Nanomaterials-based electrochemical immunosensors for cardiac troponin recognition: An illustrated review

TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 82, Issue , 2016, Pages 337-347

  Abdorahim, Mojgan ^a   Rabiee, Mohammad ^a   Alhosseini, Sanaz Naghavi ^a   Tahriri, Mohammadreza ^a,b,c   Yazdanpanah, Sara ^a   Alavi, S Habib ^d   Tayebi, Lobat ^b,e  

^a AMIRKABIR UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Iran)

^b MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^c TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^d Oklahoma State University   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute myocardial infarction; Biomarker; Biosensor; Cardiac troponin; Electrochemical

Indexed keywords

BIOMARKERS; BIOSENSORS; CARDIOLOGY; HEART; IMMUNOSENSORS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PATIENT REHABILITATION; PATIENT TREATMENT;

ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; CARDIAC TROPONIN; CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; ELECTROCHEMICAL; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSORS; NANOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION; SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS;

DIAGNOSIS;

GOLD NANOPARTICLE; NANOMATERIAL; TROPONIN;

BINDING KINETICS; BODY FLUID; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMPLEX FORMATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSOR; HUMAN; IMMUNOSENSOR; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; POTENTIOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY;

EID: 84977268668     PISSN: 01659936     EISSN: 18793142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.015     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. [1] Ashuri, M., Moztarzadeha, F., Nezafatib, N., Hamedania, A.A., Tahriria, M., Development of a composite based on hydroxyapatite and magnesium and zinc-containing sol–gel-derived bioactive glass for bone substitute applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 32:8 (2012), 2330–2339.
2. [2] Bodaghi, M., Mirhabibib, A., Tahriric, M., Zolfonoond, H., Karimic, M., Mechanochemical assisted synthesis and powder characteristics of nanostructure ceramic of α-Al 2 O 3 at room temperature. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 162:3 (2009), 155–161.
3. [3] Bodaghi, M., Mirhabibi, A.R., Zolfonun, H., Tahriri, M., Karimi, M., Investigation of phase transition of γ-alumina to α-alumina via mechanical milling method. Phase Trans 81:6 (2008), 571–580.
4. [4] Bodaghi, M., Zolfonoon, H., Tahriri, M., Karimi, M., Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline α-Al 2 O 3 using Al and Fe 2 O 3 (hematite) through mechanical alloying. Solid State Sci 11:2 (2009), 496–500.
5. [5] Eslami, H., Moztarzadeh, F., Jafarzadeh Kashi, T.S., Khoshroo, K., Tahriri, M., Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of TiO2-derived nanotubes for biomedical applications. Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Nano-Met. Chem 46:8 (2016), 1149–1156.
6. [6] Eslami, H., Moztarzadeh, F., Tahriri, M., Synthesis, characterisation and thermal properties of Ca5 (PO4) 3 (OH) 1− xFx (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanopowders via pH cycling method. Mater. Res. Innov 15:3 (2011), 190–195.
7. [7] Eslami, H., Tahriri, M., Bakhshi, F., Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite obtained by the wet chemical technique. Mater. Sci. Pol 28:1 (2010), 5–13.
8. [8] Karimi, M., Rabiee, M., Moztarzadeh, F., Bodaghi, M., Tahriri, M., Ammonia-free method for synthesis of CdS nanocrystalline thin films through chemical bath deposition technique. Solid State Commun 149:41 (2009), 1765–1768.
9. [9] Kazemi, F., Saberi, A., Malek-Ahmadi, S., Sohrabi, S., Rezaie, H.R., Tahriri, M., Novel method for synthesis of metastable tetragonal zirconia nanopowders at low temperatures. Ceramics-Silikáty 55:1 (2011), 26–30.
10. [10] Khoshroo, K., Jafarzadeh Kashi, T.S., Moztarzadeh, F., Eslami, H., Tahriri, M., The influence of calcination temperature on the structural and biological characteristics of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanotube: in vitro study. Synth. React. Inorg. Metal-Org. Nano-Met. Chem 46:8 (2016), 1189–1194.
11. [11] Khosroshahi, M.E., Ghazanfari, L., Tahriri, M., Characterisation of binary (Fe3O4/SiO2) biocompatible nanocomposites as magnetic fluid. J. Exp. Nanosci 6:6 (2011), 580–595.
12. [12] Mohagheghpour, E., Moztarzadeh, F., Rabiee, M., Tahriri, M., Ashuri, M., Sameie, H., et al. Micro-emulsion synthesis, surface modification, and photophysical properties of nanocrystals for biomolecular recognition. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 11:4 (2012), 317–323.
13. [13] Mozafari, M., Moztarzadeh, F., Rabiee, S.M., Azami, M., Nezafati, N., Moztarzadeh, Z., et al. Development of 3D bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds made from gelatin and nano bioactive glass for biomedical applications. Adv. Compos. Lett 19:2 (2010), 91–96.
14. [14] Mozafari, M., Moztarzadeh, F., Tahriri, M., Green synthesis and characterisation of spherical PbS luminescent micro-and nanoparticles via wet chemical technique. Adv. Appl. Ceram 110:1 (2011), 30–34.
15. [15] Poursamar, S., Rabiee, M., Samadikuchaksaraei, A., Tahriri, M.R., Karimi, M., Azami, M., Influence of the value of the pH on the preparation of nano hydroxyapatite polyvinyl alcohol composites. J. Ceram. Process. Res 10:5 (2009), 679–682.
16. [16] Shafia, E., Bodaghi, M., Tahriri, M., The influence of some processing conditions on host crystal structure and phosphorescence properties of SrAl 2 O 4: Eu 2+, Dy 3+ nanoparticle pigments synthesized by combustion technique. Curr. Appl. Phys 10:2 (2010), 596–600.
17. [17] Shafiei, F., Behroozibakhsh, M., Moztarzadeh, F., Haghbin Nazarpak, M., Tahriri, M., Nanocrystalline fluorine-substituted hydroxyapatite [Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 (OH) 1-x F x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)] for biomedical applications: preparation and characterisation. Micro Nano Lett 7:2 (2012), 109–114.
18. [18] Solgi, S., Khakbiz, M., Shahrezaee, M., Zamanian, A., Tahriri, M., Keshtkari, S., et al. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of Sol-gel derived Sr-containing nano bioactive glass. Silicon, 2015, 1–8.
19. [19] Tahriri, M., Moztarzadeh, F., Preparation, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of PLGA/nano-fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) microsphere-sintered scaffolds for biomedical applications. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol 172:5 (2014), 2465–2479.
20. [20] Tahriri, M., Solati-Hashjin, M., Eslami, H., Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals via chemical precipitation technique. Iran. J. Pharma. Sci 4:2 (2008), 127–134.
21. [21] Touri, R., Moztarzadeh, F., Sadeghian, Z., Bizari, D., Tahriri, M., Mozafari, M., The use of carbon nanotubes to reinforce 45S5 bioglass-based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biomed Res. Int, 2013, 2013.
22. [22] Zamanian, A., Moztarzadeh, F., Kordestani, S., Hesaraki, S., Tahriri, M.R., Novel calcium hydroxide/nanohydroxyapatite composites for dental applications: in vitro study. Adv. Appl. Ceram 109:7 (2010), 440–444.
23. [23] Etievent, J.-P.C., Toubin, S., Taberlet, G., Alwan, C., Clement, K., Use of cardiac troponin I as a marker of perioperative myocardial ischemia. Ann. Thorac. Surg 59:5 (1995), 1192–1194.
24. [24] Pedrero, M., Campuzano, S., Pingarrón, J.M., Electrochemical biosensors for the determination of cardiovascular markers: a review. Electroanalysis 26:6 (2014), 1132–1153.
25. [25] Babuin, L., Jaffe, A.S., Troponin: the biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. CMAJ 173:10 (2005), 1191–1202.
26. [26] Spyracopoulos, L., Li, M.X., Sia, S.K., Gagné, S.M., Chandra, M., Solaro, R.J., et al. Calcium-induced structural transition in the regulatory domain of human cardiac troponin C. Biochemistry 36:40 (1997), 12138–12146.
27. [27] Takeda, S., Yamashita, A., Maeda, K., Maeda, Y., Structure of the core domain of human cardiac troponin in the Ca2+-saturated form. Nature 424:6944 (2003), 35–41.
28. [28] Daubert, M.A., Jeremias, A., The utility of troponin measurement to detect myocardial infarction: review of the current findings. Vasc. Health Risk Manag 6 (2010), 691–699.
29. [29] Filatov, V.L., Katrukha, A.G., Bulargina, T.V., Gusev, N.B., Troponin: structure, properties, and mechanism of functioning. Biochemistry Mosc 64:9 (1999), 969–985.
30. [30] Apple, F.S., Ler, R., Chung, A.Y., Berger, M.J., Murakami, M.M., Point-of-care i-STAT cardiac troponin I for assessment of patients with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. Clin. Chem 52:2 (2006), 322–325.
31. [31] Mohammed, A.A., Januzzi, J.L. Jr., Clinical applications of highly sensitive troponin assays. Cardiol. Rev 18:1 (2010), 12–19.
32. [32] Qureshi, A., Gurbuz, Y., Niazi, J.H., Biosensors for cardiac biomarkers detection: a review. Sens. Actuators B Chem 171–172 (2012), 62–76.
33. [33] Thygesen, K., Alpert, J.S., Jaffe, A.S., Simoons, M.L., Chaitman, B.R., White, H.D., et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 126:16 (2012), 2020–2035.
34. [34] Apple, F.S., Parvin, C.A., Buechler, K.F., Christenson, R.H., Wu, A.H., Jaffe, A.S., Validation of the 99th percentile cutoff independent of assay imprecision (CV) for cardiac troponin monitoring for ruling out myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem 51:11 (2005), 2198–2200.
35. [35] Shen, W., Tian, D., Cui, H., Yang, D., Bian, Z., Nanoparticle-based electrochemiluminescence immunosensor with enhanced sensitivity for cardiac troponin I using N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol)-functionalized gold nanoparticles as labels. Biosens. Bioelectron 27:1 (2011), 18–24.
36. [36] Giannitsis, E., Kurz, K., Hallermayer, K., Jarausch, J., Jaffe, A.S., Katus, H.A., Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin. Chem 56:2 (2010), 254–261.
37. [37] Lequin, R.M., Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clin. Chem 51:12 (2005), 2415–2418.
38. [38] Kallempudi, S.S., Gurbuz, Y., A nanostructured-nickel based interdigitated capacitive transducer for biosensor applications. Sens. Actuators B Chem 160:1 (2011), 891–898.
39. [39] Song, S.Y., Han, Y.D., Kim, K., Yang, S.S., Yoon, H.C., A fluoro-microbead guiding chip for simple and quantifiable immunoassay of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Biosens. Bioelectron 26:9 (2011), 3818–3824.
40. [40] Abdolrahim, M., Rabiee, M., Alhosseini, S.N., Tahriri, M., Yazdanpanah, S., Tayebi, L., Development of optical biosensor technologies for cardiac troponin recognition. Anal. Biochem 485 (2015), 1–10.
41. [41] Kwon, Y.-C., Kim, M.-G., Kim, E.-M., Shin, Y.-B., Lee, S.-K., Lee, S., et al. Development of a surface plasmon resonance-based immunosensor for the rapid detection of cardiac troponin I. Biotechnol. Lett 33:5 (2011), 921–927.
42. [42] Dutra, R.F., Mendes, R.K., Lins da Silva, V., Kubota, L.T., Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for human cardiac troponin T based on self-assembled monolayer. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal 43:5 (2007), 1744–1750.
43. [43] Dutra, R.F., Kubota, L.T., An SPR immunosensor for human cardiac troponin T using specific binding avidin to biotin at carboxymethyldextran-modified gold chip. Clin. Chim. Acta 376:1–2 (2007), 114–120.
44. [44] Liu, J.T., Chen, C.J., Ikoma, T., Yoshioka, T., Cross, J.S., Chang, S.-J., et al. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor with high anti-fouling ability for the detection of cardiac marker troponin T. Anal. Chim. Acta 703:1 (2011), 80–86.
45. [45] Wu, W.-Y., Bian, Z.-P., Wang, W., Wang, W., Zhu, J.-J., PDMS gold nanoparticle composite film-based silver enhanced colorimetric detection of cardiac troponin I. Sens. Actuators B Chem 147:1 (2010), 298–303.
46. [46] Wang, J., Electrochemical biosensors: towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Biosens. Bioelectron 21:10 (2006), 1887–1892.
47. [47] Yazdanpanah, S., Rabiee, M., Tahriri, M., Abdolrahim, M., Tayebi, L., Glycated hemoglobin-detection methods based on electrochemical biosensors. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 72 (2015), 53–67.
48. [48] Bahmani, B., Moztarzadeh, F., Hossini, M., Rabiee, S.M., Tahriri, M., Rezvannia, M., et al. A sulfite biosensor fabricated by immobilization of sulfite oxidase on aluminum electrode modified with electropolymerized conducting film (polyaniline). Asian J. Chem, 21(2), 2009, 923.
49. [49] Bahmani, B., Moztarzadeh, F., Rabiee, M., Tahriri, M., Development of an electrochemical sulfite biosensor by immobilization of sulfite oxidase on conducting polyaniline film. Synth. Met 160:23 (2010), 2653–2657.
50. [50] Marquette, C.A., Blum, L.J., State of the art and recent advances in immunoanalytical systems. Biosens. Bioelectron 21:8 (2006), 1424–1433.
51. [51] Warsinke, A., Benkert, A., Scheller, F.W., Electrochemical immunoassays. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem 366:6–7 (2000), 622–634.
52. [52] Ghindilis, A.L., Atanasov, P., Wilkins, M., Wilkins, E., Immunosensors: electrochemical sensing and other engineering approaches. Biosens. Bioelectron 13:1 (1998), 113–131.
53. [53] Ramanavičius, A., Ramanavičiene, A., Malinauskas, A., Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer – polypyrrole. Electrochim. Acta 51:27 (2006), 6025–6037.
54. [54] Ronkainen, N.J., Halsall, H.B., Heineman, W.R., Electrochemical biosensors. Chem. Soc. Rev 39:5 (2010), 1747–1763.
55. [55] Deng, A.-P., Yang, H., A multichannel electrochemical detector coupled with an ELISA microtiter plate for the immunoassay of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Sens. Actuators B Chem 124:1 (2007), 202–208.
56. [56] Yu, H.-W., Lee, J., Kim, S., Nguyen, G., Kim, I.S., Electrochemical immunoassay using quantum dot/antibody probe for identification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 394:8 (2009), 2173–2181.
57. [57] Hu, K., Lan, D., Li, X., Zhang, S., Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on nanoporous gold electrode and multifunctional encoded DNA−Au bio bar codes. Anal. Chem 80:23 (2008), 9124–9130.
58. [58] Dong, S., Li, J., Self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold electrodes for bioelectrochemistry and biosensors. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg 42:1 (1997), 7–13.
59. [59] Tian, Y., Mao, L., Okajima, T., Ohsaka, T., A carbon fiber microelectrode-based third-generation biosensor for superoxide anion. Biosens. Bioelectron 21:4 (2005), 557–564.
60. [60] Wring, S.A., Hart, J.P., Buch, B.J., Voltammetric behaviour of ascorbic acid at a graphite – epoxy composite electrode chemically modified with cobalt phthalocyanine and its amperometric determination in multivitamin preparations. Anal. Chim. Acta 229 (1990), 63–70.
61. [61] Pumera, M., Aldavert, M., Mills, C., Merkoçi, A., Alegret, S., Direct voltammetric determination of gold nanoparticles using graphite-epoxy composite electrode. Electrochim. Acta 50:18 (2005), 3702–3707.
62. [62] Luo, J., Jiang, S., Zhang, H., Jiang, J., Liu, X., A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Cu nanoparticle modified graphene sheets electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 709 (2012), 47–53.
63. [63] Shao, Y., Wang, J., Wu, H., Liu, J., Aksay, I.A., Lin, Y., Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 22:10 (2010), 1027–1036.
64. [64] Kuila, T., Bose, S., Khanra, P., Mishra, A.K., Kim, N.H., Lee, J.H., Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron 26:12 (2011), 4637–4648.
65. [65] Cheng, G., Zhao, J., Tu, Y., He, P., Fang, Y., A sensitive DNA electrochemical biosensor based on magnetite with a glassy carbon electrode modified by muti-walled carbon nanotubes in polypyrrole. Anal. Chim. Acta 533:1 (2005), 11–16.
66. [66] Engstrom, R.C., Strasser, V.A., Characterization of electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem 56:2 (1984), 136–141.
67. [67] Xie, Y., Chen, A., Du, D., Lin, Y., Graphene-based immunosensor for electrochemical quantification of phosphorylated p53 (S15). Anal. Chim. Acta 699:1 (2011), 44–48.
68. [68] Grieshaber, D., MacKenzie, R., Vörös, J., Reimhult, E., Electrochemical biosensors – sensor principles and architectures. Sensors (Basel), 8(3), 2008, 1400.
69. [69] Ko, S., Kim, B., Jo, S.-S., Oh, S.Y., Park, J.-K., Electrochemical detection of cardiac troponin I using a microchip with the surface-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) channel. Biosens. Bioelectron 23:1 (2007), 51–59.
70. [70] Arya, S.K., Solanki, P.R., Datta, M., Malhotra, B.D., Recent advances in self-assembled monolayers based biomolecular electronic devices. Biosens. Bioelectron 24:9 (2009), 2810–2817.
71. [71] Noh, J., Park, H., Jeong, Y., Kwon, S., Structure and electrochemical behavior of aromatic thiol self-assembled monolayers on Au (111). Bull. Korean Chem. Soc, 27(3), 2006, 403.
72. [72] Hart, J.P., Wring, S.A., Recent developments in the design and application of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial analyses. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 16:2 (1997), 89–103.
73. [73] Renedo, O.D., Alonso-Lomillo, M.A., Martinez, M.J., Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications. Talanta 73:2 (2007), 202–219.
74. [74] Micheli, L., Grecco, R., Badea, M., Moscone, D., Palleschi, G., An electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin M1 determination in milk using screen-printed electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron 21:4 (2005), 588–596.
75. [75] Viswanathan, S., Rani, C., Vijay Anand, A., Ho, J.A., Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen using ferrocene liposomes and MWCNT screen-printed electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron 24:7 (2009), 1984–1989.
76. [76] Taleat, Z., Khoshroo, A., Mazloum-Ardakani, M., Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008–2013). Mikrochim. Acta 181:9–10 (2014), 865–891.
77. [77] Silva, B.V., Cavalcanti, I.T., Mattos, A.B., Moura, P., Sotomayor Mdel, P.T., Dutra, R.F., Disposable immunosensor for human cardiac troponin T based on streptavidin-microsphere modified screen-printed electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron 26:3 (2010), 1062–1067.
78. [78] Yun, Y., Dong, Z., Shanov, V., Heineman, W.R., Halsall, H.B., Bhattacharya, A., et al. Nanotube electrodes and biosensors. Nano Today 2:6 (2007), 30–37.
79. [79] Laschi, S., Bulukin, E., Palchetti, I., Cristea, C., Mascini, M., Disposable electrodes modified with multi-wall carbon nanotubes for biosensor applications. IRBM 29:2 (2008), 202–207.
80. [80] Janegitz, B.C., Pauliukaite, R., Ghica, M.E., Brett, C.M., Fatibello-Filho, O., Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase at glassy carbon electrode modified with functionalized carbon nanotubes within a dihexadecylphosphate film. Sens. Actuators B Chem 158:1 (2011), 411–417.
81. [81] Belluzo, M.S., Ribone, M.É., Lagier, C.M., Assembling amperometric biosensors for clinical diagnostics. Sensors (Basel) 8:3 (2008), 1366–1399.
82. [82] Gomes-Filho, S.L.R., Dias, A., Silv, M.M.S., Silva, B.V.M., Dutra, R.F., A carbon nanotube-based electrochemical immunosensor for cardiac troponin T. Microchem. J. 109 (2013), 10–15.
83. [83] Liu, X., Qu, X., Fan, H., Ai, S., Han, R., Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using a water-soluble branched polyethyleneimine–cobalt (III)–phenanthroline indicator and PNA probe on Au electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 55:22 (2010), 6491–6495.
84. [84] Hong, H., Lee, S., Kim, T., Chung, M., Choi, C., Surface modification of the polyethyleneimine layer on silicone oxide film via UV radiation. Appl. Surf. Sci 255:12 (2009), 6103–6106.
85. [85] Shen, M., Weng, S.H., Shi, X., Chen, X., Huang, Q., Petersen, E.J., et al. Polyethyleneimine-mediated functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro toxicity assay. J. Phys. Chem. C 113:8 (2009), 3150–3156.
86. [86] Han, Y., Chen, Z., Cao, D., Yu, J., Li, H., He, X., et al. Side-polished fiber as a sensor for the determination of nematic liquid crystal orientation. Sens. Actuators B Chem 196 (2014), 663–669.
87. [87] Lagerwall, J.P., Scalia, G., A new era for liquid crystal research: applications of liquid crystals in soft matter nano-, bio-and microtechnology. Curr. Appl. Phys 12:6 (2012), 1387–1412.
88. [88] Bushby, R.J., Kawata, K., Liquid crystals that affected the world: discotic liquid crystals. Liquid Cryst 38:11–12 (2011), 1415–1426.
89. [89] Woltman, S.J., Jay, G.D., Crawford, G.P., Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in biomedical applications. Nat. Mater 6:12 (2007), 929–938.
90. [90] Campbell, F.W., Compton, R.G., The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: an updated review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 396:1 (2010), 241–259.
91. [91] Pingarrón, J.M., Yáñez-Sedeño, S.P., González-Cortés, A., Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors. Electrochim. Acta 53:19 (2008), 5848–5866.
92. [92] Iost, R.M., Crespilho, F.N., Layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrochemistry: applications in biosensing and bioelectronics. Biosens. Bioelectron 31:1 (2012), 1–10.
93. [93] de Menezes, E.W., Nunes, M.R., Arenas, L.T., Dias, S.L., Garcia, I.T., Gushikem, Y., Gold nanoparticle/charged silsesquioxane films immobilized onto Al/SiO2 surface applied on the electrooxidation of nitrite. J. Solid State Electrochem 16:12 (2012), 3703–3713.
94. [94] Fattori, N., Maroneze, C.M., Da Costa, L.P., Strauss, M., Mazali, I.O., Gushikem, Y., Chemical and photochemical formation of gold nanoparticles supported on viologen-functionalized SBA-15. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp 437 (2013), 120–126.
95. [95] da Silva, P.S., Gasparini, B.C., Magosso, H.A., Spinelli, A., Gold nanoparticles hosted in a water-soluble silsesquioxane polymer applied as a catalytic material onto an electrochemical sensor for detection of nitrophenol isomers. J. Hazard. Mater 273 (2014), 70–77.
96. [96] Zapp, E., da Silva, P.S., Westphal, E., Gallardo, H., Spinelli, A., Vieira, I.C., Troponin T immunosensor based on liquid crystal and silsesquioxane-supported gold nanoparticles. Bioconjug. Chem 25:9 (2014), 1638–1643.
97. [97] Horak, J., Dincer, C., Qelibari, E., Bakirci, H., Urban, G., Polymer-modified microfluidic immunochip for enhanced electrochemical detection of troponin I. Sens. Actuators B Chem 209 (2015), 478–485.
98. [98] Vicennati, P., Giuliano, A., Ortaggi, G., Masotti, A., Polyethylenimine in medicinal chemistry. Curr. Med. Chem 15:27 (2008), 2826–2839.
99. [99] Tuteja, S.K., Kukkar, M., Suri, C.R., Paul, A.K., Deep, A., One step in-situ synthesis of amine functionalized graphene for immunosensing of cardiac marker cTnI. Biosens. Bioelectron 66 (2015), 129–135.
100. [100] Han, M.Y., Özyilmaz, B., Zhang, Y., Kim, P., Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons. Phys. Rev. Lett, 98(20), 2007, 206805.
101. [101] Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozo, S.V., Jiang, D., Katsnelson, M.I., Grigorieva, I.V., et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438:7065 (2005), 197–200.
102. [102] Zhang, Y., Tan, Y.W., Stormer, H.L., Kim, P., Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene. Nature 438:7065 (2005), 201–204.
103. [103] Berger, C., Song, Z., Li, X., Wu, X., Brown, N., Naud, C., et al. Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science 312:5777 (2006), 1191–1196.
104. [104] Pumera, M., Electrochemistry of graphene: new horizons for sensing and energy storage. Chem. Rec 9:4 (2009), 211–223.
105. [105] Brondani, D., Piovesan, J.V., Westphal, E., Gallardo, H., Fireman Dutra, R.A., Spinelli, A., et al. A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on an ionic organic molecule and chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles for the detection of cardiac troponin T. Analyst 139:20 (2014), 5200–5208.
106. [106] Khan, R., Dhayal, M., Chitosan/polyaniline hybrid conducting biopolymer base impedimetric immunosensor to detect Ochratoxin-A. Biosens. Bioelectron 24:6 (2009), 1700–1705.
107. [107] Yang, L., Bashir, R., Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnol. Adv 26:2 (2008), 135–150.
108. [108] Hutter, E., Pileni, M.-P., Detection of DNA hybridization by gold nanoparticle enhanced transmission surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 107:27 (2003), 6497–6499.
109. [109] De Vlaminck, I., Van Dorpe, P., Lagae, L., Borghs, G., Local electrical detection of single nanoparticle plasmon resonance. Nano Lett 7:3 (2007), 703–706.
110. [110] Bhalla, V., Carrara, S., Sharma, P., Nangia, Y., Suri, C.R., Gold nanoparticles mediated label-free capacitance detection of cardiac troponin I. Sens. Actuators B Chem 161:1 (2012), 761–768.
111. [111] Singh, R., Suni, I.I., Minimizing nonspecific adsorption in protein biosensors that utilize electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J. Electrochem. Soc 157:10 (2010), J334–J337.
112. [112] Relos, R.P., Hasinoff, I.K., Beilman, G.J., Moderately elevated serum troponin concentrations are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in surgical intensive care unit patients. Crit. Care Med 31:11 (2003), 2598–2603.
113. [113] Kay, S.E., Clozapine associated pericarditis and elevated troponin I. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 36:1 (2002), 143–144.
114. [114] Rogers, K., Principles of affinity-based biosensors. Mol. Biotechnol 14:2 (2000), 109–129.
115. [115] Boozer, C., Kim, G., Cong, S., Guan, H., Londergan, T., Looking towards label-free biomolecular interaction analysis in a high-throughput format: a review of new surface plasmon resonance technologies. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol 17:4 (2006), 400–405.
116. [116] Janshoff, A., Steinem, C., Label-free detection of protein-ligand interactions by the quartz crystal microbalance. Protein-Ligand Interactions, 2005, Springer, 47–63.
117. [117] Maehashi, K., Katsura, T., Kerma, K., Takamura, Y., Matsumoto, K., Tamiym, E., Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Anal. Chem 79:2 (2007), 782–787.
118. [118] Lee, J.A., Hwang, S., Kwak, J., Park, S.I., Lee, S.S., Lee, K.-C., An electrochemical impedance biosensor with aptamer-modified pyrolyzed carbon electrode for label-free protein detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem 129:1 (2008), 372–379.
119. [119] Daniels, J.S., Pourmand, N., Label-free impedance biosensors: opportunities and challenges. Electroanalysis 19:12 (2007), 1239–1257.
120. [120] de Vasconcelos, E.A., Peres, N.G., Pereira, C.O., da Silv, V.L., da Silva, E.F. Jr., Dutra, R.F., Potential of a simplified measurement scheme and device structure for a low cost label-free point-of-care capacitive biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron 25:4 (2009), 870–876.
121. [121] Mosbach, K., Ramström, O., The emerging technique of molecular imprinting and its future impact on biotechnology. Nat. Biotech 14:2 (1996), 163–170.
122. [122] Chen, L., Xu, S., Li, J., Recent advances in molecular imprinting technology: current status, challenges and highlighted applications. Chem. Soc. Rev 40:5 (2011), 2922–2942.
123. [123] Hoshino, Y., Shea, K.J., The evolution of plastic antibodies. J. Mater. Chem 21:11 (2011), 3517–3521.
124. [124] Klingeler, R., Hampel, S., Büchner, B., Carbon nanotube based biomedical agents for heating, temperature sensoring and drug delivery. Int. J. Hyperthermia 24:6 (2008), 496–505.
125. [125] Moreira, F.T., Dutra, R.A.F., Noronha, J.P.C., Cunha, A.L., Sales, M.G.F., Artificial antibodies for troponin T by its imprinting on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: its use as sensory surfaces. Biosens. Bioelectron 28:1 (2011), 243–250.
126. [126] Ahammad, A.S., Choi, Y.-H., Koh, K., Kim, J.-H., Lee, J.-J., Lee, M., Electrochemical detection of cardiac biomarker troponin I at gold nanoparticle-modified ITO electrode by using open circuit potential. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci 6:6 (2011), 1906–1916.
127. [127] Norouzi, P., Larijani, B., Faridbod, F., Ganjali, M.R., Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on hemoglobin immobilization on gold nanoparticle in FFT continuous cyclic voltammetry flow injection system. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci 5:11 (2010), 1550–1562.
128. [128] Ahuja, T., Mir, I.A., Kumar, D., Biomolecular immobilization on conducting polymers for biosensing applications. Biomaterials 28:5 (2007), 791–805.
129. [129] Lee, I., Luo, X., Huang, J., Cui, X.T., Yun, M., Detection of cardiac biomarkers using single polyaniline nanowire-based conductometric biosensors. Biosensors 2:2 (2012), 205–220.
130. [130] Yun, M., Myung, N.V., Vasquez, R.P., Lee, C., Menke, E., Penner, R.M., Electrochemically grown wires for individually addressable sensor arrays. Nano Lett 4:3 (2004), 419–422.
131. [131] Lee, I., Park, H.I., Park, S., Kim, M.J., Yun, M., Highly reproducible single polyaniline nanowire using electrophoresis method. Nano 3:02 (2008), 75–82.
132. [132] Silva, B.V.M., Cavalcanti, I.T., Silva, M.M.S., Dutra, R.F., A carbon nanotube screen-printed electrode for label-free detection of the human cardiac troponin T. Talanta 117 (2013), 431–437.
133. [133] Mattos, A.B., Freitas, T.A., Kubota, L.T., Dutra, R.F., An o-aminobenzoic acid film-based immunoelectrode for detection of the cardiac troponin T in human serum. Biochem. Eng. J. 71 (2013), 97–104.
134. [134] Zhou, F., Lu, M., Wang, W., Bian, Z.-P., Zhang, J.-R., Zhu, J.-J., Electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous detection of dual cardiac markers based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-gold nanoparticles composite microfluidic chip: a proof of principle. Clin. Chem 56:11 (2010), 1701–1707.