Is creativity without intelligence possible? A Necessary Condition Analysis

Intelligence

Volumn 57, Issue , 2016, Pages 105-117

  Karwowski, Maciej ^a   Dul, Jan ^b   Gralewski, Jacek ^a   Jauk, Emanuel ^c   Jankowska, Dorota M ^a   Gajda, Aleksandra ^a   Chruszczewski, Michael H ^d   Benedek, Mathias ^c  

^a THE MARIA GRZEGORZEWSKA UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

Author keywords

Creativity; Intelligence; Necessary Condition Analysis; Necessary condition hypothesis; Threshold hypothesis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975464640     PISSN: 01602896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2016.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Amabile, T.M., Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982), 997–1013.
2. Amabile, T.M., Creativity in context. 1996, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
3. An, D., Song, Y., Carr, M., A comparison of two models of creativity: Divergent thinking and creative expert performance. Personality and Individual Differences 90 (2016), 78–84.
4. Arendasy, M., Hornke, L.F., Sommer, M., Häusler, J., Wagner-Menghin, M., Gittler, G. et. al., Manual intelligence-structure-battery (INSBAT). 2004, Schuhfried Gmbh, Mödling.
5. Baddeley, A., A 3-min reasoning test based on grammatical transformation. Psychonomic Science 10 (1968), 341–342.
6. Baer, J., Divergent thinking and creativity: A task-specific approach. 1993, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
7. Bates, T.C., Shieles, A., Crystallized intelligence as a product of speed and drive for experience: The relationship of inspection time and openness to g and Gc. Intelligence 31:3 (2003), 275–287.
8. Batey, M., Furnham, A., Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 132 (2006), 355–429.
9. Beaty, R.E., Silvia, P.J., Metaphorically speaking: Cognitive abilities and the production of figurative language. Memory & Cognition 41 (2013), 255–267.
10. Beghetto, R.A., Creative self-efficacy: Correlates in middle and secondary students. Creativity Research Journal 18 (2006), 447–457.
11. Benedek, M., Borovnjak, B., Neubauer, A.C., Kruse-Weber, S., Differences in creativity and personality between classical, jazz, and folk musicians. Personality and Individual Differences 63 (2014), 117–121.
12. Benedek, M., Franz, F., Heene, M., Neubauer, A.C., Differential effects of cognitive inhibition and intelligence on creativity. Personality and Individual Differences 53 (2012), 480–485.
13. Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., Neubauer, A.C., Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence 46 (2014), 73–83.
14. Brown, T.A., Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 2015, Guilford Publications, New York.
15. Carroll, J.B., Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytical studies. 1993, Cambridge University Press, New York.
16. Carson, S.H., Peterson, J.B., Higgins, D.M., Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creativity Research Journal 17 (2005), 37–50.
17. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., Personality, intelligence and approaches to learning as predictors of academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008), 1596–1603.
18. Cho, S.H., Nijenhuis, J.T., van Vianen, A.E.M., Kim, H., Lee, K.H., The relation between diverse components of intelligence and creativity. Journal of Creative Behaviour 44 (2010), 125–137.
19. Chruszczewski, M.H., Profile uzdolnień (Trans.) Profiles of giftedness, 2009, Wydawnictwa UW, Warszawa.
20. Chruszczewski, M.H., Myślenie skojarzeniowe i jego miejsce w uzdolnieniach artystycznych (Trans.) Associative thinking and its place within artistic aptitudes Ruch Pedagogiczny 81:3–4 (2010), 43–55.
21. Condon, D.M., Revelle, W., The international cognitive ability resource: Development and initial validation of a public-domain measure. Intelligence 43 (2014), 52–64.
22. Conner, T.S., Silvia, P.J., Creative days: A daily diary study of emotion, personality, and everyday creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 9 (2015), 463–470.
23. Cox, C., The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses. 1926, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
24. DeYoung, C.G., Cybernetic big five theory. Journal of Research in Personality 56 (2015), 33–58.
25. Dul, J., NCA: Necessary condition analysis [R Package]. 2015 (( https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/NCA/index.html). Quick Start Guide available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_Id=2624981) or http://repub.eur.nl/pub/78323/).
26. Dul, J., Necessary condition analysis (NCA): Logic and methodology of “necessary but not sufficient” causality. Organizational Research Methods 19 (2016), 10–52.
27. Dul, J., Ceylan, C., Work environments for employee creativity. Ergonomics 54 (2011), 12–20.
28. Dul, J., Hak, T., Goertz, G., Voss, C., Necessary condition hypotheses in operations management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 30 (2010), 1170–1190.
29. Dunbar, K., How scientists think: online creativity and conceptual change in science. Ward, T.B., Smith, S.M., Vaid, S., (eds.) Conceptual structures and processes: Emergence, discovery, and change, 1997, APA Press, Washington, DC, 461–493.
30. Dunkel, C., The general factor of personality and general intelligence: Evidence for substantial association. Intelligence 41:5 (2013), 423–427, 10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.010.
31. Dziedziewicz, D., Karwowski, M., Development of children's creative visual imagination: A theoretical model and enhancement programmes. Education 3–13:43 (2015), 382–392.
32. Dziedziewicz, D., Gajda, A., Karwowski, M., Developing intercultural competence and creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity 13 (2014), 32–42.
33. Ericsson, K.A., The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games. 2014, Psychology Press, New York.
34. Eysenck, H.J., Genius: The natural history of creativity. 1995, Cambridge University Press, New York.
35. Feist, G.J., A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2 (1998), 290–309.
36. Feist, G.J., Barron, F.X., Predicting creativity from early to late adulthood: Intellect, potential, and personality. Journal of Research in Personality 37 (2003), 62–88.
37. Finke, R.A., Ward, T.B., Smith, S.M., Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. 1992, MIT Press, Bradford.
38. Frey, M.C., Detterman, D.K., Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the scholastic assessment test and general cognitive ability. Psychological Science 15 (2004), 641–651.
39. Fuchs-Beauchamp, K.D., Karnes, M.B., Johnson, L.J., Creativity and intelligence in preschoolers. Gifted Child Quarterly 37 (1993), 113–117.
40. Furnham, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Personality, intelligence, and general knowledge. Learning and Individual Differences 16 (2006), 79–90.
41. Gajda, A., Karwowski, M., & Beghetto, R. A. Creativity and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 2016 (in press).
42. Galton, F., Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 15 (1886), 246–263, 10.2307/2841583.
43. Glăveanu, V.P., Paradigms in the study of creativity: Introducing the perspective of cultural psychology. New Ideas in Psychology 28 (2010), 79–93.
44. Glăveanu, V.P., The psychology of creativity: A critical reading. Creativity. Theories – Research – Applications 1 (2014), 10–32, 10.15290/ctra.2014.01.01.02.
45. Gralewski, J., Karwowski, M., Creativity and school grades: A case from Poland. Thinking Skills and Creativity 7 (2012), 198–208.
46. Gralewski, J., Karwowski, M., Polite girls and creative boys? Students' gender moderates accuracy of teachers' ratings of creativity. Journal of Creative Behaviour 47 (2013), 290–304.
47. Gralewski, J., Weremczuk, E., Karwowski, M., Intelligence and creativity of Polish middle-school students: Looking for the threshold hypothesis. New Educational Review 29 (2012), 328–338.
48. Guilford, J.P., The Nature of human intelligence. 1967, McGraw-Hill, New York.
49. Hogan, R., Hogan, J., Hogan personality inventory manual. 3rd ed., 2007, Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, OK.
50. Hume, D., An enquiry concerning human understanding. 1777, Pearson, London.
51. Hunt, E., Human intelligence. 2010, Cambridge University Press, New York.
52. Jäger, A.O., Intelligenz struktur forschung: Konkurrierende Modelle neue Ent-wicklungen Perspektiven [Research on the structure of intelligence: competing models developments perspectives]. Psychologische Rundschau 35 (1984), 21–35.
53. Jankowska, D.M., Karwowski, M., Measuring creative imagery abilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2015, 1591, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01591.
54. Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., Neubauer, A.C., The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence 41 (2013), 212–221.
55. Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Neubauer, A.C., The road to creative achievement: A latent variable model of ability and personality predictors. European Journal of Personality 28 (2014), 95–105.
56. Jauk, E., Neubauer, A.C., Dunst, B., Fink, A., Benedek, M., Gray matter correlates of creative potential: A latent variable voxel-based morphometry study. NeuroImage 111 (2015), 312–320.
57. Jaworowska, A., Szustrowa, T., Test Matryc Ravena w wersji Standard. Formy: Klasyczna, Równoległa, Plus. Polskie standaryzacje (Trans.) Raven's matrices test in standard form. The forms: classic, parallel, plus. Polish standardizations, 2000, Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warszawa.
58. Jung, R.E., Gasparovic, C., Chavez, R.S., Flores, R.A., Smith, S.M., Caprihan, A., Yeo, R.A., Biochemical support for the “threshold” theory of creativity: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Journal of Neuroscience 29 (2009), 5319–5325.
59. Karwowski, M., It doesn't hurt to ask … but sometimes it hurts to believe. Predictors of Polish students' creative self-efficacy. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts 5 (2011), 154–164.
60. Karwowski, M., Barbot, B., Creative self-beliefs: Their nature, development, and correlates. Kaufman, J.C., Baer, J., (eds.) Cambridge companion to reason and development, 2016, Cambridge University Press, New York, 302–326.
61. Karwowski, M., Gralewski, J., Threshold hypothesis: Fact or artifact?. Thinking Skills and Creativity 8 (2013), 25–33.
62. Karwowski, M., Lebuda, I., Extending climato-economic theory: When, how, and why it explains differences in nations' creativity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (2013), 493–494.
63. Karwowski, M., Lebuda, I., The big five, the huge two, and creative self-beliefs: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2015, 10.1037/aca0000035 (Oct 19, 2015).
64. Karwowski, M., Lebuda, I., Creative self-concept: A surface characteristic of creative personality. Feist, G., Reiter-Palmon, R., Kaufman, J.C., (eds.) Cambridge handbook of creativity and personality research, 2016, Cambridge University Press, New York (in press).
65. Kaufman, J.C., Creativity 101. 2nd ed., 2016, Springer, New York.
66. Kaufman, J.C., Beghetto, R.A., Beyond big and little: The four C model of creativity. Review of General Psychology 13 (2009), 1–12.
67. Kaufman, S.B., Opening up openness to experience: A four-factor model and relations to creative achievement in the arts and sciences. Journal of Creative Behaviour 47 (2013), 233–255.
68. Kaufman, S.B., Quilty, L., Grazioplene, R., Hirsh, J., Peterson, J., DeYoung, C., Openness to experience and intellect differentially predict creative achievement in the arts and sciences. Journal of Personality 84 (2016), 248–258.
69. Keith, T.Z., Reynolds, M.R., Cattell–Horn–Carroll abilities and cognitive tests: What we've learned from 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools 47 (2010), 635–650.
70. Kharkhurin, A.V., Creativity.4in1: Four-criterion construct of creativity. Creativity Research Journal 26 (2014), 338–352.
71. Kim, K.H., Can only intelligent people be creative? A meta-analysis. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education 16 (2005), 57–66.
72. Lubart, T., Pacteau, C., Jacquet, A., Caroff, X., Children's creative potential: An empirical study of measurement issues. Learning and Individual Differences 20 (2010), 388–392.
73. Madsen, A.M., Hodge, S.E., Ottman, R., Causal models for investigating complex disease. I. A primer. Human Heredity 72 (2011), 54–62.
74. Matczak, A., Jaworowska, A., Ciechanowicz, A., Stańczak, J., Bateria Testów APIS-Z. Podręcznik Wydanie II [An APIZ-Z tests battery. A manual. 2nd ed., 2006, Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warszawa.
75. Matczak, A., Jaworowska, A., Stańczak, J., Rysunkowy Test Twórczego Myślenia K.K. Urbana i H.G. Jellena TCT-DP. Podręcznik. (A drawing test of creative thinking by K.K. Urban and H.G. Jellen TCT-DP. A Manual). 2000, Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warsaw.
76. McGrew, K.S., CHC theory and the human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research. Intelligence 37 (2009), 1–10.
77. Mourgues, C.V., Tan, M., Hein, S., Al-Harbi, K., Aljughaiman, A., Grigorenko, E.L., The relationship between analytical and creative cognitive skills from middle childhood to adolescence: Testing the threshold theory in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Learning and Individual Differences, 2015, 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.05.005.
78. Mueggo, V.M., Segmented: An R package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships. R News 8 (2008), 20–25.
79. Mullineaux, P., Dilalla, L., Preschool pretend play behaviors and early adolescent creativity. Journal Of Creative Behavior 43 (2009), 41–57.
80. Nusbaum, E.C., Silvia, P.J., Are openness and intellect distinct aspects of openness to experience? A test of the O/I model. Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2011), 571–574.
81. Nusbaum, E.C., Silvia, P.J., Are intelligence and creativity really so different? Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking. Intelligence 39 (2011), 36–45.
82. Park, G., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C.P., Contrasting intellectual patterns for creativity in the arts and sciences: Tracking intellectually precocious youth over 25 years. Psychological Science 18 (2007), 948–952.
83. Park, G., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C.P., Ability differences among people who have commensurate degrees matter for scientific creativity. Psychological Science 19 (2008), 957–961.
84. Plucker, J.A., Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance's (1958 to present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal 12 (1999), 103–114.
85. Plucker, J., Esping, A., Kaufman, J.C., Avitia, M.A., Creativity and intelligence. Goldstein, S., Princiotta, D., Naglieri, J.A., (eds.) Handbook of intelligence: Evolutionary theory, historical perspective, and current concepts, 2015, Springer, New York, 283–291.
86. Preckel, F., Holling, H., Wiese, M., Relationship of intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted students: An investigation of threshold theory. Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2006), 159–170.
87. Raven, J., The Raven's progressive matrices: change and stability over culture and time. Cognitive Psychology 41 (2000), 1–48.
88. Raven, J., Court, J., Raven, J., Raven's progressive matrices. 1998, Oxford Psychologists Press, Oxford.
89. Rindermann, H., Neubauer, A., Processing speed, intelligence, creativity, and school performance: Testing of causal hypotheses using structural equation models. Intelligence 32 (2004), 573–589.
90. Robertson, K.F., Smeets, S., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C.P., Beyond the threshold hypothesis: Even among the gifted and top math/science graduate students, cognitive abilities, vocational interests, and lifestyle preferences matter for career choice, performance, and persistence. Current Direction in Psychological Science 19 (2010), 346–351.
91. Runco, M., Education for creative potential. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 47 (2003), 317–324.
92. Runco, M.A., The evaluative, valuative, and divergent thinking of children. Journal of Creative Behaviour 25 (1991), 311–319.
93. Runco, M.A., Creativity. Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. 2007, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
94. Runco, M.A., Albert, R.S., The threshold theory regarding creativity and intelligence: An empirical test with gifted and nongifted children. Creative Child and Adult Quarterly 11 (1986), 212–218.
95. Runco, M.A., Jaeger, G.J., The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal 24 (2012), 92–96.
96. Runco, M.A., Millar, G., Acar, S., Cramond, B., Torrance tests of creative thinking as predictors of personal and public achievement: A fifty-year follow-up. Creativity Research Journal 22 (2010), 361–368.
97. Schwarzer, G., Meta: general package for meta-analysis. R package version, 4–1, 2015.
98. Silvia, P.J., Creativity and intelligence revisited: A latent variable analysis of Wallach and Kogan (1965). Creativity Research Journal 20 (2008), 34–39.
99. Silvia, P.J., Another look at creativity and intelligence: Exploring higher-order models and probable confounds. Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008), 1012–1021.
100. Silvia, P.J., Intelligence and creativity are pretty similar after all. Educational Psychology Review 27 (2015), 599–606.
101. Silvia, P.J., Beaty, R.E., Making creative metaphors: The importance of fluid intelligence for creative thought. Intelligence 40 (2012), 343–351.
102. Silvia, P.J., Beaty, R.E., Nusbaum, E.C., Eddington, K.M., Levin-Aspenson, H., Kwapil, T.R., Everyday creativity in daily life: An experience-sampling study of “little c” creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 8 (2014), 183–188.
103. Silvia, P.J., Nusbaum, E.C., Berg, C., Martin, C., O'Connor, A., Openness to experience, plasticity, and creativity: Exploring lower-order, high-order, and interactive effects. Journal of Research in Personality 43 (2009), 1087–1090.
104. Silvia, P.J., Wigert, B., Reiter-Palmon, R., Kaufman, J.C., Assessing creativity with self-report scales: A review and empirical evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6 (2012), 19–34.
105. Silvia, P.J., Winterstein, B.B., Willse, J.T., Barona, C.M., Cram, J.T., Hess, K.I. Richard, C.A., Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2 (2008), 68–85.
106. Simonton, D., Greatness. 1994, Guilford, New York.
107. Simonton, D.K., Creative productivity: A predictive and explanatory model of career trajectories and landmarks. Psychological Review 104 (1997), 66–89.
108. Simonton, D.K., Taking the U.S. Patent Office criteria seriously: A quantitative three-criterion creativity definition and its implications. Creativity Research Journal 24 (2012), 97–106.
109. Simonton, D.K., After Einstein: scientific genius is extinct. Nature, 493(7434), 2013, 602.
110. Simonton, D.K., Creative performance, expertise acquisition, individual differences, and developmental antecedents: An integrative research agenda. Intelligence 45 (2014), 66–73.
111. Sligh, A.C., Conners, F.A., Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., Relation of creativity to fluid and crystalized intelligence. Journal of Creative Behaviour 39 (2005), 123–136.
112. Spearman, C.E., The abilities of man. 1927, Macmillan, London.
113. Sternberg, R.J., Creativity as a decision: Comment. American Psychologist, 57, 2002, 376.
114. Sternberg, R.J., Lubart, T.I., The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. Sternberg, R.J., (eds.) Handbook of creativity, 1999, Cambridge University Press, New York, 3–16.
115. von Stumm, S., Investment traits and intelligence in adulthood. Journal of Individual Differences 34 (2015), 82–89.
116. von Stumm, S., Ackerman, P.L., Investment and intellect: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 139 (2013), 841–869.
117. Torrance, E., Can we teach children to think creatively?. Journal of Creative Behaviour 6 (1972), 114–143.
118. Torrance, E.P., Guiding creative talent. 1962, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
119. Urban, K.K., Jellen, H.G., Test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). 1996, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, Netherland.
120. Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., Kwiatkowski, J., Creativity and inductive reasoning: The relationship between divergent thinking and performance on Wason's 2–4–6 task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A 56 (2003), 641–655.
121. Wai, J., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C.P., Creativity and occupational accomplishments among intellectually precocious youths: An age 13 to age 33 longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology 97 (2005), 484–492.
122. Wallach, M.A., Kogan, N., Modes of thinking in young children: A study of the creativity-intelligence distinction. 1965, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York.
123. Weisberg, R.W., Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. 2006, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
124. Wolfradt, U., Pretz, J.E., Individual differences in creativity: Personality, story writing, and hobbies. European Journal of Personality 15 (2001), 297–310.