Efficacy for psychopathology and body weight and safety of topiramate-antipsychotic cotreatment in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 77, Issue 6, 2016, Pages e746-e756

  Correll, Christoph U ^a,b,c,d   Maayan, Lawrence ^e   Kane, John ^a,b,c,d   De Hert, Marc ^f   Cohen, Dan ^g  

^a ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^c FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^d ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e NATHAN S KLINE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^g Department of Severe Mental Illness   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; LITHIUM CARBONATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; FRUCTOSE;

ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; COGNITION; CONSTIPATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEADACHE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; OUTPATIENT; PARESTHESIA; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYNDROME SCALE; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIDE EFFECT; SOMNOLENCE; STANDING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; DRUG EFFECTS; ODDS RATIO; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BODY WEIGHT; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FRUCTOSE; HUMANS; ODDS RATIO; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84976420354     PISSN: 01606689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.15r10373     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Kane JM, Correll CU. Past and present progress in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(9):1115-1124. doi:10.408/JCP.10r06264yel
2. Leucht S, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. A meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons of second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(2):152-163. doi:10.176/api.ajp.208.08030368
3. Asenjo Lobos C, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;11(11):CD006633.
4. Essali A, Al-Haj Haasan N, Li C, et al. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1(1):CD000059.
5. Correll CU, Rummel-Kluge C, Corves C, et al. Antipsychotic combinations vs monotherapy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):443-457. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn018
6. Cipriani A, Boso M, Barbui C. Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3(3):CD006324.
7. Leucht S, Kissling W, McGrath J. Lithium for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3(3):CD003834.
8. Schwarz C, Volz A, Li C, et al. Valproate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3(3):CD004028.
9. Leucht S, Kissling W, McGrath J, et al. Carbamazepine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3(3):CD001258.
10. Goff DC, Keefe R, Citrome L, et al. Lamotrigine as add-on therapy in schizophrenia: results of 2 placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(6):582-589. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31815abf34
11. Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K, Kiviniemi V. The efficacy of lamotrigine in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Schizophr Res. 2009;109(1-3):10-14. doi:10.1016/j.schres.209.01.02
12. Volz A, Khorsand V, Gillies D, et al. Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1(1):CD006391.
13. Shek E, Bardhan S, Cheine MV, et al. Betablocker supplementation of standard drug treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(6):1079-1080.
14. Tuominen HJ, Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2(2):CD003730.
15. Singh SP, Singh V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of adjunctive NMDA receptor modulators in chronic schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2011;25(10):859-885. doi:10.2165/158650-0-0
16. Rummel C, Kissling W, Leucht S. Antidepressants for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3(3):CD005581.
17. Sepehry AA, Potvin S, Elie R, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) add-on therapy for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(4):604-610. doi:10.408/JCP.v68n0417
18. Singh SP, Singh V, Kar N, et al. Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(3):174-179. doi:10.192/bjp.bp.109.06710
19. Hecht EM, Landy DC. Alpha-2 receptor antagonist add-on therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia; a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2012;134(2-3):202-206. doi:10.1016/j.schres.201.1.030
20. Ribeiz SR, Bassitt DP, Arrais JA, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and metaanalysis of the literature. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(4):303-317. doi:10.2165/1530260-0-0
21. Fusar-Poli P, Berger G. Eicosapentaenoic acid interventions in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(2):179-185. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318248b7b
22. Saavedra-Velez C, Yusim A, Anbarasan D, et al. Modafinil as an adjunctive treatment of sedation, negative symptoms, and cognition in schizophrenia: a critical review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(1):104-112. doi:10.408/JCP.07r03982
23. Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2(2):CD000076.
24. Nitta M, Kishimoto T, M'ler N, et al. Adjunctive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analytic investigation of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(6):1230-1241. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt070
25. Elias A, Kumar A. Testosterone for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3(3):CD006197.
26. Sommer IEIE, van Westrhenen R, Begemann MJ, et al. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents to improve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(1):181-191. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt139
27. Iseger TA, Bossong MG. A systematic review of the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol in humans. Schizophr Res. 2015;162(1-3):153-161. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.03
28. Cohen D, Correll CU. Second-generation antipsychotic-associated diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis: mechanisms, predictors, and screening need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(5):765-766. doi:10.408/JCP.09ac0525
29. De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders: I: prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):52-77. doi:10.102/j.2051-545.201.tb014.x
30. De Hert M, Cohen D, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders, II: barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, plus recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(2):138-151. doi:10.102/j.2051-545.201.tb036.x
31. Caemmerer J, Correll CU, Maayan L. Acute and maintenance effects of non-pharmacologic interventions for antipsychotic associated weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a meta-analytic comparison of randomized controlled trials. Schizophr Res. 2012;140(1-3):159-168. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.017
32. Zhang JP, Weiss JJ, McCardle M, et al. Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral weight management intervention in obese patients with psychotic disorders compared to patients with nonpsychotic disorders or no psychiatric disorders: results from a 12-month, real-world study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(4):458-464. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31825cd2
33. Maayan L, Vakhrusheva J, Correll CU. Effectiveness of medications used to attenuate antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(7):1520-1530. doi:10.1038/np.2010.21
34. Mizuno Y, Suzuki T, Nakagawa A, et al. Pharmacological strategies to counteract antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic adverse effects in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(6):1385-1403. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu030
35. Mahmood S, Booker I, Huang J, et al. Effect of topiramate on weight gain in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(1):90-94. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31827cb2b7
36. Angehagen M, Ben-Menachem E, Rnbk L, et al. Novel mechanisms of action of three antiepileptic drugs, vigabatrin, tiagabine, and topiramate. Neurochem Res. 2003;28(2):333-340. doi:10.1023/A:102393604014
37. Ben-Menachem E. Weight issues for people with epilepsy-a review. Epilepsia. 2007;48(suppl 9):42-45. doi:10.1/j.1528-167.207.01402.x
38. Bray GA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled, doseranging trial of topiramate for weight loss in obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(6):722-733. doi:10.1038/oby.203.102
39. Astrup A, Toubro S. Topiramate: a new potential pharmacological treatment for obesity. Obes Res. 2004;12(suppl):167S-173S. doi:10.1038/oby.204.284
40. Wilding J, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, et al; OBES- 002 Study Group. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(11):1399-1410. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802783
41. Tonstad S, Tykarski A, Weissgarten J, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects with essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(2):243-251. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.205.03.053
42. Tremblay A, Chaput JP, Bub'Parent S, et al. The effect of topiramate on energy balance in obese men: a 6-month double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study with a 6-month open-label extension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):123-134. doi:10.107/s028-06-020-1
43. Eliasson B, Gudbjnsdottir S, Cederholm J, et al. Weight loss and metabolic effects of topiramate in overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(7):1140-1147. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803548
44. Toplak H, Hamann A, Moore R, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in combination with metformin in the treatment of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(1):138-146. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.080382
45. Rosenstock J, Hollander P, Gadde KM, et al; OBD-202 Study Group. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of topiramate controlled release in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1480-1486. doi:10.237/dc06-201
46. Stenl K, Rsner S, Vercruysse F, et al; OBDM- 003 Study Group. Topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects with drug-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(3):360-368. doi:10.1/j.1463-1326.206.0618.x
47. Mula M, Trimble MR, Lhatoo SD, et al. Topiramate and psychiatric adverse events in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(5):659-663. doi:10.1046/j.1528-157.203.05402.x
48. Trimble MR, R'ch N, Betts T, et al. Psychiatric symptoms after therapy with new antiepileptic drugs: psychopathological and seizure related variables. Seizure. 2000;9(4):249-254. doi:10.1053/seiz.20.0405
49. Kanner AM, Wuu J, Faught E, et al; PADS Investigators. A past psychiatric history may be a risk factor for topiramate-related psychiatric and cognitive adverse events. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(5):548-552. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.203.07.07
50. Matthews SC, Miller BP. Auditory hallucinations associated with topiramate. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(8):653. doi:10.408/JCP.v62n0813a
51. Millson RC, Owen JA, Lorberg GW, et al. Topiramate for refractory schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(4):675. doi:10.176/api.ajp.159.4.675
52. Duggal HS, Singh I. Worsening of psychosis or topiramate-induced adverse event? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(3):245-247. doi:10.1016/j.genhospsych.203.1.04
53. Verhoeven WM, Boermans JA, van der Heijden FM, et al. Psychosis following treatment with topiramate [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146(44):2093-2095.
54. Zesiewicz TA, Tullidge A, Tidwell J, et al. Topiramate-induced psychosis in patients with essential tremor: report of 2 cases. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(3):168-169. doi:10.1097/01.WNF.020823.80640.4
55. Jos'RJ, Cairns A, Babbs C. Topiramate-induced psychosis in two members of the one family: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2008;2(1):195. doi:10.186/1752-1947-2-195
56. Miller AD, Prost VM, Bookstaver PB, et al. Topiramate-induced myoclonus and psychosis during migraine prophylaxis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(14):1178-1180. doi:10.2146/ajhp090185
57. Ly E, Agbokou C, Ferreri F, et al. Topiramateinduced weight loss in schizophrenia: a retrospective case series study. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;14(2):e234-e239.
58. Dursun SM, Deakin JFW. Augmenting antipsychotic treatment with lamotrigine or topiramate in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a naturalistic case-series outcome study. J Psychopharmacol. 2001;15(4):297-301. doi:10.17/026981010150409
59. Lin Y-H, Liu C-Y, Hsiao M-C. Management of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenic patients with topiramate. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(5):613-615. doi:10.1/j.140-1819.205.01424.x
60. Levy E, Margolese HC, Chouinard G. Topiramate produced weight loss following olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(11):1045. doi:10.408/JCP.v63n16a
61. Afshar H, Roohafza H, Mousavi G, et al. Topiramate add-on treatment in schizophrenia: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(2):157-162. doi:10.17/02698108089816
62. Ko YH, Joe SH, Jung IK, et al. Topiramate as an adjuvant treatment with atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients experiencing weight gain. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(4):169-175. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.017294.56028.c3
63. Narula PK, Rehan HS, Unni KE, et al. Topiramate for prevention of olanzapine associated weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Schizophr Res. 2010;118(1-3):218-223. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.01
64. Ellinger LK, Ipema HJ, Stachnik JM. Efficacy of metformin and topiramate in prevention and treatment of second-generation antipsychoticinduced weight gain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(4):668-679. doi:10.1345/aph.1M50
65. Veerman SR, Schulte PF, Begemann MJ, et al. Topiramate-Antipsychotic Cotreatment in Schizophrenia Clozapine augmented with glutamate modulators in refractory schizophrenia: a review and metaanalysis. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2014;47(6):185-194. doi:10.105/s-034-1383656
66. Nielsen J, Dahm M, Lublin H, et al. Psychiatrists' attitude towards and knowledge of clozapine treatment. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(7):965-971. doi:10.17/0269810810320
67. Tiihonen J, Halonen P, Wahlbeck K, et al. Topiramate add-on in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(8):1012-1015. doi:10.408/JCP.v6n0808
68. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-276. doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
69. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): recent developments in ascertainment and scaling. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24:97-99.
70. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177-188. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)9046-2
71. Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, et al. Topiramate augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(5):667-674. doi:10.17/0269810372548
72. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-560. doi:10.136/bmj.327.7414.57
73. Roy Chengappa K, Kupfer DJ, Parepally H, et al. A placebo-controlled, random-assignment, parallel-group pilot study of adjunctive topiramate for patients with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(6):609-617. doi:10.1/j.139-5618.207.0506.x
74. Behdani F, Hebrani P, Rezaei Ardani A, et al. Effect of topiramate augmentation in chronic schizophrenia: a placebo-controlled trial. Arch Iran Med. 2011;14(4):270-275.
75. Kim JH, Yim SJ, Nam JH. A 12-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial of topiramate in limiting weight gain during olanzapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;82(1):115-117. doi:10.1016/j.schres.205.10.01
76. Premkumar TS, Pick J. Lamotrigine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4(4):CD005962.
77. Hahn MK, Cohn T, Teo C, et al. Topiramate in schizophrenia: a review of effects on psychopathology and metabolic parameters. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2013;6(4):186-196. doi:10.371/CSRP.HACO.01062013
78. Veerman SR, Schulte PF, de Haan L. The glutamate hypothesis: a pathogenic pathway from which pharmacological interventions have emerged. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2014;47(4-5):121-130.
79. Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, et al. A revised excitotoxic hypothesis of schizophrenia: therapeutic implications. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(1):43-49. doi:10.1097/02826-201010-08
80. Thornberg SA, Saklad SR. A review of NMDA receptors and the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;16(1):82-93.
81. Choi YJ. Efficacy of adjunctive treatments added to olanzapine or clozapine for weight control in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015:970730. doi:10.15/2015/970730
82. Whitney Z, Procyshyn RM, Fredrikson DH, et al. Treatment of clozapine-associated weight gain: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(4):389-401. doi:10.107/s028-015-1807-1
83. Greg Deardorff O, Syed A, Ames CJ, et al. Ranitidine, metformin, and topiramate: managing weight gain in a clozapine-treated patient with schizoaffective disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(3):13l01598.
84. Gierisch JM, Nieuwsma JA, Bradford DW, et al. Pharmacologic and behavioral interventions to improve cardiovascular risk factors in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(5):e424-e440. doi:10.408/JCP.13r0858
85. Correll CU, Sikich L, Reeves G, et al. Metformin for antipsychotic-related weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: when, for whom, and for how long? Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(9):947-952. doi:10.176/api.ajp.2013.1306071
86. Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12(2):116-141. doi:10.1/j.139-5618.2010.0798.x
87. Yildiz A, Vieta E, Leucht S, et al. Efficacy of antimanic treatments: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(2):375-389. doi:10.1038/np.2010.192
88. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multipletreatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;378(9799):1306-1315. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(1)60873-8
89. Olfson M, Blanco C, Liu SM, et al. National trends in the office-based treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(12):1247-1256. doi:10.101/archgenpsychiatry.2012.647
90. McElroy SL, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, et al. A 24- week, randomized, controlled trial of adjunctive sibutramine versus topiramate in the treatment of weight gain in overweight or obese patients with bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(4):426-434. doi:10.1/j.139-5618.207.048.x
91. Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Warm H, et al. The cognitive cost of anticholinergic burden: decreased response to cognitive training in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(9):1055-1062. doi:10.176/api.ajp.209.0901017
92. Nickel C, Tritt K, Muehlbacher M, et al. Topiramate treatment in bulimia nervosa patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38(4):295-300. doi:10.102/eat.20202
93. Egger C, Muehlbacher M, Schatz M, et al. Influence of topiramate on olanzapine-related weight gain in women: an 18-month follow-up observation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(5):475-478. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31814b98e5
94. Correll CU, Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(2):97-107. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.10.010
95. De Hert M, Yu W, Detraux J, et al. Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(9):733-759. doi:10.2165/163450-0-0
96. Simon V, van Winkel R, De Hert M. Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent' a literature review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(7):1041-1050. doi:10.408/JCP.08r04392
97. Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, et al. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009;302(16):1765-1773. doi:10.101/jama.209.1549
98. Zink M, Correll CU. Glutamatergic agents for schizophrenia: current evidence and perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8(3):335-352. doi:10.1586/1751243.2015.1040393