Heterarchies: Reconciling Networks and Hierarchies

Trends in Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 622-632

  Cumming, Graeme S ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

complex system; governance; heterarchy; hierarchy theory; network analysis; social ecological system

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGY; BUSINESS; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM; NETWORK ANALYSIS; NEUROLOGY; POLITICS; RESEARCH WORK;

ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; NEUROSCIENCE; POLITICS;

ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; NEUROSCIENCES; POLITICS;

EID: 84971596787     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.04.009     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. 1 Moore, M.L., et al. Studying the complexity of change: toward an analytical framework for understanding deliberate social–ecological transformations. Ecol. Soc., 19, 2014, 54.
2. 2 Norberg, J., Cumming, G.S., (eds.) Complexity Theory for a Sustainable Future, 2008, Columbia University Press.
3. 3 Scheffer, M., Critical Transitions in Nature and Society. 2009, Princeton University Press.
4. 4 Allen, T.F.H., Starr, T.B., Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. 1982, University of Chicago Press.
5. 5 Simon, H.A., The architecture of complexity. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 106 (1962), 467–482.
6. 6 Wu, J., Hierarchy and scaling: extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Can. J. Remote Sens. 25 (1999), 367–380.
7. 7 Wiens, J.A., Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water. Freshwater Biol. 47 (2002), 501–515.
8. 8 Wu, J., Loucks, O.L., From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Q. Rev. Biol. 70 (1995), 439–466.
9. 9 Lambin, E.F., et al. Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28 (2003), 205–241.
10. 10 Hanski, I., Metapopulation Ecology. 1999, Oxford University Press.
11. 11 Guichard, F., et al. Toward a dynamic metacommunity approach to marine reserve theory. Bioscience 54 (2004), 1003–1011.
12. 12 Levin, S.A., The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73 (1992), 1943–1967.
13. 13 MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E.O., The Theory of Island Biogeography. 1967, Princeton University Press.
14. 14 Noss, R.F., Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol. 4 (1990), 355–364.
15. 15 Cumming, G.S., Comparing climate and vegetation as limiting factors for species ranges of African ticks. Ecology 83 (2002), 255–268.
16. 16 Pace, M.L., et al. Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems. Trends in Ecol. Evolut. 14 (1999), 483–488.
17. 17 Moody, J., White, D.R., Structural cohesion and embeddedness: a hierarchical concept of social groups. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68 (2003), 103–127.
18. 18 Crumley, C.L., et al. Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. Archeol. Papers Am. Anthropol. Assoc. 6 (1995), 1–5.
19. 19 Hobbes, T., Leviathan: Or the Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. 1651, George Routledge & Sons.
20. 20 Friesen, J.P., et al. Seeking structure in social organization: compensatory control and the psychological advantages of hierarchy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 106, 2014, 590.
21. 21 Wang, F., et al. The mouse that roared: neural mechanisms of social hierarchy. Trends Neurosci. 37 (2014), 674–682.
22. 22 Duffy, P.R., Site size hierarchy in middle-range societies. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 37 (2015), 85–99.
23. 23 Bunderson, J.S., et al. Different views of hierarchy and why they matter: hierarchy as inequality or as cascading influence. Acad. Manage. J., 2015, 10.5465/amj.2014.0601 Published online June 9, 2015.
24. 24 Saitta, D.J., McGuire, R.H., Dialectics, heterarchy, and Western Pueblo social organization. Am. Antiquity 63 (1998), 334–336.
25. 25 Allen, T., Giampietro, M., Holons, creaons, genons, environs, in hierarchy theory: where we have gone. Ecol. Model. 293 (2014), 31–41.
26. 26 Corominas-Murtra, B., et al. On the origins of hierarchy in complex networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110 (2013), 13316–13321.
27. 27 Newman, M.E.J., The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Rev. 45 (2003), 167–256.
28. 28 Granovetter, M.J., The strength of weak ties. Am. J. Sociol. 148 (1973), 1360–1380.
29. 29 Milgram, S., The small world problem. Psychol. Today 1 (1967), 61–67.
30. 30 Bodin, Ö., et al. The value of small size: loss of forest patches and ecological thresholds in southern Madagascar. Ecol. Appl. 16 (2006), 440–451.
31. 31 Bunn, A.G., et al. Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graph theory. J. Environ. Manage. 59 (2000), 265–278.
32. 32 Economo, E.P., Keitt, T.H., Species diversity in neutral metacommunities: a network approach. Ecol. Lett. 11 (2008), 52–62.
33. 33 Bodin, Ö., Crona, B.I., The role of social networks in natural resource governance: what relational patterns make a difference?. Global Enviro. Chang. 19 (2009), 366–374.
34. 34 Maciejewski, K., Cumming, G., The relevance of socioeconomic interactions for the resilience of protected area networks. Ecosphere, 6, 2015, art145.
35. 35 Granovetter, M.J., Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. Am. J. Sociol. 91 (1985), 481–510.
36. 36 Bascompte, J., et al. Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance. Science 312 (2006), 431–433.
37. 37 Nagurney, A., et al. The evolution and emergence of integrated social and financial networks with electronic transactions: a dynamic supernetwork theory for the modeling, analysis, and computation of financial flows and relationship levels. Comput. Econ. 27 (2006), 353–393.
38. 38 Liao, F., et al. Multi-state supernetworks: recent progress and prospects. JTTE (English Edition) 1 (2014), 13–27.
39. 39 Bell, S., Hindmoor, A., Rethinking Governance: The Centrality of the State in Modern Society. 2009, Cambridge University Press.
40. 40 Lambin, E.F., et al. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environ. Chang. 11 (2001), 261–269.
41. 41 Lambin, E.H., Geist, H.J., Land-Use and Land–Cover Change: Local Processes and Global Impacts. 2006, Springer.
42. 42 Agarwal, C., et al. A Review and Assessment of Land-Use Change Models: Dynamics of Space, Time, and Human Choice. 2002, US Department of Agriculture.
43. 43 Cumming, G.S., Spatial Resilience in Social–Ecological Systems. 2011, Springer.
44. 44 Perz, S.G., Almeyda, A.M., A tri-partite framework of forest dynamics: hierarchy, panarchy, and heterarchy in the study of secondary growth. Nagendra, H., Southworth, J., (eds.) Reforesting Landscapes, 2010, Springer, 59–84.
45. 45 Ostrom, E., Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environ. Chang. 20 (2010), 550–557.
46. 46 Ostrom, E., Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems. Am. Econ. Rev. 100 (2010), 641–672.
47. 47 Adger, W.N., et al. The political economy of cross-scale networks in resource co–management. Ecol. Soc., 10, 2005, 9.
48. 48 Brondizio, E.S., et al. Connectivity and the governance of multilevel social-ecological systems: the role of social capital. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34 (2009), 253–278.
49. 49 McCulloch, W.S., A heterarchy of values determined by the topology of nervous nets. Bull. Math. Biophys. 7 (1945), 89–93.
50. 50 Velichkovsky, B.M., Heterarchy of cognition: the depths and the highs of a framework for memory research. Memory 10 (2002), 405–419.
51. 51 Goertzel, B., et al. Emergent networks of intelligence. Engineering General Intelligence, Part 1, 2014, Springer, 327–333.
52. 52 Wilson, E.O., Hölldobler, B., Dense heterarchies and mass communication as the basis of organization in ant colonies. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3 (1988), 65–68.
53. 53 Dréo, J. and Siarry, P. (2002) A new ant colony algorithm using the heterarchical concept aimed at optimization of multiminima continuous functions. In Ant Algorithms. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, ANTS 2002 Brussels, Belgium, September 12–14, 2002 (Dorigo, M. et al., eds), pp. 216–221, Springer-Verlag.
54. 54 Baker, A.D., A survey of factory control algorithms that can be implemented in a multi-agent heterarchy: dispatching, scheduling, and pull. J. Manuf. Syst. 17 (1998), 297–320.
55. 55 Crumley, C., (eds.) Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes, 1994, School of American Research Press.
56. 56 Davies, M.I., Wittfogel's dilemma: heterarchy and ethnographic approaches to irrigation management in Eastern Africa and Mesopotamia. World Archaeol. 41 (2009), 16–35.
57. 57 Avbelj, M., Theorizing sovereignty and European Integration. Ratio Juris 27 (2014), 344–363.
58. 58 Baumann, R., Dingwerth, K., Global governance vs empire: why world order moves towards heterarchy and hierarchy. J. Int. Relat. Dev. 18 (2015), 104–128.
59. 59 Powell, W.W., Inter-Organizational Collaboration in the Biotechnology Industry. J. Inst. Theor. Econ. 152 (1996), 197–215.
60. 60 O'Leary, R., From silos to networks. Guy, M.E., Rubin, M.M., (eds.) Public Administration Evolving: From Foundations to the Future, 2015, Routledge, NY, 84–101.
61. 61 Stark, D., Heterarchy: exploiting ambiguity and organizing diversity. Braz. J. Polit. Econ. 21 (2001), 21–39.
62. 62 Lash, S., Wittel, A., Shifting new media: from content to consultancy, from heterarchy to hierarchy. Environ. Plann. A 34 (2002), 1985–2002.
63. 63 Gannon, B., et al. Investigating the information systems heterarchy. Inform. Syst. Manage. 31 (2014), 353–364.
64. 64 Stephenson, K., Neither hierarchy nor network: an argument for heterarchy. People and Strategy, 32, 2009, 4.
65. 65 Maznevski, M., et al. Managing Complexity in Global Organizations as the Meta-Challenge. 2015, Wiley.
66. 66 Holling, C.S., Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4 (2001), 390–405.
67. 67 Holling, C.S., et al. Sustainability and panarchies. Gunderson, L.H., Holling, C.S., (eds.) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, 2002, Island Press, 63–102.
68. 68 Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Integrative environmental governance: enhancing governance in the era of synergies. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sust. 14 (2015), 136–143.
69. 69 Duit, A., Galaz, V., Governance and complexity: emerging issues for governance theory. Governance 21 (2008), 311–335.
70. 70 Ostrom, E., A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (2007), 15181–15187.
71. 71 Ostrom, E., How types of goods and property rights jointly affect collective action. J. Theor. Polit. 15 (2003), 239–270.
72. 72 Ostrom, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. 1990, Cambridge University Press.
73. 73 Jessop, B., Governance and meta-governance: on reflexivity, requisite variety and requisite irony. Bang, H.P., (eds.) Governance as Social and Political Communication, 2003, Manchester University Press, 101–116.
74. 74 Morrison, T., Developing a regional governance index: the institutional potential of rural regions. J. Rural Stud. 35 (2014), 101–111.
75. 75 Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S.R., Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 (2003), 648–656.
76. 76 Clements, H., et al. Money and motives: an organizational ecology perspective on private land conservation. Biol. Conserv. 197 (2016), 108–115.
77. 77 Bonabeau, E., et al. Self-organization in social insects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 (1997), 188–193.
78. 78 Levin, S.A., Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons. 1999, Perseus Books.
79. 79 Björk, J., Magnusson, M., Where do good innovation ideas come from? Exploring the influence of network connectivity on innovation idea quality. J. Prod. Innovat. Manag. 26 (2009), 662–670.
80. 80 Zhang, P.C., et al. Ecology–China's forest policy for the 21st century. Science 288 (2000), 2135–2136.
81. 81 Scheffer, M., Westley, F.R., The evolutionary basis of rigidity: locks in cells, minds, and society. Ecol. Soc., 12, 2007, 36.
82. 82 Westley, F., et al. Why systems of people and nature are not just social and ecological systems. Gunderson, L.H., Holling, C.S., (eds.) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, 2002, Island Press, 103–119.
83. 83 Cundill, G., et al. Soft systems thinking and social learning for adaptive management. Conserv. Biol. 26 (2012), 13–20.
84. 84 Hillborn, R., Can fisheries agencies learn from experience?. Fisheries 17 (1992), 6–14.
85. 85 Lockwood, M., et al. Multi-level environmental governance: lessons from Australian natural resource management. Aust. Geogr. 40 (2009), 169–186.
86. 86 López-Angarita, J., et al. Evaluating linked social-ecological systems in marine protected areas. Conserv. Lett. 7 (2014), 241–252.
87. 87 Pahl-Wostl, C., A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environ. Chang. 19 (2009), 354–365.
88. 88 Bascompte, J., et al. The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (2003), 9383–9387.
89. 89 Baumgartner, F.R., et al. Punctuated equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in public policymaking. Sabatier, P.A., Weible, C., (eds.) Theories of the Policy Process, 2014, Westview Press, 59–103.
90. 90 Jones, B.D., et al. An integrated theory of budgetary politics and some empirical tests: the US national budget. Am. J. Polit. Sci 58 (1791–2010), 561–578.
91. 91 Ostrom, E., Cox, M., Moving beyond panaceas: a multi-tiered diagnostic approach for social-ecological analysis. Environ. Conserv. 37 (2010), 451–463.
92. 92 Yorque, R., et al. Toward an integrative synthesis. Gunderson, L.H., Holling, C.S., (eds.) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, 2002, Island Press, 419–438.
93. 93 Peters, D.P.C., et al. Cross-scale interactions and changing pattern-process relationships: consequences for system dynamics. Ecosystems 10 (2007), 790–796.
94. 94 Cash, D.W., et al. Scale and cross-scale dynamics: governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecol. Soc., 11, 2006, 8.
95. 95 Holling, C.S., Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 62 (1992), 447–502.
96. 96 Cumming, G.S., et al. Scale mismatches in social–ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions. Ecol. Soc., 11, 2006, 14.
97. 97 Cumming, G.S., et al. Resilience, experimentation, and scale mismatches in social-ecological landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 28 (2013), 1139–1150.
98. 98 Guerrero, A.M., et al. Scale mismatches, conservation planning, and the value of social-network analyses. Conserv. Biol. 27 (2013), 35–44.
99. 99 Cumming, G.S., et al. Understanding protected area resilience: a multi-scale, social-ecological approach. Ecol. Appl. 25 (2015), 299–319.
100. 100 Maciejewski, K., et al. Cross-scale feedbacks and scale mismatches as influences on cultural services and the resilience of protected areas. Ecol. Appl. 25 (2015), 11–23.
101. 101 Leibold, M.A., et al. The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology. Ecol. Lett. 7 (2004), 601–613.
102. 102 Wu, J.G., Levin, S.A., A spatial patch dynamic modeling approach to pattern and process in an annual grassland. Ecol. Monogr. 64 (1994), 447–464.
103. 103 Ricklefs, R.E., Community diversity - relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235 (1987), 167–171.
104. 104 Hubbell, S.P., The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. 2001, Princeton University Press.
105. 105 Elton, C.S., Animal Ecology. 1927, Methuen.
106. 106 Pimm, S.L., Food Webs. 1982, Chapman & Hall.
107. 107 Dunne, J.A., et al. Food-web structure and network theory: the role of connectance and size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002), 12917–12922.
108. 108 Saavedra, S., et al. Nested species interactions promote feasibility over stability during the assembly of a pollinator community. Ecol. Evolut. 6 (2016), 997–1007.
109. 109 Kéfi, S., et al. Network structure beyond food webs: mapping non-trophic and trophic interactions on Chilean rocky shores. Ecology 96 (2015), 291–303.
110. 110 Saavedra, S., et al. A simple model of bipartite cooperation for ecological and organizational networks. Nature 457 (2009), 463–466.
111. 111 Hannan, M.T., Freeman, J., The population ecology of organizations. Am. J. Soc. 82 (1977), 929–964.
112. 112 Hannan, M.T., Freeman, J., Structural inertia and organizational change. Am. Sociol. Rev. 49 (1984), 149–164.