Effectiveness of Supporting Informal Caregivers of People with Dementia: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Non-Randomized Controlled Trials

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 929-965

  Vandepitte, Sophie ^a   Van Den Noortgate, Nele ^b   Putman, Koen ^c   Verhaeghe, Sofie ^a   Faes, Kristof ^a   Annemans, Lieven ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; caregiver; dementia; effectiveness; support

Indexed keywords

CAREGIVER; CAREGIVER SUPPORT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; DEMENTIA; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MENTAL HEALTH; META ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPITE CARE; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WELLBEING; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; NURSING; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

CAREGIVERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84971569699     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-151011     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Van Mierlo LD, Meiland FJ, Van der Roest HG, Droes RM (2012) Personalised caregiver support: Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in subgroups of caregivers of people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27, 1-14
2. Boots LM, Vugt ME, van Knippenberg RJ, Kempen GI, Verhey FR (2014) A systematic review of Internetbased supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29, 331-344
3. Jensen M, Agbata IN, Canavan M, McCarthy G (2015) Effectiveness of educational interventions for informal caregivers of individuals with dementia residing in the community: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 30, 130-143
4. Cooke DD, McNally L, Mulligan KT, Harrison MJ, Newman SP (2001) Psychosocial interventions for caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review. Aging Ment Health 5, 120-135
5. Van't Leven N, Prick AE, Groenewoud JG, Roelofs PD, Lange J, Pot AM (2013) Dyadic interventions for community-dwelling people with dementia and their family caregivers: A systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr 25, 1581-1603
6. Thinnes A, Padilla R (2011) Effect of educational and supportive strategies on the ability of caregivers of people with dementia to maintain participation in that role.AmJ Occup Ther 65, 541-549
7. Grant I, McKibbin CL, Taylor MJ, Mills P, Dimsdale J, Ziegler M, Patterson TL (2003) In-home respite intervention reduces plasma epinephrine in stressed Alzheimer caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11, 62-72
8. Gendron M (2001) Baluchon Alzheimer: A Respite Care and Home Support Service for Caregivers of Alzheimer's Patients. The Canadian Alzheimer Disease Review, July 2001, pp. 4-7
9. Zank S, Schacke C (2002) Evaluation of geriatric day care units: Effects on patients and caregivers. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 57, P348-P357
10. Epp T (2003) Person-centered dementia care: A vision to be refined. The Canadian Alzheimer Disease Review 5, 14-18
11. Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J (2007) Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. BMC Geriatr 7, 18
12. Pinquart M, Sorensen S (2006) Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: Which interventions work and how large are their effects? Int Psychogeriatrics 18, 577-595
13. Vernooij-Dassen M, Draskovic I, McCleery J, Downs M (2011) Cognitive reframing for carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005318
14. Martin-Carrasco M, Ballesteros-Rodriguez J, Dominguez-Panehon AI, Munoz-Hermoso P, Gonzalez-Fraile E (2014) Interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 42, 300-314
15. Sorensen S, Duberstein P, Gill D, Pinquart M (2006) Dementia care: Mental health effects, intervention strategies, and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 5, 961-973
16. Hall L, Shelton DA (2012) Occupational therapy for caregivers of people with dementia: A review of the United Kingdom literature. Br J Occup Ther 75, 281-288
17. Gaugler JE,Yu F, Krichbaum K,Wyman JF (2009) Predictors of nursing home admission for persons with dementia. Med Care 47, 191-198
18. Dodge R, Daly A, Huyton J, Sanders L (2012) The challenge of defining wellbeing. Int J Wellbeing 2, 222-235
19. Veenhoven R (2008) Sociological theories of subjective well-being. In The science of well-being, Eid M, Larsen RJ, eds. The Guilford Press, New York, pp. 44-62
20. Chappell NL, Reid RC (2002) Burden and well-being among caregivers: Examining the distinction. Gerontologist 42, 772-780
21. Stull DE, Kosloski K, Kercher K (1994) Caregiver burden and generic well-being: Opposite sides of the same coin? Gerontologist 34, 88-94
22. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Corcoran M, Dennis MP, Schinfeld S, Hauck WW (2003) Effects of the home Environmental Skill-Building Program on the caregiver-care recipient dyad: 6-month outcomes from the Philadelphia REACH initiative. Gerontologist 43, 532-546
23. Gavrilova SI, Ferri CP, Mikhaylova N, Sokolova O, Banerjee S, Prince M (2009) Helping carers to care-The 10/66 Dementia Research Group's randomized control trial of a caregiver intervention in Russia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 24, 347-354
24. Livingston G, Barber J, Rapaport P, Knapp M, Griffin M, King D, Livingston D, Mummery C, Walker Z, Hoe J, Sampson EL, Cooper C (2013) Clinical effectiveness of a manual based coping strategy programme (START, STrAtegies for RelaTives) in promoting the mental health of carers of family members with dementia: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ 347, f6276
25. Mittelman MS, Haley WE, Clay OJ, Roth DL (2006) Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 67, 1592-1599
26. Kurz A, Wagenpfeil S, Hallauer J, Schneider-Schelte H, Jansen S, Grp AS (2010) Evaluation of a brief educational program for dementia carers: The AENEAS Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 25, 861-869
27. Dias A, DeweyME, D'Souza J, Dhume R, Motghare DD, Shaji KS, Menon R, Prince M, Patel V (2008) The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: A randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. PLoS One 3, e2333
28. Phung KTT, Waldorff FB, Buss DV, Eckermann A, Keiding N, Rishoj S, Siersma V, Sorensen J, Sogaard R, Sorensen LV, Vogel A, Waldemar G (2013) A three-year follow-up on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for patients with mild dementia and their caregivers: The multicentre, rater-blinded, randomised Danish Alzheimer Intervention Study (DAISY). BMJ Open 3, e003584
29. Nehen HG, Hermann DM (2015) Supporting dementia patients and their caregivers in daily life challenges: Review of physical, cognitive and psychosocial intervention studies. Eur J Neurol 22, 246-250
30. Lopez-Hartmann M, Wens J, Verhoeven V, Remmen R (2012) The effect of caregiver support interventions for informal caregivers of community-dwelling frail elderly: A systematic review. Int J Integr Care 12, e133
31. Sorensen S, Pinquart M, Duberstein P (2002) How effective are interventions with caregivers? An updated meta-analysis. Gerontologist 42, 356-372
32. Schulz R, O'Brien A, Czaja S, Ory M, Norris R, Martire LM, Belle SH, Burgio L, Gitlin L, Coon D, Burns R, Gallagher-Thompson D, Stevens A (2002) Dementia caregiver intervention research: In search of clinical significance. Gerontologist 42, 589-602
33. Olazaran J, Reisberg B, Clare L, Cruz I, Pena-Casanova J, Ser T, Woods B, Beck C, Auer S, Lai C, Spector A, Fazio S, Bond J, Kivipelto M, Brodaty H, Manuel RJ, Collins H, Teri L, Mittelman M, Orrell M, Feldman HH, Muniz R (2010) Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of efficacy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 30, 161-178
34. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (2008) Chapter 34 in Dementia - caring, ethics, ethnical and economical aspects (172E/3). The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, Stockholm, pp. 317-398
35. Voigt-Radloff S, Graff M, Leonhart R, Hull M, Rikkert MO, Vernooij-Dassen M (2011) Why did an effective Dutch complex psycho-social intervention for people with dementia not work in the German healthcare context? Lessons learnt from a process evaluation alongside a multicentre RCT. BMJ Open 1, e000094
36. Brodaty H, Green A, Koschera A (2003) Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 51, 657-664
37. Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, Lee H (2014) Respite care for people with dementia and their carers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD004396
38. Neville C, Beattie E, Fielding E, MacAndrew M (2015) Literature review: Use of respite by carers of people with dementia. Health Soc Care Community 23, 51-63
39. Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Chesterson J (2005) Respite care for caregivers and people with severe mental illness: Literature review. J Adv Nurs 49, 297-306
40. Cooper C, Balamurali TBS, Selwood A, Livingston G (2007) A systematic review of intervention studies about anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 22, 181-188
41. Cooper C, Mukadam N, Katona C, Lyketsos CG, Ames D, Rabins PV, Engedal K, Lima C, Blazer D, Teri L, Brodaty H, Livingston G (2012) Systematic review of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to improve quality of life of people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatrics 24, 856-870
42. Spijker A, Vernooij-Dassen M, Vasse E, Adang E, Wollersheim H, Grol R, Verhey F (2008) Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions in delaying the institutionalization of patients with dementia:Ameta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 56, 1116-1128
43. Yin T, Zhou QP, Bashford C (2002) Burden on family members - Caring for frail elderly: A meta-analysis of interventions. Nurs Res 51, 199-208
44. McKechnie V, Barker C, Stott J (2014) Effectiveness of computer-mediated interventions for informal carers of people with dementia-A systematic review. Int Psychogeriatrics 26, 1619-1637
45. Selwood A, Johnston K, Katona C, Lyketsos C, Livingston G (2007) Systematic review of the effect of psychological interventions on family caregivers of people with dementia. J Affect Disord 101, 75-89
46. Downs SH, Black N (1998) The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 52, 377-384
47. Verhaeghe N, De Maeseneer J, Maes L, Van Heeringen C, Annemans L (2011) Perceptions of mental health nurses and patients about health promotion in mental health care: A literature review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 18, 487-492
48. Lukens EP, McFarlane WR (2004) Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: Considerations for practice, research, and policy. Brief Treatm Crisis Interv 4, 205-225
49. Acton GJ, Kang J (2001) Interventions to reduce the burden of caregiving for an adult with dementia: A metaanalysis. Res Nurs Health 24, 349-360
50. Mason A,Weatherly H, Spilsbury K, Arksey H, Golder S, Adamson J, Drummond M, Glendinning C (2007) A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different models of community-based respite care for frail older people and their carers. Health Technol Assess 11, 1-157
51. Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, Rikkert M (2006) Community based occupational therapy for patients with dementia and their care givers: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 333, 1196-1199
52. Miller PA, Butin D (2000) The role of occupational therapy in dementia - COPE (Caregiver Options for Practical Experiences). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15, 86-89
53. Gonzalez-Pinto A, Gonzalez C, Enjuto S, Fernandez Corres B, Lopez P, Palomo J, Gutierrez M, Mosquera F, Perez Heredia JL (2004) Psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: An update. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109, 83-90
54. Kwok T, Au A, Wong B, Ip I, Mak V, Ho F (2014) Effectiveness of online cognitive behavioral therapy on family caregivers of people with dementia. Clin Interv Aging 9, 631-636
55. Vickrey BG, Mittman BS, Connor KI, Pearson ML, Della Penna RD, Ganiats TG, DeMonte RW, Jr., Chodosh J, Cui X, Vassar S, Duan N, Lee M (2006) The effect of a disease management intervention on quality and outcomes of dementia care -Arandomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 145, 713-726
56. Charlesworth G, Shepstone L, Wilson E, Thalanany M, Mugford M, Poland F (2008) Does befriending by trained lay workers improve psychological well-being and quality of life for carers of people with dementia, and at what cost? A randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 12, 1-78
57. Melis RJ, van Eijken MI, van Achterberg T, Teerenstra S, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, van Lisdonk EH, Rikkert MG (2009) The effect on caregiver burden of a problem-based home visiting programme for frail older people. Age Ageing 38, 542-547
58. Winter L, Gitlin LN (2006) Evaluation of a telephonebased support group intervention for female caregivers of community-dwelling individuals with dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 21, 391-397
59. Joling KJ, van Marwijk HW, Smit F, van der Horst HE, Scheltens P, van Ven PM, Mittelman MS, van Hout HP (2012) Does a family meetings intervention prevent depression and anxiety in family caregivers of dementia patients? A randomized trial. PLoS One 7, e30936
60. Tremont G, Davis JD, Bishop DS, Fortinsky RH (2008) Telephone-delivered psychosocial intervention reduces burden in dementia caregivers. Dementia 7, 503-520
61. Connell CM, Janevic MR (2009) Effects of a telephonebased exercise intervention for dementia caregiving wives a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Gerontol 28, 171-194
62. Liddle J, Smith-Conway ER, Baker R, Angwin AJ, Gallois C, Copland DA, Pachana NA, Humphreys MS, Byrne GJ, Chenery HJ (2012) Memory and communication support strategies in dementia: Effect of a training program for informal caregivers. Int Psychogeriatr 24, 1927-1942
63. Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, Logsdon RG, Buchner DM, Barlow WE, Kukull WA, LaCroix AZ, McCormick W, Larson EB (2003) Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290, 2015-2022
64. Martin-Carrasco M, Franco Martin M, Pelegrin Valero C, RoyMillan P, Iglesias Garcia C, Ros Montalban S, Gobartt Vazquez AL, Pons Piris S, Balana Vilanova M (2009) Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention program in the reduction of caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease patients' caregivers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 24, 489-499
65. Ducharme FC, Levesque LL, Lachance LM, Kergoat MJ, Legault AJ, Beaudet LM, Zarit SH (2011) "Learning to Become a Family Caregiver" efficacy of an intervention program for caregivers following diagnosis of dementia in a relative. Gerontologist 51, 484-494
66. Ducharme F, Lachance L, Levesque L, Zarit SH, Kergoat M-J (2015) Maintaining the potential of a psychoeducational program: Efficacy of a booster session after an intervention offered family caregivers at disclosure of a relative's dementia diagnosis. Aging Ment Health 19, 207-216
67. Livingston G, Barber J, Rapaport P, Knapp M, Griffin M, King D, Romeo R, Livingston D, Mummery C, Walker Z, Hoe J, Cooper C (2014) Long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of psychological intervention for family carers of people with dementia:Asingle-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 539-548
68. Andrén S, Elmstahl S (2008) Psychosocial intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia reduces caregiver's burden: Development and effect after 6 and 12 months. Scand J Caring Sci 22, 98-109
69. Andrén S, Elmstahl S (2008) Effective psychosocial intervention for family caregivers lengthens time elapsed before nursing home placement of individuals with dementia: A five-year follow-up study. Int Psychogeriatr 20, 1177-1192
70. Berger G, Bernhardt T, SchrammU,Muller R, Landsiedel-Anders S, Peters J, Kratzsch T, Frolich L (2004) No effects of a combination of caregivers support group and memory training/music therapy in dementia patients from a memory clinic population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19, 223-231
71. Dahlrup B, Nordell E, Andren S, Elmstahl S (2011) Family caregivers' assessment of symptoms in persons with dementia using the GBS-scale: Differences in rating after psychosocial intervention - an 18-month follow-up study. Clin Interv Aging 6, 9-18
72. Hepburn KW, Tornatore J, Center B, Ostwald SW (2001) Dementia family caregiver training: Affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 49, 450-457
73. Ulstein ID, Sandvik L, Wyller TB, Engedal K (2007) A one-year randomized controlled psychosocial intervention study among family carers of dementia patients - Effects on patients and carers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24, 469-475
74. de Rotrou J, Cantegreil I, Faucounau V, Wenisch E, Chausson C, Jegou D, Grabar S, Rigaud AS (2011) Do patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease benefit from a psycho-educational programme for family caregivers?A randomised controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26, 833-842
75. Martin-Carrasco M, Dominguez-Panchon AI, Gonzalez-Fraile E, Munoz-Hermoso P, Ballesteros J (2014) Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention group program in the reduction of the burden experienced by caregivers of patients with dementia: The EDUCA-II Randomized Trial. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28, 79-87
76. SteffenAM(2000) Anger management for dementia caregivers: A preliminary study using video and telephone interventions. Behav Ther 31, 281-299
77. Mahoney DF, Tarlow BJ, Jones RN (2003) Effects of an automated telephone support system on caregiver burden and anxiety: Findings from the REACH for TLC intervention study. Gerontologist 43, 556-567
78. Drentea P, Clay OJ, Roth DL, Mittelman MS (2006) Predictors of improvement in social support: Five-year effects of a structured intervention for caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease. Social Sci Med 63, 957-967
79. Mittelman MS, Roth DL, Haley WE, Zarit SH (2004) Effects of a caregiver intervention on negative caregiver appraisals of behavior problems in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a randomized trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 59, 27-34
80. Mittelman MS, Roth DL, Coon DW, Haley WE (2004) Sustained benefit of supportive intervention for depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 161, 850-856
81. Mittelman MS, Roth DL, Clay OJ, HaleyWE (2007) Preserving health of Alzheimer caregivers: Impact of a spouse caregiver intervention. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15, 780-789
82. Menn P, Holle R,Kunz S, Donath C, Lauterberg J, Leidl R, Marx P, Mehlig H, Ruckdaschel S, Vollmar HC, Wunder S, Grassel E (2012) Dementia care in the general practice setting:Acluster randomized trial on the effectiveness and cost impact of three management strategies. Value Health 15, 851-859
83. Hepburn K, Lewis M, Tornatore J, Sherman CW, Bremer KL (2007) The Savvy Caregiver program: The demonstrated effectiveness of a transportable dementia caregiver psychoeducation program. J Gerontol Nurs 33, 30-36
84. Nichols LO, Chang C, Lummus A, Burns R, Martindale-Adams J, GraneyMJ, Coon DW, Czaja S (2008) The costeffectiveness of a behavior intervention with caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 56, 413-420
85. Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Saarenheimo M, Laakkonen ML, Pietila M, Savikko N, Kautiainen H, Tilvis RS, Pitkala KH(2009) Family care as collaboration: Effectiveness of a multicomponent support program for elderly couples with dementia. Randomized controlled intervention study.JAm Geriatr Soc 57, 2200-2208
86. Baumgarten M, Lebel P, Laprise H, Leclerc C, Quinn C (2002) Adult day care for the frail elderly: Outcomes, satisfaction, and cost. J Aging Health 14, 237-259
87. Femia EE, Zarit SH, Stephens MA, Greene R (2007) Impact of adult day services on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Gerontologist 47, 775-788
88. Mossello E, Caleri V, Razzi E, Di Bari M, Cantini C, Tonon E, Lopilato E, Marini M, Simoni D, Cavallini MC, Marchionni N, Biagini CA, Masotti G (2008) Day Care for older dementia patients: Favorable effects on behavioral and psychological symptoms and caregiver stress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23, 1066-1072
89. Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, OldeRikkertMGM(2007) Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: A randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 62, 1002-1009
90. Gitlin LN, Corcoran M, Winter L, Boyce A, Hauck WW (2001) A randomized, controlled trial of a home environmental intervention: Effect on efficacy and upset in caregivers and on daily function of persons with dementia. Gerontologist 41, 4-14
91. Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Dennis MP, Winter L (2005) Maintenance of effects of the home environmental skillbuilding program for family caregivers and individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60, 368-374
92. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Burke J, Chernett N, Dennis MP, Hauck WW (2008) Tailored activities to manage neuropsychiatric behaviors in persons with dementia and reduce caregiver burden: A randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16, 229-239
93. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Dennis MP, Hodgson N, Hauck WW (2010) Targeting and managing behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: A randomized trial of a nonpharmacological intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc 58, 1465-1474
94. Nobili A, Riva E, Tettamanti M, Lucca U, Liscio M, Petrucci B, Porro GS (2004) The effect of a structured intervention on Caregivers of patients with dementia and problem behaviors - A randomized controlled pilot study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 18, 75-82
95. Woods RT, Bruce E, Edwards RT, Elvish R, Hoare Z, Hounsome B, Keady J, Moniz-Cook ED, Orgeta V, Orrell M, Rees J, Russell IT (2012) REMCARE: Reminiscence groups for people with dementia and their family caregivers - effectiveness and cost-effectiveness pragmatic multicentre randomised trial. Health Technol Assess 16, 1-116
96. Losada A, Marquez-Gonzalez M, Romero-Moreno R (2011) Mechanisms of action of a psychological intervention for dementia caregivers: Effects of behavioral activation and modification of dysfunctional thoughts. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26, 1119-1127
97. Rodriguez-Sanchez E, Patino-AlonsoMC,Mora-Simon S, Gomez-Marcos MA, Perez-Penaranda A, Losada-Baltar A, Garcia-Ortiz L (2013) Effects of a psychological intervention in a primary health care center for caregivers of dependent relatives: A randomized trial. Gerontologist 53, 397-406
98. Passoni S, Moroni L, Toraldo A, Mazza MT, Bertolotti G, Vanacore N, Bottini G (2014) Cognitive behavioral group intervention for Alzheimer caregivers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28, 275-282
99. Smits CHM, Lange J, Droes R-M, Meiland F, Vernooij-Dassen M, Pot AM (2007) Effects of combined intervention programmes for people with dementia living at home and their caregivers: A systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 22, 1181-1193
100. Lee H, Cameron M (2004) Respite care for people with dementia and their carers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004396