Brain responses to disorder-related visual threat in panic disorder

Human Brain Mapping

Volumn 37, Issue 12, 2016, Pages 4439-4453

  Feldker, Katharina ^a   Heitmann, Carina Yvonne ^a   Neumeister, Paula ^a   Bruchmann, Maximilian ^a   Vibrans, Laura ^a   Zwitserlood, Pienie ^a   Straube, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

brainstem; disorder related scenes; fMRI; panic disorder

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMYGDALA; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; FEAR; FEMALE; FRONTAL GYRUS; FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE; INSULA; MALE; MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; NERVE POTENTIAL; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER; PANIC; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TEMPORAL GYRUS; THALAMUS; THREAT; ADOLESCENT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; MIDDLE AGED; NERVE TRACT; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHYSIOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PANIC DISORDER; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84978722139     PISSN: 10659471     EISSN: 10970193     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23320     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Allison T, Puce A, McCarthy G (2000): Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends Cogn Sci 4:267–278.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th ed, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Amrhein C, Pauli P, Dengler W, Wiedemann G (2005): Covariation bias and its physiological correlates in panic disorder patients. J Anxiety Disord 19:177–191.
4. Anders S, Lotze M, Erb M, Grodd W, Birbaumer N (2004): Brain activity underlying emotional valence and arousal: A response-related fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 23:200–209.
5. Bandelow B (1997): Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) (Vol. iii). Ashland, OH, US: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
6. Barrera TL, Norton PJ (2009): Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord 23:1086–1090.
7. Blasi G, Goldberg TE, Elvevåg B, Rasetti R, Bertolino A, Cohen J, Alce G, Zoltick B, Weinberger DR, Mattay VS (2007): Differentiating allocation of resources and conflict detection within attentional control processing. Eur J Neurosci 25:594–602.
8. Boshuisen ML, Ter Horst GJ, Paans AMJ, Reinders AATS, den Boer JA (2002): rCBF differences between panic disorder patients and control subjects during anticipatory anxiety and rest. Biol Psychiatry 52:126–135.
9. Bouton ME, Mineka S, Barlow DH (2001): A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychol Rev 108:4–32.
10. Buckner RL, Carroll DC (2007): Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 11:49–57.
11. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008): The Brain's Default Network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124:1–38.
12. Burock MA, Buckner RL, Woldorff MG, Rosen BR, Dale AM (1998): Randomized event-related experimental designs allow for extremely rapid presentation rates using functional MRI. NeuroReport 9:3735–3739.
13. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI (2000): Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4:215–222.
14. Bystritsky A, Pontillo D, Powers M, Sabb FW, Craske MG, Bookheimer SY (2001): Functional MRI changes during panic anticipation and imagery exposure. Neuroreport 12:3953–3957.
15. Cameron OG, Huang GC, Nichols T, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, Rose D, Frey KA (2007): Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-benzodiazepine binding sites in insular cortex of individuals with panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:793–800.
16. Cavanna AE, Trimble MR (2006): The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129:564–583.
17. Chechko N, Wehrle R, Erhardt A, Holsboer F, Czisch M, Sämann PG (2009): Unstable prefrontal response to emotional conflict and activation of lower limbic structures and brainstem in remitted panic disorder. PLoS ONE 4:e5537.
18. Cisler JM, Bush K, Steele JS (2014): A comparison of statistical methods for detecting context-modulated functional connectivity in fMRI. NeuroImage 84:1042–1052.
19. Comte M, Schön D, Coull JT, Reynaud E, Khalfa S, Belzeaux R, Ibrahim EC, Guedj E, Blin O, Weinberger DR, Fakra E (2014): Dissociating bottom-up and top-down mechanisms in the cortico-limbic system during emotion processing. Cereb Cortex 26:144–155.
20. Craig AD (2009): How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:59–70.
21. Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Öhman A, Dolan RJ (2004): Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 7:189–195.
22. Dale AM, Greve DN, Burock MA (1999): Optimal Stimulus Sequences for Event-Related fMRI. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, Duesseldorf, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de/HBM99/cd/methods/3095.html
23. Davey CG, Pujol J, Harrison BJ (2016): Mapping the self in the brain's default mode network. NeuroImage 132:390–397.
24. de Carvalho MR, Dias GP, Cosci F, de-Melo-Neto VL, Bevilaqua MC, do N, Gardino PF, Nardi AE (2010): Current findings of fMRI in panic disorder: Contributions for the fear neurocircuitry and CBT effects. Expert Rev Neurother 10:291–303.
25. Demenescu LR, Kortekaas R, Cremers HR, Renken RJ, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, den Boer JA, Roelofs K, Aleman A (2013): Amygdala activation and its functional connectivity during perception of emotional faces in social phobia and panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 47:1024–1031.
26. Dolcos F, McCarthy G (2006): Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction. J Neurosci 26:2072–2079.
27. Domschke K, Dannlowski U (2010): Imaging genetics of anxiety disorders. NeuroImage 53:822–831.
28. Domschke K, Braun M, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, Kugel H, Bauer J, Hohoff C, Kersting A, Engelien A, Arolt V, Heindel W, Deckert J (2006): Association of the functional −1019C/G 5-HT1A polymorphism with prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation measured with 3 T fMRI in panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9:349–355.
29. Dresler T, Attar CH, Spitzer C, Löwe B, Deckert J, Büchel C …, Fallgatter AJ (2012): Neural correlates of the emotional Stroop task in panic disorder patients: An event-related fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res 46:1627–1634.
30. Dresler T, Guhn A, Tupak SV, Ehlis A-C, Herrmann MJ, Fallgatter AJ, Deckert J, Domschke K (2013): Revise the revised? New dimensions of the neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder. J Neural Transm 120:3–29.
31. Duval ER, Javanbakht A, Liberzon I (2015): Neural circuits in anxiety and stress disorders: A focused review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:115–126.
32. Ehlers A, Margraf J, Chambless D (2001): AKV Fragebogen zu körperbezogenen Ängsten, Kognitionen und Vermeidung (2. überarbeitete Auflage). Weinheim: Beltz Test Gesellschaft.
33. Etkin A, Wager TD (2007): Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in ptsd, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1476–1488.
34. Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R (2011): Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 15:85–93.
35. Fisher RA (1915): Frequency distribution of the values of the correlation coefficient in samples from an indefinitely large population. Biometrika 10:507–521.
36. Frank DW, Dewitt M, Hudgens-Haney M, Schaeffer DJ, Ball BH, Schwarz NF Hussein AA, Smart LM, Sabatinelli D (2014): Emotion regulation: Quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 45:202–211.
37. Fujiwara A, Yoshida T, Otsuka T, Hayano F, Asami T, Narita H, Nakamura M, Inoue T, Hirayasu Y (2011): Midbrain volume increase in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 65:365–373.
38. Gasquoine PG (2014): Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion. Neuropsychol Rev 24:77–87.
39. Geiger MJ, Neufang S, Stein DJ, Domschke K (2014): Arousal and the attentional network in panic disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 29:599–603.
40. Goebel R, Esposito F, Formisano E (2006): Analysis of functional image analysis contest (FIAC) data with brainvoyager QX: From single-subject to cortically aligned group general linear model analysis and self-organizing group independent component analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 27:392–401.
41. Gorman JM, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Stein J (1989): A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 146:148–161.
42. Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM, Coplan JD (2000): Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry 157:493–505.
43. Graeff FG, Del-Ben CM (2008): Neurobiology of panic disorder: From animal models to brain neuroimaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1326–1335.
44. Grecucci A, Giorgetta C, Bonini N, Sanfey AG (2013): Reappraising social emotions: The role of inferior frontal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction and insula in interpersonal emotion regulation. Front Human Neurosci 7:523.
45. Grillon C, Lissek S, McDowell D, Levenson J, Pine DS (2007): Reduction of trace but not delay eyeblink conditioning in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164:283–289.
46. Hamm AO, Richter J, Pané-Farré CA (2014): When the threat comes from inside the body: A neuroscience based learning perspective of the etiology of panic disorder. Restor Neurol Neurosci 32:79–93.
47. Hautzinger M, Bailer M, Worall H, Keller F (1995): Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI). Testhandbuch (2. Auflage). Bern: Hans Huber.
48. Holtz K, Pané-Farré CA, Wendt J, Lotze M, Hamm AO (2012): Brain activation during anticipation of interoceptive threat. NeuroImage 61:857–865.
49. Holzschneider K, Mulert C (2011): Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13:453–461.
50. Keren NI, Lozar CT, Harris KC, Morgan PS, Eckert MA (2009): In-vivo mapping of the human locus coeruleus. NeuroImage 47:1261–1267.
51. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE (2006): The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:415–424.
52. Kim JE, Dager SR, Lyoo IK (2012): The role of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of panic disorder: Evidence from neuroimaging studies. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 2:20.
53. Kircher T, Arolt V, Jansen A, Pyka M, Reinhardt I, Kellermann T, Konrad C, Lueken U, Gloster AT, Gerlach AL, Ströhle A, Wittmann A, Pfleiderer B, Wittchen H-U, Straube B (2013): Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on neural correlates of fear conditioning in panic disorder. Structural and Functional Activity with Stress and Anxiety: Biol Psychiatry 73:93–101.
54. Klucken T, Schweckendiek J, Blecker C, Walter B, Kuepper Y, Hennig J, Stark R (2015): The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 10:700–707.
55. Lancaster JL, Woldorff MG, Parsons LM (2000): Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 10:120–131.
56. Lancaster JL, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Martinez M, Salinas F, Evans A, Zilles K Mazziotta JC, Fox PT (2007): Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM-152 brain template. Hum Brain Mapp 28:1194–1205.
57. Lane RD, Reiman EM, Axelrod B, Yun LS, Holmes A, Schwartz GE (1998): Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 10:525–535.
58. Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (2008): International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
59. Lieberman MD, Cunningham WA (2009): Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: Re-balancing the scale. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4:423–428.
60. Lissek S, Powers AS, McClure EB, Phelps EA, Woldehawariat G, Grillon C, Pine DS (2005): Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther 43:1391–1424.
61. Lissek S, Rabin S, Heller RE, Lukenbaugh D, Geraci M, Pine DS, Grillon C (2009): Overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 167:47–55.
62. Lueken U, Straube B, Konrad C, Wittchen HU, Ströhle A, Wittmann A, Pfleiderer B, Uhlmann C, Arolt V, Jansen A, Kircher T (2013): Neural substrates of treatment response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Am J Psychiatry 170:1345–1355.
63. Lueken U, Straube B, Wittchen H-U, Konrad C, Ströhle A, Wittmann A, Pfleiderer B, Arolt V, Kircher T, Deckert J, Reif A (2015): Therapygenetics: Anterior cingulate cortex–amygdala coupling is associated with 5-HTTLPR and treatment response in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Neural Transm 122:135–144.
64. Luu P, Posner MI (2003): Anterior cingulate cortex regulation of sympathetic activity. Brain: J Neurol 126:2119–2120.
65. Maddock RJ, Buonocore MH, Kile S, Garrett AS (2003): Brain regions showing increased activation by threat-related words in panic disorder. Neuroreport 14:325–328. March 3, 2003
66. Mai J, Assheur J, Paxinos G (2004): Atlas of the Human Brain, 2th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
67. Maldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH (2003): An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. NeuroImage 19:1233–1239.
68. Mechias ML, Etkin A, Kalisch R (2010): A meta-analysis of instructed fear studies: Implications for conscious appraisal of threat. NeuroImage 49:1760–1768.
69. Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischl B, Rauch SL (2007): A role for the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in fear expression. Biol Psychiatry 62:1191–1194.
70. Miller LA, Taber KH, Gabbard GO, Hurley RA (2005): Neural underpinnings of fear and its modulation: Implications for anxiety disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 17:1–6.
71. Mobbs D, Petrovic P, Marchant JL, Hassabis D, Weiskopf N, Seymour B, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2007): When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science 317:1079–1083.
72. Mobbs D, Marchant JL, Hassabis D, Seymour B, Tan G, Gray M, Petrovic P, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2009): From threat to fear: The neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans. J Neurosci 29:12236–12243.
73. Mumford JA, Turner BO, Ashby FG, Poldrack RA (2012): Deconvolving BOLD activation in event-related designs for multivoxel pattern classification analyses. Neuroimage 59:2636–2643.
74. Ochsner KN, Gross JJ (2005): The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 9:242–249.
75. Ottaviani C, Cevolani D, Nucifora V, Borlimi R, Agati R, Leonardi M, De Plato G, Brighetti G (2012): Amygdala responses to masked and low spatial frequency fearful faces: A preliminary fMRI study in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 203:159–165.
76. Pannekoek JN, van der Werff SJA, Stein DJ, van der Wee NJA (2013): Advances in the neuroimaging of panic disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol: Clin Exp 28:608–611.
77. Paulus MP, Stein MB (2006): An insular view of anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 60:383–387.
78. Pauli P, Montoya P, Martz GE (1996): Covariation bias in panic-prone individuals. J Abnorm Psychol 105:658–662.
79. Pauli P, Montoya P, Martz GE (2001): On-line and a posteriori covariation estimates in panic-prone individuals: Effects of a high contingency of shocks following fear-irrelevant stimuli. Cogn Ther Res 25:23–36.
80. Perna G, Guerriero G, Brambilla P, Caldirola D (2014): Panic and the brainstem: Clues from neuroimaging studies. CNS Neurol Disord - Drug Targets (Formerly Curr Drug Targets) 13:1049–1056.
81. Pfleiderer B, Zinkirciran S, Arolt V, Heindel W, Deckert J, Domschke K (2007): fMRI amygdala activation during a spontaneous panic attack in a patient with panic disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 8:269–272.
82. Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R (2003): Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biol Psychiatry 54:504–514.
83. Phillips ML, Ladouceur CD, Drevets WC (2008): A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13:833–857.
84. Pillay SS, Gruber SA, Rogowska J, Simpson N, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2006): fMRI of fearful facial affect recognition in panic disorder: The cingulate gyrus-amygdala connection. J Affect Disord 94:173–181.
85. Pillay SS, Rogowska J, Gruber SA, Simpson N, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2007): Recognition of happy facial affect in panic disorder: An fMRI study. J Anxiety Disord 21:381–393.
86. Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O, Cloitre M, Goldstein M, Engelien A, Yang Y, Gorman J, LeDoux J, Stern E, Silbersweig D (2006): Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study. NeuroReport 17:361–363.
87. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL (2001): A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:676–682.
88. Rissman J, Gazzaley A, D'Esposito M (2004): Measuring functional connectivity during distinct stages of a cognitive task. NeuroImage 23:752–763.
89. Schmuckler MA (2001): What is ecological validity? a dimensional analysis. Infancy 2:419–436.
90. Shackman AJ, Salomons TV, Slagter HA, Fox AS, Winter JJ, Davidson RJ (2011): The integration of negative affect, pain, and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:154–167.
91. Shin LM, Liberzon I (2009): The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:169–191.
92. Silvert L, Lepsien J, Fragopanagos N, Goolsby B, Kiss M, Taylor JG, Raymond JE, Shapiro KL, Eimer M, Nobre AC (2007): Influence of attentional demands on the processing of emotional facial expressions in the amygdala. NeuroImage 38:357–366.
93. Sinha S, Papp LA, Gorman JM (2000): How study of respiratory physiology aided our understanding of abnormal brain function in panic disorder. J Affect Disord 61:191–200.
94. Spreng RN, Grady CL (2009): Patterns of brain activity supporting autobiographical memory, prospection, and theory of mind, and their relationship to the default mode network. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1112–1123.
95. Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WHR (2006): Neural mechanisms of automatic and direct processing of phobogenic stimuli in specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry 59:162–170.
96. Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WHR (2007): Waiting for spiders: Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics. NeuroImage 37:1427–1436.
97. Straube T, Preissler S, Lipka J, Hewig J, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WHR (2010): Neural representation of anxiety and personality during exposure to anxiety-provoking and neutral scenes from scary movies. Hum Brain Mapp 31:36–47.
98. Talairach J, Tournoux P (1988): Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York: Thieme.
99. Tuescher O, Protopopescu X, Pan H, Cloitre M, Butler T, Goldstein M, Root JC, Engelien A, Furman D, Silverman M, Yang Y, Gorman JM, LeDoux J, Silbersweig D, Stern E (2011): Differential activity of rostral cingulate and brainstem in panic disorder and PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 25:251–257.
100. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M (2002): Automated anatomical labeling of activations in spm using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the mni mri single-subject brain. NeuroImage 15:273–289.
101. Uchida RR, Del-Ben CM, Busatto GF, Duran FLS, Guimarães FS, Crippa JAS, Araújo D, Santos AC, Graeff FG (2008): Regional gray matter abnormalities in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging 163:21–29.
102. Van den Heuvel OA, Veltman D, Groenewegen H (2005): Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:922–933.
103. Van der Werf YD, Witter MP, Groenewegen HJ (2002): The intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus. Anatomical and functional evidence for participation in processes of arousal and awareness. Brain Res Rev 39:107–140.
104. Wessa M, Kanske P, Neumeister P, Bode K, Heissler J, Schönfelder S (2010): EmoPics: Subjektive und psychophysiologische Evaluationen neuen Bildmaterials für die klinisch-bio-psychologische Forschung. Zeitsch Klin Psychol Psychother 1:77.
105. Wiedemann G, Pauli P, Dengler W, Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N, Buchkremer G (1999): Frontal brain asymmetry as a biological substrate of emotions in patients with panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:78–84.
106. Wittchen H-U, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M (1997): SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine deutschsprachige, erweiterte Bearb. d. amerikanischen Originalversion des SKID I. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
107. Wittmann A, Schlagenhauf F, Guhn A, Lueken U, Gaehlsdorf C, Stoy M, Bermpohl F, Fydrich T, Pfleiderer B, Bruhn H, Gerlach AL, Kircher T, Straube B, Wittchen H-U, Arolt V, Heinz A, Ströhle A (2014): Anticipating agoraphobic situations: The neural correlates of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Psychological Medicine, FirstView 1–12.
108. Zhao XH, Wang PJ, Li CB, Hu ZH, Xi Q, Wu WY, Tang XW (2007): Altered default mode network activity in patient with anxiety disorders: An fMRI study. Eur J Radiol 63:373–378.