National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group Report on Salt in Human Health and Sickness: Building on the Current Scientific Evidence

Hypertension

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 281-288

  Oh, Young S ^a   Appel, Lawrence J ^b   Galis, Zorina S ^a   Hafler, David A ^c   He, Jiang ^d   Hernandez, Amanda L ^c   Joe, Bina ^e   Karumanchi, S Ananth ^f   Maric Bilkan, Christine ^a   Mattson, David ^g   Mehta, Nehal N ^a   Randolph, Gwendolyn ^h   Ryan, Michael ⁱ   Sandberg, Kathryn ^j   Titze, Jens ^k   Tolunay, Eser ^a   Toney, Glenn M ^l   Harrison, David G ^k  

^a NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO   (United States)

^f HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^h WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BRAIN; FEMALE; HEALTH; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INTESTINE FLORA; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; MALE; NATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PREECLAMPSIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; SALT INTAKE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; UNITED STATES;

HUMANS; NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE (U.S.); SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84975473995     PISSN: 0194911X     EISSN: 15244563     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07415     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Yusuf S. Sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2015;116:1046-1057. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCRESAHA.116.303771.
2. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Sacco RL, et al. Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease: further evidence supporting the American Heart Association sodium reduction recommendations. Circulation. 2012;126:2880-2889. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318279acbf.
3. Dahl LK. Salt and hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:231-244.
4. Hucke S, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Implications of dietary salt intake for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Mult Scler. 2016;22:133-139. doi: 10.1177/1352458515609431.
5. Vallon V, Thomson SC. Anomalous role for dietary salt in diabetes mellitus? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7:377-378. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.90.
6. Powe CE, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia, a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2011;123:2856-2869. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.853127.
7. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen JC, Duan X, Huang JF, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK; GenSalt Collaborative Research Group. Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:48-54.
8. Schmidlin O, Forman A, Sebastian A, Morris RC Jr. Sodium-selective salt sensitivity: its occurrence in blacks. Hypertension. 2007;50:1085-1092. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091694.
9. Wright JT Jr, Rahman M, Scarpa A, Fatholahi M, Griffin V, Jean-Baptiste R, Islam M, Eissa M, White S, Douglas JG. Determinants of salt sensitivity in black and white normotensive and hypertensive women. Hypertension. 2003;42:1087-1092. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000101687.89160.19.
10. Kleinewietfeld M, Manzel A, Titze J, Kvakan H, Yosef N, Linker RA, Muller DN, Hafler DA. Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells. Nature. 2013;496:518-522. doi: 10.1038/nature11868.
11. Wu C, Yosef N, Thalhamer T, Zhu C, Xiao S, Kishi Y, Regev A, Kuchroo VK. Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1. Nature. 2013;496:513-517. doi: 10.1038/nature11984.
12. Harrison DG, Guzik TJ, Lob HE, Madhur MS, Marvar PJ, Thabet SR, Vinh A, Weyand CM. Inflammation, immunity, and hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;57:132-140. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163576.
13. Mattson DL. Infiltrating immune cells in the kidney in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;307:F499-F508. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2014.
14. Mathis KW, Broome HJ, Ryan MJ. Autoimmunity: an underlying factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16:424. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0424-1.
15. Schiffrin EL. T lymphocytes: a role in hypertension? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010;19:181-186. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283360a2e.
16. Guzik TJ, Hoch NE, Brown KA, McCann LA, Rahman A, Dikalov S, Goronzy J, Weyand C, Harrison DG. Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med. 2007;204:2449-2460. doi: 10.1084/jem.20070657.
17. Joe B. Dr Lewis Kitchener Dahl, the Dahl rats, and the "inconvenient truth" about the genetics of hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65:963-969. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04368.
18. Kawasaki T, Delea CS, Bartter FC, Smith H. The effect of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension. Am J Med. 1978;64:193-198.
19. Weinberger MH. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Hypertension. 1996;27(3 pt 2):481-490.
20. Chen J, Gu D, Huang J, Rao DC, Jaquish CE, Hixson JE, Chen CS, Chen J, Lu F, Hu D, Rice T, Kelly TN, Hamm LL, Whelton PK, He J; GenSalt Collaborative Research Group. Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet. 2009;373:829-835. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60144-6.
21. Gu D, Rice T, Wang S, Yang W, Gu C, Chen CS, Hixson JE, Jaquish CE, Yao ZJ, Liu DP, Rao DC, He J. Heritability of blood pressure responses to dietary sodium and potassium intake in a Chinese population. Hypertension. 2007;50:116-122. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.088310.
22. Schmidlin O, Forman A, Leone A, Sebastian A, Morris RC Jr. Salt sensitivity in blacks: evidence that the initial pressor effect of NaCl involves inhibition of vasodilatation by asymmetrical dimethylarginine. Hypertension. 2011;58:380-385. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170175.
23. Boddi M, Poggesi L, Coppo M, Zarone N, Sacchi S, Tania C, Neri Serneri GG. Human vascular renin-angiotensin system and its functional changes in relation to different sodium intakes. Hypertension. 1998;31:836-842.
24. Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J, Schreiner GF, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:913-923. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra011078.
25. Safa K, Ohori S, Borges TJ, Uehara M, Batal I, Shimizu T, Magee CN, Belizaire R, Abdi R, Wu C, Chandraker A, Riella LV. Salt accelerates allograft rejection through serum-and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1-dependent inhibition of regulatory T cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:2341-2347. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014090914.
26. Cotsapas C, Voight BF, Rossin E, et al; FOCiS Network of Consortia. Pervasive sharing of genetic effects in autoimmune disease. PLoS Genet. 2011;7:e1002254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002254.
27. Farh KK, Marson A, Zhu J, et al. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants. Nature. 2015;518:337-343. doi: 10.1038/nature13835.
28. Manzel A, Muller DN, Hafler DA, Erdman SE, Linker RA, Kleinewietfeld M. Role of "Western diet" in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14:404. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0404-6.
29. Hernandez AL, Kitz A, Wu C, Lowther DE, Rodriguez DM, Vudattu N, Deng S, Herold KC, Kuchroo VK, Kleinewietfeld M, Hafler DA. Sodium chloride inhibits the suppressive function of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:4212-4222. doi: 10.1172/JCI81151.
30. Ip WK, Medzhitov R. Macrophages monitor tissue osmolarity and induce inflammatory response through NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6931. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7931.
31. Kopp C, Linz P, Dahlmann A, Hammon M, Jantsch J, Müller DN, Schmieder RE, Cavallaro A, Eckardt KU, Uder M, Luft FC, Titze J. 23Na magnetic resonance imaging-determined tissue sodium in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2013;61:635-640. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00566.
32. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117-1124. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199704173361601.
33. Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O. Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension. 1999;33:18-23.
34. Wiig H, Schröder A, Neuhofer W, et al. Immune cells control skin lymphatic electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:2803-2815. doi: 10.1172/JCI60113.
35. Clausen BE, Burkhardt C, Reith W, Renkawitz R, Förster I. Conditional gene targeting in macrophages and granulocytes using LysMcre mice. Transgenic Res. 1999;8:265-277.
36. Jakubzick C, Bogunovic M, Bonito AJ, Kuan EL, Merad M, Randolph GJ. Lymph-migrating, tissue-derived dendritic cells are minor constituents within steady-state lymph nodes. J Exp Med. 2008;205:2839-2850. doi: 10.1084/jem.20081430.
37. Immunological Genome Project Consortium Website. http://www.immgen. org. Accessed February 2, 2016.
38. Dahlmann A, Dörfelt K, Eicher F, et al. Magnetic resonance-determined sodium removal from tissue stores in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2015;87:434-441. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.269.
39. Hammon M, Grossmann S, Linz P, Kopp C, Dahlmann A, Garlichs C, Janka R, Cavallaro A, Luft FC, Uder M, Titze J. 23Na magnetic resonance imaging of the lower leg of acute heart failure patients during diuretic treatment. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0141336. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0141336.
40. Hofmeister LH, Perisic S, Titze J. Tissue sodium storage: evidence for kidney-like extrarenal countercurrent systems? Pflugers Arch. 2015;467:551-558. doi: 10.1007/s00424-014-1685-x.
41. Toney GM, Stocker SD. Hyperosmotic activation of CNS sympathetic drive: implications for cardiovascular disease. J Physiol. 2010;588(pt 18):3375-3384. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.191940.
42. Hiwatari M, Nolan PL, Johnston CI. The contribution of vasopressin and angiotensin to the maintenance of blood pressure after autonomic blockade. Hypertension. 1985;7:547-553.
43. Williams JL Jr, Johnson MD. Sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure maintenance in the Brattleboro DI rat. Am J Physiol. 1986;250(5 Pt 2):R770-R775.
44. Santisteban MM, Ahmari N, Carvajal JM, Zingler MB, Qi Y, Kim S, Joseph J, Garcia-Pereira F, Johnson RD, Shenoy V, Raizada MK, Zubcevic J. Involvement of bone marrow cells and neuroinflammation in hypertension. Circ Res. 2015;117:178-191. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305853.
45. Shen XZ, Li Y, Li L, Shah KH, Bernstein KE, Lyden P, Shi P. Microglia participate in neurogenic regulation of hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;66:309-316. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05333.
46. Mell B, Jala VR, Mathew AV, Byun J, Waghulde H, Zhang Y, Haribabu B, Vijay-Kumar M, Pennathur S, Joe B. Evidence for a link between gut microbiota and hypertension in the Dahl rat. Physiol Genomics. 2015;47:187-197. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00136.2014.
47. Tilg H, Kaser A. Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:2126-2132. doi: 10.1172/JCI58109.
48. Chen CW, Jaffe IZ, Karumanchi SA. Pre-eclampsia and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;101:579-586. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvu018.
49. Pruthi D, Khankin EV, Blanton RM, Aronovitz M, Burke SD, McCurley A, Karumanchi SA, Jaffe IZ. Exposure to experimental preeclampsia in mice enhances the vascular response to future injury. Hypertension. 2015;65:863-870. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04971.
50. Bytautiene E, Bulayeva N, Bhat G, Li L, Rosenblatt KP, Saade GR. Longterm alterations in maternal plasma proteome after sFlt1-induced preeclampsia in mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:388.e1-388.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.042.
51. Lely AT, Salahuddin S, Holwerda KM, Karumanchi SA, Rana S. Circulating lymphangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2013;32:42-49. doi: 10.3109/10641955.2012.697953.
52. Kristensen BO, Andersen PL, Wiik A. Autoantibodies and vascular events in essential hypertension: a five-year longitudinal study. J Hypertens. 1984;2:19-24.
53. Ferro CJ, Edwards NC, Hutchison C, Cockwell P, Steeds RP, Savage CO, Townend JN, Harper L. Does immunosuppressant medication lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness in patients with chronic kidney disease? An observational study. Hypertens Res. 2011;34:113-119. doi: 10.1038/ hr.2010.193.
54. Herrera J, Ferrebuz A, MacGregor EG, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Mycophenolate mofetil treatment improves hypertension in patients with psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(12 suppl 3):S218-S225. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006080918.
55. Wenzel K, Haase H, Wallukat G, et al. Potential relevance of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies in refractory hypertension. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003742.
56. Venegas-Pont M, Manigrasso MB, Grifoni SC, LaMarca BB, Maric C, Racusen LC, Glover PH, Jones AV, Drummond HA, Ryan MJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist etanercept decreases blood pressure and protects the kidney in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension. 2010;56:643-649. doi: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157685.
57. Takeshita J, Wang S, Shin DB, Mehta NN, Kimmel SE, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Effect of psoriasis severity on hypertension control: a population-based study in the United Kingdom. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:161-169. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.2094.
58. Ogdie A, Yu Y, Haynes K, Love TJ, Maliha S, Jiang Y, Troxel AB, Hennessy S, Kimmel SE, Margolis DJ, Choi H, Mehta NN, Gelfand JM. Risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:326-332. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205675.
59. Suárez-Fariñas M, Li K, Fuentes-Duculan J, Hayden K, Brodmerkel C, Krueger JG. Expanding the psoriasis disease profile: interrogation of the skin and serum of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2552-2564. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.184.
60. Rudemiller N, Lund H, Jacob HJ, Geurts AM, Mattson DL; PhysGen Knockout Program. CD247 modulates blood pressure by altering T-lymphocyte infiltration in the kidney. Hypertension. 2014;63:559-564. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02191.
61. Rudemiller NP, Lund H, Priestley JR, Endres BT, Prokop JW, Jacob HJ, Geurts AM, Cohen EP, Mattson DL. Mutation of SH2B3 (LNK), a genomewide association study candidate for hypertension, attenuates Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension via inflammatory modulation. Hypertension. 2015;65:1111-1117. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04736.
62. Saleh MA, McMaster WG, Wu J, et al. Lymphocyte adaptor protein LNK deficiency exacerbates hypertension and end-organ inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:1189-1202. doi: 10.1172/JCI76327.
63. Kirabo A, Fontana V, de Faria AP, et al. DC isoketal-modified proteins activate T cells and promote hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:4642-4656. doi: 10.1172/JCI74084.
64. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, Thom T, Fields LE, Roccella EJ. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2008;52:818-827. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.113357.
65. Maranon R, Reckelhoff JF. Sex and gender differences in control of blood pressure. Clin Sci (Lond). 2013;125:311-318. doi: 10.1042/CS20130140.
66. Sandberg K, Ji H. Sex differences in primary hypertension. Biol Sex Differ. 2012;3:7. doi: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-7.
67. Ji H, Zheng W, Li X, Liu J, Wu X, Zhang MA, Umans JG, Hay M, Speth RC, Dunn SE, Sandberg K. Sex-specific T-cell regulation of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Hypertension. 2014;64:573-582. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03663.
68. Pollow DP, Uhrlaub J, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Sandberg K, Nikolich-Zugich J, Brooks HL, Hay M. Sex differences in T-lymphocyte tissue infiltration and development of angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension. 2014;64:384-390. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03581.
69. Kojima S, Murakami K, Kimura G, Sanai T, Yoshida K, Imanishi M, Abe H, Kawamura M, Kawano Y, Ashida T. A gender difference in the association between salt sensitivity and family history of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1992;5:1-7.
70. Yanes LL, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Iliescu R, Romero DG, Racusen LC, Zhang H, Reckelhoff JF. Testosterone-dependent hypertension and upregulation of intrarenal angiotensinogen in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;296:F771-F779. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.90389.2008.