The language of performance evaluations: Gender-based shifts in content and consistency of judgment

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 186-192

  Biernat, Monica ^a   Tocci, M J ^b   Williams, Joan C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b Fulcrum Advisors   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

language; prejudice stereotyping; sexism; social judgment; stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863061236     PISSN: 19485506     EISSN: 19485514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1948550611415693     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. Biernat M.Toward a broader view of social stereotyping.American Psychologist. 2003;58:1019-1027.
2. Biernat M.,Fuegen K.,Kobrynowicz D.Shifting standards and the inference of incompetence: Effects of formal and informal evaluation tools.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010;36:855-868.
3. Biernat M.,Vescio T.K.She swings, she hits, she's great, she's benched: Implications of gender-based shifting standards for judgment and behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2002;28:66-77.
4. Bommer W.H.,Johnson J.L.,Rich G.A.,Podsakoff P.M.,MacKenzie S.B.On the interchangeability of objective and subjective measures of employee performance: A meta-analysis.Personnel Psychology. 1995;48:587-605.
5. Castilla E.J.Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers.American Journal of Sociology. 2008;113:1479-1526.
6. Cuddy A.J. C.,Fiske S.T.,Glick P.The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:631-648.
7. Dipboye R.L.Some neglected variables in research on discrimination in appraisals.The Academy of Management Review. 1985;10:116-127.
8. Eagly A.H.,Karau S.J.Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.Psychological Review. 2002;109:573-598.
9. Fiske S.T.,Cuddy A.J. C.,Glick P.,Xu J.A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;82:878-902.
10. Glick P.,Fiske S.T.The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 1996;70:491-512.
11. Harber K.Feedback to minorities: Evidence of a positive bias.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 1998;74:622-628.
12. Heilman M.E.Sex bias in work settings: The lack-of-fit model.Research in Organizational Behavior. 1983;5:269-298.
13. Heilman M.E.Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder.Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57:657-674.
14. Heilman M.E.,Block C.J.,Martell R.F.Sex stereotypes: Do they influence perceptions of managers?.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1995;10:237-252.
15. Heilman M.E.,Wallen A.S.,Fuchs D.,Tamkins M.M.Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male-stereotyped tasks.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2004;89:416-427.
16. Heneman R.L.The Relationship between supervisory ratings and results-oriented measures of performance: A meta-analysis.Personnel Psychology. 1986;39:811-826.
17. Judd C.M.,James-Hawkins L.,Yzerbyt V.,Kashima Y.Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:899-913.
18. Kite, M. E., Deaux, K., & Haines, E. L. (2007). Gender stereotypes. In F.L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: Handbook of issues and theories (2nd ed. pp. 205-236). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
19. Kraiger K.,Ford J. K.The relation of job knowledge, job performance, and supervisory ratings as a function of race.Human Performance. 1990;3:269-279.
20. Landy F.J.,Farr J.L.Performance rating.Psychological Bulletin. 1980;87:72-107.
21. Lyness K.S.,Heilman M.E.When fit is fundamental: Performance evaluations and promotions of upper-level female and male managers.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006;91:777-785.
22. Murphy K.R.,Cleveland J. N.Understanding performance appraisal: Social, organizational, and goal-based perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995:.
23. Pennebaker J.W.,Francis M.E.,Booth R.J.Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001:.
24. Preacher K.J.,Curran P.J.,Bauer D.J.Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis.Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics. 2006;31:437-448.
25. Roth P.L.,Huffcutt A.I.,Bobko P.Ethnic group differences in measures of job performance: A new meta-analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2003;88:694-706.
26. Rudman L.A.Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:629-645.
27. Rudman L.A.,Fairchild K.Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004;87:157-176.
28. Rudman L.A.,Glick P.The social psychology of gender: How power and intimacy shape gender relations. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008:.
29. Sidanius J.,Crane M.Job evaluation and gender: The case of university faculty.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1989;19:174-197.
30. Spence J.T.,Buckner C.E.Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2000;24:44-62.
31. Uhlmann E.L.,Cohen G.L.Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination.Psychological Science. 2005;16:474-480.
32. Vescio T.K.,Gervais S.J.,Snyder M.,Hoover A.Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:658-672.
33. Wilson K.Y.An analysis of bias in supervisor narrative comments in performance appraisal.Human Relations. 2010;63:1903-1933.