purity of strain GT, a novel trichloroethene-to- ethene-respiring Dehalococcoides isolate Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (3) 1980-1987 10.1128/AEM.72.3.1980-1987.2006
48. Molenda, O.; Quaile, A. T.; Edwards, E. A. Dehalogenimonas WBC-2 genome and identification of its trans-dichloroethene reductive dehalogenase, TdrA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2016, AEM. 82, 02017-15. 10.1128/AEM.02017-15
49. Gavaskar, A. T. L.; Condit, W. Contract Report: Cost and Performance Report: Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Technologies for Source Remediation; NAVFAC: Naval Facilities Engineering Command: Port Huenema, CA, 2005.
50. PARS Environmental. Pilot Test Final Report: Bimetalic Nanoscale Particle of Groundwater at Area 1; Report 586-02 for the U.S. Navy; PARS Environmental: Robbinsville, NJ, 2003.
51. He, F.; Zhao, D. Y. Hydrodechlorination of trichloroethene using stabilized Fe-Pd nanoparticles: Reaction mechanism and effects of stabilizers, catalysts and reaction conditions Appl. Catal., B 2008, 84 (3-4) 533-540 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.05.008
52. Lien, H.-L.; Zhang, W.-x. Transformation of Chlorinated Methanes by Nanoscale Iron Particles J. Environ. Eng. 1999, 125 (11) 1042-1047 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11(1042)
53. Lien, H.-L.; Zhang, W.-x. Nanoscale iron particles for complete reduction of chlorinated ethenes Colloids Surf., A 2001, 191 (1-2) 97-105 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00767-1
54. Liu, Y.; Majetich, S. A.; Tilton, R. D.; Sholl, D. S.; Lowry, G. V. TCE Dechlorination Rates, Pathways, and Efficiency of Nanoscale Iron Particles with Different Properties Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (5) 1338-1345 10.1021/es049195r
55. Liu, Y.; Phenrat, T.; Lowry, G. V. Effect of TCE Concentration and Dissolved Groundwater Solutes on NZVI-Promoted TCE Dechlorination and H2 Evolution Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (22) 7881-7887 10.1021/es0711967
56. Diao, M.; Yao, M. Use of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in inactivating microbes Water Res. 2009, 43 (20) 5243-5251 10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.051
57. Lee, C.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, W. I.; Nelson, K. L.; Yoon, J.; Sedlak, D. L. Bactericidal Effect of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles on Escherichia coli Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (13) 4927-4933 10.1021/es800408u
58. Marsalek, B.; Jancula, D.; Marsalkova, E.; Mashlan, M.; Safarova, K.; Tucek, J.; Zboril, R. Multimodal action and selective toxicity of zerovalent iron nanoparticles against cyanobacteria Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (4) 2316-2323 10.1021/es2031483
59. Tilston, E. L.; Collins, C. D.; Mitchell, G. R.; Princivalle, J.; Shaw, L. J. Nanoscale zerovalent iron alters soil bacterial community structure and inhibits chloroaromatic biodegradation potential in Aroclor 1242-contaminated soil Environ. Pollut. 2013, 173 (0) 38-46 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.018
60. Chen, J.; Xiu, Z.; Lowry, G. V.; Alvarez, P. J. J. Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron Water Res. 2011, 45 (5) 1995-2001 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.036
61. Fajardo, C.; Saccà, M. L.; Martinez-Gomariz, M.; Costa, G.; Nande, M.; Martin, M. Transcriptional and proteomic stress responses of a soil bacterium Bacillus cereus to nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles Chemosphere 2013, 93 (6) 1077-1083 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.082
62. Li, H.; Zhou, Q.; Wu, Y.; Fu, J.; Wang, T.; Jiang, G. Effects of waterborne nano-iron on medaka (Oryzias latipes): Antioxidant enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation and histopathology Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2009, 72 (3) 684-692 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.09.027
63. Li, Z. Q.; Greden, K.; Alvarez, P. J. J.; Gregory, K. B.; Lowry, G. V. Adsorbed Polymer and NOM Limits Adhesion and Toxicity of Nano Scale Zerovalent Iron to E. coli Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (9) 3462-3467 10.1021/es9031198
64. Pawlett, M.; Ritz, K.; Dorey, R. A.; Rocks, S.; Ramsden, J.; Harris, J. A. The impact of zero-valent iron nanoparticles upon soil microbial communities is context dependent Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20 (2) 1041-1049 10.1007/s11356-012-1196-2
65. Xiu, Z.-m.; Gregory, K. B.; Lowry, G. V.; Alvarez, P. J. J. Effect of Bare and Coated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron on tceA and vcrA Gene Expression in Dehalococcoides spp Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (19) 7647-7651 10.1021/es101786y
66. Xiu, Z.-m.; Jin, Z.-h.; Li, T.-l.; Mahendra, S.; Lowry, G. V.; Alvarez, P. J. J. Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101 (4) 1141-1146 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.057
67. Zhou, L.; Thanh, T. L.; Gong, J.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, E.-J.; Chang, Y.-S. Carboxymethyl cellulose coating decreases toxicity and oxidizing capacity of nanoscale zerovalent iron Chemosphere 2014, 104 (0) 155-161 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.085
68. Auffan, M.; Achouak, W.; Rose, J.; Roncato, M.-A.; Chanéac, C.; Waite, D. T.; Masion, A.; Woicik, J. C.; Wiesner, M. R.; Bottero, J.-Y. Relation between the Redox State of Iron-Based Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxicity toward Escherichia coli Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (17) 6730-6735
69. Barnes, R. J.; Riba, O.; Gardner, M. N.; Singer, A. C.; Jackman, S. A.; Thompson, I. P. Inhibition of biological TCE and sulphate reduction in the presence of iron nanoparticles Chemosphere 2010, 80 (5) 554-562 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.033
70. Chen, P.-J.; Wu, W.-L.; Wu, K. C.-W. The zerovalent iron nanoparticle causes higher developmental toxicity than its oxidation products in early life stages of medaka fish Water Res. 2013, 47 (12) 3899-3909 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.043
71. Kadar, E.; Rooks, P.; Lakey, C.; White, D. A. The effect of engineered iron nanoparticles on growth and metabolic status of marine microalgae cultures Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 439 (0) 8-17 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.010
72. Keller, A. A.; Garner, K.; Miller, R. J.; Lenihan, H. S. Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and Marine Organisms PLoS One 2012, 7 (8) e43983 10.1371/journal.pone.0043983
73. Sevcu, A.; El-Temsah, Y. S.; Joner, E. J.; Cernik, M. Oxidative Stress Induced in Microorganisms by Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles Microbes and Environments 2011, 26 (4) 271-281 10.1264/jsme2.ME11126
74. Saccà, M. L.; Fajardo, C.; Costa, G.; Lobo, C.; Nande, M.; Martin, M. Integrating classical and molecular approaches to evaluate the impact of nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) on soil organisms Chemosphere 2014, 104 (0) 184-189 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.013
75. El-Temsah, Y. S.; Joner, E. J. Ecotoxicological effects on earthworms of fresh and aged nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) in soil Chemosphere 2012, 89 (1) 76-82 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.020
76. El-Temsah, Y. S.; Joner, E. J. Effects of nano-sized zero-valent iron (nZVI) on DDT degradation in soil and its toxicity to collembola and ostracods Chemosphere 2013, 92 (1) 131-137 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.039
77. Kocur, C. M. D.; Lomheim, L.; Boparai, H. K.; Chowdhury, A. I. A.; Weber, K. P.; Austrins, L. M.; Edwards, E. A.; Sleep, B. E.; O'Carroll, D. M. Contributions of Abiotic and Biotic Dechlorination Following Carboxymethyl Cellulose Stabilized Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Injection Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (14) 8648-8656 10.1021/acs.est.5b00719
78. Chowdhury, A. I. A.; Krol, M. M.; Kocur, C. M.; Boparai, H. K.; Weber, K. P.; Sleep, B. E.; O'Carroll, D. M. nZVI injection into variably saturated soils: Field and modeling study J. Contam. Hydrol. 2015, 183, 16-28 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.10.003
79. Zhu, L.; Lin, H.-z.; Qi, J.-q.; Xu, X.-y.; Qi, H.-y. Effect of H2 on reductive transformation of p-ClNB in a combined ZVI-anaerobic sludge system Water Res. 2012, 46 (19) 6291-6299 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.029
80. Shin, K.-H.; Cha, D. K. Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron Chemosphere 2008, 72 (2) 257-262 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.043
81. Liu, Y.; Li, S.; Chen, Z.; Megharaj, M.; Naidu, R. Influence of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on nitrate removal by Paracoccus sp Chemosphere 2014, 108 (0) 426-432 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.045
82. Jeon, J.-R.; Murugesan, K.; Nam, I.-H.; Chang, Y.-S. Coupling microbial catabolic actions with abiotic redox processes: A new recipe for persistent organic pollutant (POP) removal Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31 (2) 246-256 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.11.002
83. Man, Z.; Dongye, Z. In Situ Dechlorination in Soil and Groundwater Using Stabilized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: Some Field Experience on Effectiveness and Limitations. In Novel Solutions to Water Pollution; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2013; Vol. 1123, pp 79-96.
84. Köber, R.; Hollert, H.; Hornbruch, G.; Jekel, M.; Kamptner, A.; Klaas, N.; Maes, H.; Mangold, K. M.; Martac, E.; Matheis, A.; Paar, H.; Schäffer, A.; Schell, H.; Schiwy, A.; Schmidt, K. R.; Strutz, T. J.; Thümmler, S.; Tiehm, A.; Braun, J. Nanoscale zero-valent iron flakes for groundwater treatment Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 72 (9) 3339-3352 10.1007/s12665-014-3239-0
85. Yan, W.; Lien, H.-L.; Koel, B. E.; Zhang, W.-x. Iron nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: recent developments and future outlook Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2013, 15 (1) 63-77 10.1039/C2EM30691C
86. Grostern, A.; Edwards, E. A. Characterization of a Dehalobacter Coculture That Dechlorinates 1,2-Dichloroethane to Ethene and Identification of the Putative Reductive Dehalogenase Gene Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75 (9) 2684-2693 10.1128/AEM.02037-08
87. Waller, A. S.; Krajmalnik-Brown, R.; Löffler, F. E.; Edwards, E. A. Multiple Reductive-Dehalogenase-Homologous Genes Are Simultaneously Transcribed during Dechlorination by Dehalococcoides-Containing Cultures Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71 (12) 8257-8264 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8257-8264.2005
88. Pilloni, G.; Granitsiotis, M. S.; Engel, M.; Lueders, T. Testing the Limits of 454 Pyrotag Sequencing: Reproducibility, Quantitative Assessment and Comparison to T-RFLP Fingerprinting of Aquifer Microbes PLoS One 2012, 7 (7) e40467 10.1371/journal.pone.0040467
89. Ziv-El, M.; Popat, S. C.; Parameswaran, P.; Kang, D.-W.; Polasko, A.; Halden, R. U.; Rittmann, B. E.; Krajmalnik-Brown, R. Using electron balances and molecular techniques to assess trichoroethene-induced shifts to a dechlorinating microbial community Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012, 109 (9) 2230-2239 10.1002/bit.24504
90. Kolb, S.; Stacheter, A. Prerequisites for amplicon pyrosequencing of microbial methanol utilizers in the environment. Front. Microbiol. 2013, 4. 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00268
91. Waller, A. S.; Krajmalnik-Brown, R.; Loffler, F. E.; Edwards, E. A. Multiple reductive-dehalogenase-homologous genes are simultaneously transcribed during dechlorination by Dehalococcoides-containing cultures Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71 (12) 8257-64 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8257-8264.2005
92. Engelbrektson, A.; Kunin, V.; Wrighton, K. C.; Zvenigorodsky, N.; Chen, F.; Ochman, H.; Hugenholtz, P. Experimental factors affecting PCR-based estimates of microbial species richness and evenness ISME J. 2010, 4 (5) 642-7 10.1038/ismej.2009.153
93. Caporaso, J. G.; Kuczynski, J.; Stombaugh, J.; Bittinger, K.; Bushman, F. D.; Costello, E. K.; Fierer, N.; Pena, A. G.; Goodrich, J. K.; Gordon, J. I.; Huttley, G. A.; Kelley, S. T.; Knights, D.; Koenig, J. E.; Ley, R. E.; Lozupone, C. A.; McDonald, D.; Muegge, B. D.; Pirrung, M.; Reeder, J.; Sevinsky, J. R.; Turnbaugh, P. J.; Walters, W. A.; Widmann, J.; Yatsunenko, T.; Zaneveld, J.; Knight, R. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data Nat. Methods 2010, 7 (5) 335-6 10.1038/nmeth.f.303
94. Edgar, R. C. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST Bioinformatics 2010, 26 (19) 2460-1 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq461
95. DeSantis, T. Z.; Hugenholtz, P.; Larsen, N.; Rojas, M.; Brodie, E. L.; Keller, K.; Huber, T.; Dalevi, D.; Hu, P.; Andersen, G. L. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (7) 5069-72 10.1128/AEM.03006-05
96. Haas, B. J.; Gevers, D.; Earl, A. M.; Feldgarden, M.; Ward, D. V.; Giannoukos, G.; Ciulla, D.; Tabbaa, D.; Highlander, S. K.; Sodergren, E.; Methe, B.; DeSantis, T. Z.; Petrosino, J. F.; Knight, R.; Birren, B. W. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons Genome Res. 2011, 21 (3) 494-504 10.1101/gr.112730.110
97. Wright, E. S.; Yilmaz, L. S.; Noguera, D. R. DECIPHER, a search-based approach to chimera identification for 16S rRNA sequences Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78 (3) 717-25 10.1128/AEM.06516-11
98. Wang, Q.; Garrity, G. M.; Tiedje, J. M.; Cole, J. R. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73 (16) 5261-7 10.1128/AEM.00062-07
99. Bray, J. R.; Curtis, J. T. An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin Ecol. Monogr. 1957, 27 (4) 325-349 10.2307/1942268
100. Clarke, K. R. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure Australian Journal of Ecology 1993, 18 (1) 117-143 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x
101. Manly, B. F. J. Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Primer, 2 nd Ed.; Taylor & Francis: Florence, KY, 1994.
102. U.S. EPA. EPA Fact Sheet: Nanotechnology for Site Remediation. Report EPA 542-F-08-009; U.S. EPA: Washington, DC, 2008.
103. Lebrón, C.; Petrovskis, E.; Löffler, F.; Henn, K. Guidance Protocol: Application of Nucleic Acid-Based Tools for Monitoring Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA), Biostimulation, and Bioaugmentation at Chlorinated Solvent Sites. Report ESTCP ER-0518; ESTCP: Alexandria, VA, 2011
104. Lu, X.; Kampbell, D. H.; Wilson, J. T. Evaluation of the Role of Dehalococcoides Organisms in the Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Ethylenes in Ground Water; National Risk Management Research Laboratory: Cincinnati, OH, 2006.
105. Cápiro, N. L.; Löffler, F. E.; Pennell, K. D. Spatial and temporal dynamics of organohalide-respiring bacteria in a heterogeneous PCE-DNAPL source zone J. Contam. Hydrol. 2015, 182, 78-90 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.08.007
106. van der Zaan, B.; Hannes, F.; Hoekstra, N.; Rijnaarts, H.; de Vos, W. M.; Smidt, H.; Gerritse, J. Correlation of Dehalococcoides 16S rRNA and Chloroethene-Reductive Dehalogenase Genes with Geochemical Conditions in Chloroethene-Contaminated Groundwater Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76 (3) 843-850 10.1128/AEM.01482-09
107. Krajmalnik-Brown, R.; Hölscher, T.; Thomson, I. N.; Saunders, F. M.; Ritalahti, K. M.; Löffler, F. E. Genetic Identification of a Putative Vinyl Chloride Reductase in Dehalococcoides sp. Strain BAV1 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004, 70 (10) 6347-6351 10.1128/AEM.70.10.6347-6351.2004
108. Löffler, F. E.; Yan, J.; Ritalahti, K. M.; Adrian, L.; Edwards, E. A.; Konstantinidis, K. T.; Müller, J. A.; Fullerton, H.; Zinder, S. H.; Spormann, A. M. Dehalococcoides mccartyi gen. nov., sp. nov., obligately organohalide-respiring anaerobic bacteria relevant to halogen cycling and bioremediation, belong to a novel bacterial class, Dehalococcoidia classis nov., order Dehalococcoidales ord. nov. and family Dehalococcoidaceae fam. nov., within the phylum Chloroflexi Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2013, 63 (2) 625-635 10.1099/ijs.0.034926-0
109. Maymó-Gatell, X.; Nijenhuis, I.; Zinder, S. H. Reductive Dechlorination of cis-1,2-Dichloroethene and Vinyl Chloride by "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (3) 516-521 10.1021/es001285i
110. Brown, C. T.; Hug, L. A.; Thomas, B. C.; Sharon, I.; Castelle, C. J.; Singh, A.; Wilkins, M. J.; Wrighton, K. C.; Williams, K. H.; Banfield, J. F. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria Nature 2015, 523 (7559) 208-211 10.1038/nature14486
111. Hu, P.; Tom, L.; Singh, A.; Thomas, B. C.; Baker, B. J.; Piceno, Y. J.; Andersen, G. L.; Banfield, J. F. Genome-Resolved Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Roles for Candidate Phyla and Other Microbial Community Members in Biogeochemical Transformations in Oil Reservoirs. mBio, 2016, 7 (1). 10.1128/mBio.01669-15.
112. Sleep, B. E.; Brown, A. J.; Lollar, B. S. Long-term tetrachlorethene degradation sustained by endogenous cell decay J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2005, 4 (1) 11-17 10.1139/s04-038
113. Kirschling, T. L.; Golas, P. L.; Unrine, J. M.; Matyjaszewski, K.; Gregory, K. B.; Lowry, G. V.; Tilton, R. D. Microbial Bioavailability of Covalently Bound Polymer Coatings on Engineered Nanomaterials Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (12) 5253-5259 10.1021/es200770z